Ultra-Pure Ferritic Stainless Steels-Grade,Refining Operation,and Application

The grades of ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels,especially the grades used in automobile exhaust system,were reviewed.The dependence of properties on alloying elements,the refining facilities,and the mechanism of the reactions in steel melts were described in detail.Vacuum,strong stirring,and powder injection proved to be effective technologies in the melting of ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels.The application of the ferritic grades was also briefly introduced.

Low molybdenum ultra-pure ferritic stainless steel for solar water heaters

In order to meet the demands of service life and the synthetical performance/price ratio of stainless steel in the solar water heater industry,the low molybdenum ultra-pure ferritic stainless steel(FSS) B445J1M was developed at Baosteel.In this study,comparative studies were carried out on the mechanical properties,the formability and the corrosion resistance of B445J1M,304 and 444,and the advantages and application fields of B445J1M were summarized.

Effect of cold-rolled annealing processes on microstructure and properties of ultra-pure ferritic stainless steel

In this study,the influence of annealing processes for cold-rolled sheets on the microstructure and mechanical performance of ultra-pure 430 ferritic stainless steel was investigated.Thermo-Calc calculation,organization observation,SEM detection,and tensile tests were used to discern the optimal annealing process.It is found that the microstructure is made up by the fine and uniform recrystallized ferritic grains after annealing.The optimum annealing process for ultra-pure 430 stainless steel is 950 ℃ for 90 s.After annealing,the stainless steel can obtain the optimum rnicrostructure,recrystallization texture,and mechanical properties.

Characteristics of SEN clogging and adhesive behavior of oxide inclusion during continuous casting of Ti-stabilized ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels

Submerged entry nozzle(SEN)clogging during continuous casting of Ti-stabilized ultra-pure ferritic stainless(Ti-UPFS)steels was systematically investigated via cross-sectional analysis and acid dissolution treatment.The SEN deposit profile was characterized as occurring in three major layers:(1)an eroded refractory layer;(2)an initial adhesive layer comprised an Al_(2)O_(3)-ZrO_(2) composite sub-layer and a dense Al_(2)O_(3)-based deposit sub-layer;and(3)a porous multiphase deposit layer mainly consisting of MgO·Al_(2)O_(3),CaO-Al_(2)O_(3),and CaO-TiOx.The MgO·Al_(2)O_(3)-rich inclusions did not adhere directly to the eroded refractory but were entrapped during the deposit growth.Results of inclusion characterization in the tundish revealed that the MgO·Al2O3-rich particles present in the tundish served as the primary source of clogging deposits.Furthermore,a novel cavity-induced adhesion model by circular approximation was established to explain the effects of complex inclusion characteristics and refractory material type on adhesion force.A high number of small MgO·Al_(2)O_(3) inclusions were expected to accelerate the buildup of clogging deposits.Improving the modification of MgO·Al_(2)O_(3)-rich inclusions in the size range of 2-4μm by Ca treatment was crucial to minimizing the risk of SEN clogging during the continuous casting of Ti-UPFS steels.

Distribution of TiN inclusions in Ti-stabilized ultra-pure ferrite stainless steel slab

In order to clarify and control the silver defect on surface of cold-rolled sheet of the Ti-stabilized ultra-pure ferrite stainless steel, the distribution of TiN inclusions on the cross section of hot-rolled plate was studied using automated scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy inclusion analysis (ASPEX 1020 system). It was found that the number density decreases sharply from the surface to the center of the hot-rolled plate, whereas the average size increases. Then, the distribution of TiN inclusions on the cross section of continuously cast slab was investigated. Similarly, numerous small-sized TiN inclusions were generated at the subsurface of the slab. The average size rapidly increased and the number density dramatically decreased from the subsurface to 1/4 thickness, while from 1/4 thickness to 1/2 thickness, the increase in average size and the decrease in number density were slight. Thermodynamics results showed that TiN inclusion was formed below the liquidus temperature, which indicated that TiN inclusions could not be formed during secondary refining. Considering the microsegregation of solute elements and the equilibrium of TiN formation during solidification, TiN precipitated in the mushy zone when the solid fraction was close to 0.2. The growth of TiN was analyzed based on the diffusion-controlled growth model. With the increase in cooling rate, the time for TiN growth decreased and the size of TiN inclusions was diminished, which revealed the size distribution of TiN inclusions in the cast slab qualitatively.

Realizing ultra-pure red emission with Sn-based lead-free perovskites

Light-emitting diodes(LEDs)are key for the development of next-generation displays for ultra-high-definition television.Alternative materials beyond organic LEDs are required to meet the color purity standards,while retaining low processing cost and environmental friendliness.Liang and colleagues report in Advanced Science that two-dimensional(2D)tin halide perovskite—efficiently stabilized by H3PO2 incorporation—has great promise for ultra-pure red LEDs.

