船载ULF/VLF对潜通信系统可行性分析

为了实现水面舰艇与水下周围100km或更远范围内潜艇之间的低频(ULF/VLF)通信,首先分析了ULF/VLF波在均匀半空间中的传播规律,然后结合ULF/VLF频段大气噪声谱密度、收发天线增益以及接收系统热噪声等数据,对ULF/VLF对潜通信的通信距离、入水深度、通信速率三个方面进行了具体地分析。

便携式ULF/VLF机械通信天线技术的研究进展

针对国内小型化低频通信天线的创新发展问题,从需求角度对美国国防部高级研究计划局(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency,DARPA)发布的机械天线(A Mechanically Based Antenna,AMEBA)项目展开系统分析,详细剖析了项目的需求体系结构及建立的应用需求模型,并以美国加速度计实验室研究成果为例,探析了机械天线项目中的通信、电路、电磁学等多学科协同设计思路,强调了工程化应用中需求模型、理论模型与实物样机模型的设计一致性,以及紧耦合模式的团队协作、相关的技术创新思路及方法,给出了该项目对国内工作的启发和思考。

Simultaneous Study of VLF/ULF Anomalies Associated with Earthquakes in Japan

We carried out a simultaneous study of ground-based magnetic field and lower ionospheric anomalies during major earthquakes occurring around Japan in 2010 and 2012. Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) geomagnetic field waveforms of Esashi station and Very Low Frequency (VLF) Japanese transmitter (JJY) electric signal amplitude received in Moshiri station Hokkaido during nighttime (22:00-02:00 LT) were used to minimize the local interference. Twenty earthquakes having magnitude greater than 5.5 were considered for the data analysis for two years. Nighttime amplitude fluctuations and polarization from the received VLF transmitter signal amplitude and ULF magnetic field respectively were calculated to identify anomalous signatures in relation to every earthquake. We found most earthquakes analyzed indicating VLF amplitude anomalies simultaneously occurred with ULF magnetic field anomalies within a week prior to the earthquakes. Stronger anomalies were observed for larger magnitude and shallower earthquakes. Focal mechanism of earthquakes was also examined to identify the effectiveness of generating anomaly. Both VLF and ULF anomalies were observed for reverse fault type earthquakes occurring under the strong pressure in the crust. Obtained results may indicate the common anomaly source both for VLF and ULF in the lithosphere and are consistent with currently proposed Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere (LAI) coupling scenarios during the earthquake preparation period.

地球辐射带动态变化和辐射带粒子快速加速研究

通过SAMPEX卫星的观测,定量地研究了在CME和CIR磁暴期间1.5~6.0 MeV＂杀手＂电子的通量分布的变化。发现外辐射带的内、外边界都可以被随着L壳指数衰减的函数很好地拟合出来。另外,该报告根据这一指数衰减函数和由此得到的动态的外辐射带内、外边界改进了RBC指数的计算,并由此得到,CME磁暴有可能比CIR磁暴产生更多的相对论电子。辐射带物理模型STEERB基于三维的Fokker-Planck方程实现,包含局地波粒相互作用、径向扩散和绝热输运等物理过程。由于数值格式的限制,以往的辐射带模型均没有引入局地波粒相互作用相关的交叉扩散项。STEERB模型的对比实验显示,交叉扩散项的忽略能够导致电子通量被高估5倍甚至几个数量级。这个结果说明,交叉扩散项对于辐射带电子通量的准确评估具有重要意义。以往的辐射带物理模型常常采用固定的偶极磁场,忽略了背景磁场变化引起的绝热过程。STEERB模型则采用了时变的背景磁场,同时引入绝热和非绝热过程。对比实验结果显示,绝热输运过程能够显著地影响辐射带电子通量的演化。行星际激波与磁层的相互作用能够在内磁层激发ULF波;激发的极性模ULF波会造成＂杀手＂电子的快速加速过程。极向模和环向模ULF波对漂移-共振加速的作用在不同L值区域有所不同。环向模ULF波对能量电子的加速在L值较大的区域（外磁层）较为重要,而在L值较小的区域（内磁层）,极向模ULF波则对能量电子的加速起主要作用。

Electromagnetic Precursors to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes

The Kumamoto area of Kyusyu Island was attacked by a series of large earthquakes (EQs) in April, 2016. The first two foreshocks had the magnitudes of 6.5 and 6.4, and about 1 day later there was the main shock on 15 April (UT) with magnitude 7.3. These are fault-type EQs, and so we would expect a variety of electromagnetic precursors to these EQs because we had detected different phenomena for the 1995 Kobe EQ, same fault-type EQ. As for the lithospheric effect, the ULF data at Kanoya observatory (about 150 km from the EQ epicenters) are used, but the simple statistical analysis could not provide us with any clear evidence of ULF radiation from the lithosphere. However, our conventional analyses indicated clear signatures in the atmosphere as ULF/ELF impulsive emissions and also in the ionosphere as observed by means of VLF propagation anomalies and ULF depression. ULF/ELF radiation appeared on 8-11 April (in UT) (maximum on 10 and 11 April (UT)), while ULF depression took place on 8 and 10 April (in UT), so that both atmospheric radiation and ionospheric perturbation took place nearly during the same time period.

Fast acceleration of “killer” electrons and energetic ions by interplanetary shock stimulated ULF waves in the inner magnetosphere

Energetic electrons and ions in the Van Allen radiation belt are the number one space weather threat. Understanding how these energetic particles are accelerated within the Van Allen radiation belt is one of the major challenges in space physics. This paper reviews the recent progress on the fast acceleration of "killer" electrons and energetic ions by ultralow frequency (ULF) waves stimulated by the interplanetary shock in the inner magnetosphere. Very low frequency (VLF) wave-particle interaction is considered to be one of the primary electron acceleration mechanisms because electron cyclotron resonances can easily occur in the VLF frequency range. Recently, using four Cluster spacecraft observations, we have found that, after interplanetary shocks impact the Earth’s magnetosphere, energetic electrons in the radiation belt are accelerated almost immediately and continue to accelerate for a few hours. The time scale (a few days) for traditional acceleration mechanisms, based on VLF wave-particle interactions to accelerate electrons to relativistic energies, is too long to explain our observations. Furthermore, we have found that interplanetary shocks or solar wind pressure pulses, with even small dynamic pressure changes, can play a non-negligible role in radiation belt dynamics. Interplanetary shocks interaction with the Earth’s magnetosphere manifests many fundamental space physics phenomena including energetic particle acceleration. The mechanism of fast acceleration of energetic electrons in the radiation belt responding to interplanetary shock impacts consists of three contributing parts: (1) the initial adiabatic acceleration due to strong shock-related magnetic field compression; (2) followed by the drift-resonant acceleration with poloidal ULF waves excited at different L-shells; and (3) particle acceleration due to the quickly damping electric fields associated with ULF waves. Particles end up with a net acceleration because they gain more energy in the first half of this cycle than they lose in the second. The results reported in this paper cast a new light on understanding the acceleration of energetic particles in the Earth’s Van Allen radiation belt. The results of this study can likewise be applied to interplanetary shock interaction with other planets such as Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, and other astrophysical objects with magnetic fields.

Cross-calibration on the electromagnetic field detection payloads of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite

The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES)deploys three payloads to detect the electromagnetic environment in the ionosphere.The tri-axial fluxgate magnetometers(FGM),as part of the high precision magnetometer(HPM),measures the Earth magnetic vector field in a frequency range from direct current(DC)to 15 Hz.The tri-axial search coil magnetometer(SCM)detects the alternating current(AC)related magnetic field in a frequency range from several Hz to 20 k Hz,and the electric field detector(EFD)measures the spatial electric field in a broad frequency band from DC to 3.5 MHz.This work mainly crosscalibrates the consistency of these three payloads in their overlapped detection frequency range and firstly evaluates CSES’s timing system and the sampling time differences between EFD and SCM.A sampling time synchronization method for EFD and SCM waveform data is put forward.The consistency between FGM and SCM in the ultra-low-frequency(ULF)range is validated by using the magnetic torque(MT)signal as a reference.A natural quasiperiodic electromagnetic wave event verifies SCM and EFD’s consistency in extremely low-frequency and very low-frequency(ELF/VLF)bands.This cross-calibration work is helpful to upgrade the data quality of CSES and brings valuable insights to similar electromagnetic detection solutions by low earth orbit satellites.