HIGH-RESOLUTION PHOTOTHERMAL IONIZATION SPECTROSCOPY ON ULTRA-PURE SEMICONDUCTORS

Ultra-pure semiconductors are very important not only for the detection of nuclear and infrared radiation,but also for the investigation of electronic states of shallow impurities in semiconductors.Almost all of the conventional techniques are not sensitive enough for de-

Comparison of feasibility,microstructure and performance of hybrid laser arc,activated flux tungsten inert gas and friction stir welding for thick plate of innovative ultra-pure ferritic stainless steel

An innovative grade of ferritic stainless steel,ultra-pure 18Cr–2Mo thick plate,was designed and produced for special industrial application.In order to maintain its mechanical properties after joining,three advanced joining methods,hybrid laser arc welding,activated flux tungsten inert gas welding and friction stir welding,were selected and conducted to connect the thick plates.The feasibility of three joining methods,the microstructure and mechanical properties were compared,and the results have demonstrated that the sound joint was successfully produced using the selected parameters through friction stir welding.The obtained hardness and impact toughness of the weld zone were satisfying.In terms of activated flux tungsten inert gas welding,the crack will be created due to microstructural brittleness.And as for hybrid laser arc welding,the weld zone is narrow,and the addition of wire during welding for the top weld metal area leads to higher formation ratio of low-angle grain boundaries,which is beneficial to performance of the joint.However,there is still a weak area in the fusion line of the welded joint.The result has illustrated that the welding of innovative ultra-pure ferritic stainless steel thick plate by friction stir welding is feasible.

Inclusions for Ultra-pure Ferritic Stainless Steels Containing 21% Chromium

As stabilizing elements added into ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels,niobium and titanium react with carbon and nitrogen to form carbonitrides and have great effects on the ratio of equiaxed zone and the grain size of solidification structure of ingots,which remarkably affect the quality of cold-rolled sheets.Combined with thermodynamic calculation,style and precipitation progress of inclusions in ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels were investigated by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy.The results indicate that the inclusions are mainly Ti-Al-N-O system inclusions in ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels.Al2O3 starts to precipitate firstly and then TiOx and TiN precipitates sequently.The inclusions are mainly single TiN particles and complex inclusions with Al2O3-Ti2O3 as cores and covered with TiN under the condition of 0.31% titanium addition and mainly Al2O3under the condition of 0.01% titanium addition.A few (Nb,Ti) N particles precipitate because of no enough titanium to react with nitrogen when titanium addition is 0.01%.In addition,fine Nb(C,N) particles with size of less than 500nm precipitate at relatively low temperature.

超纯无烟煤导电性影响因素

为研究无烟煤自身的导电特性,提高其导电性能,使无烟煤成为填料和电极材料的一部分,采用酸溶法制备了灰分0.13%的超纯无烟煤,采用粉末电阻率仪探索了含水率、灰分、压强、粒度及矿物质成分对超纯无烟煤导电性的影响规律。结果表明,无烟煤电导率随含水率和压强的升高呈上升趋势。随灰分降低电导率逐渐升高。灰分低于1.0%时,电导率随灰分降低而急剧升高。压强4.00 MPa、含水率6.21%、粒度0.2~0.1 mm,灰分降至0.13%时,无烟煤导电性最佳,其电导率为1.44×10^(-7)S/cm。研究范围内,粒度对无烟煤电导率影响较小。煤中常见矿物质的电导率顺序为:黄铁矿>高岭石>二氧化硅>碳酸钙>硫酸钙;黄铁矿电导率最高,达1.32×10^(-2)S/cm。无烟煤电导率随黄铁矿含量增加呈升高趋势,而随其他矿物质含量增加呈降低趋势。采用响应曲面模型优化正交试验结果,获得了无烟煤电导率与含水率、灰分及粒度之间的二次回归方程。含水率和灰分对无烟煤电导率测试结果的影响显著,其中灰分对电导率的影响程度最大,含水率次之,粒度最小。

河北某普通磁铁矿制备超纯铁精矿试验研究

河北某普通磁铁矿TFe品位为65.25%,矿石性质结构简单,具有制备超纯铁精矿的潜力。研究采用多元素及X射线衍射图、物相分析等方法对原矿进行了工艺矿物学研究,并在此基础上对其进行了提纯试验。结果表明,原矿经过弱磁选粗选后,在磨矿细度-0.038 mm占85%的条件下经弱磁选再选、磁选柱精选得到TFe品位为71.31%的磁选柱精矿以及TFe品位68.12%、产率为3.32%的磁选柱铁尾矿。通过进一步考察药剂制度和工艺流程对铁矿精矿品位、回收率等选别指标的影响,确定了合适的药剂制度。而后磁选柱精矿经1粗3精反浮选降硅工艺试验流程,最终可获得含TFe品位71.95%、综合回收率为80.50%的超纯铁精矿,浮选尾矿TFe品位68.17%符合普通铁精矿标准。通过对选别产品进行试样化学成分分析及残余药剂测定,进一步证明该工艺流程可以实现超纯铁精矿的制备。该工艺在抛尾率为10.79%条件下,将原矿样的73.04%转化为超纯铁精矿,对这一地区超纯铁精矿的制备具有重要的指导意义,也为国内其他地区磁铁矿制备超纯铁精矿的研究提供了一定的参考价值。

超纯液相环境纳米金属催化降除多元微污染物特性与机理

集成电路超纯水制备系统的精处理工艺段提供了微污染控制的保障环境。在痕量污染控制环境下,以铂族金属为代表,构建金属纳米粒子对氢氧合成反应的复相催化体系,可以实现多元微污染物的联合降除,进而满足3nm制程超纯水制备系统溶解气体和痕量氧化剂的控制要求。研究阐述和总结了氢氧合成反应的四种反应机制和催化作用机理,重点讨论了金属表面结构、活性位点、形貌尺寸、合金组分、载体性质、液相反应环境对各反应途径催化活性及选择性的密切影响,形成了洁净水相氢气氧化反应的边界条件,对于金属纳米粒子在超纯水领域的应用研究具有导向意义。

电场强度与恒流时间对闪烧超高纯氧化铝陶瓷微观结构及致密化的影响

电场强度和恒流时间对陶瓷闪烧行为和微观结构具有重要影响。文章主要探讨电场强度和恒流时间对闪烧超高纯氧化铝微观结构及性能的影响,基于经典致密化理论分析了超高纯氧化铝闪烧工艺的致密化机理。当电场强度从5000V/cm增加到7000V/cm时,闪烧超高纯氧化铝的致密度从91.2%增加到96.4%,硬度从16.87GPa增加到18.65GPa。当恒流时间从1s延长至60s,闪烧超高纯氧化铝的致密度随恒流时间的增加而增加。将恒流时间进一步增加至90s时,闪烧超高纯氧化铝的致密度减小。SEM结果表明恒流时间从1s增加到90s时,闪烧超高纯氧化铝的晶粒尺寸从228nm增加到370nm。

反渗透膜市场及技术研究

反渗透是一种膜分离的过程,以膜与膜之间的压力差为推动力,是渗透的逆过程,也是目前最为先进的分离技术之一。通过多方走访与市场调研,分析了国内反渗透膜产能不足及技术垄断的现状,针对市场问题提出了相应的技术解决方案,并进一步探讨了反渗透膜技术未来发展的趋势。

100 kHz弹光调制器多功能调制仿真

针对弹光调制器(photoelastic modulator,PEM)在超高速全偏振领域的测量问题,研究一种目标频率在100 kHz附近的圆型PEM,由弹光晶体和2个方位角相差45°的压电驱动器组成。通过理论计算弹光晶体谐振频率和压电驱动器振动频率,当二者频率达到一致时,PEM工作在谐振状态,此时PEM的调制效率达到最高。当PEM达到谐振状态并趋于稳定后,调节两压电驱动器驱动电压的幅值与相位,实现纯驻波模式和纯行波模式两种特殊调制,纯驻波模式可实现纯电控制下调制快轴的延迟量和方位角;纯行波模式可实现纯电控制下调制快轴以PEM谐振频率的半频速度高速旋转。最后,利用COMSOL有限元仿真模拟两种调制模式下PEM,验证两种调制状态下的PEM振型及其快轴方向,表明PEM可实现多功能弹光调制,为后续偏振测量提供理论支撑。

超高速快轴旋转圆形弹光调制技术研究

针对目前广义椭偏测量速度受限问题,提出利用对称性更优的圆形弹光调制器代替机械旋转补偿器实现超高速测量。对弹光调制器内部受力进行理论研究,得到纯行波模式调制条件并利用COMSOL仿真验证。仿真结果表明,当弹光调制器处于纯行波调制模式时可视为一种快轴方向高速旋转的相位调制器。通过建立阻尼弦振动模型分析不同快轴方向下弹光晶体表面振动位移分布,提出一种弹光调制器在纯行波调制模式下的中心支撑方式用于实验。实验结果表明弹光调制器的快轴以f/2的角速率做圆周运动。同时验证了中心支撑方式可确保弹光调制器谐振后所受阻力均匀且最小,达到最佳支撑效果。研究结果可用于后续广义椭偏测量及各类高速偏振调制领域。

超纯与掺杂金刚石大单晶的高温高压合成

金刚石是集最高硬度、最高热导率、最宽透光波段、高载流子迁移率、高击穿电压等诸多优异的物理和化学性能于一体的极限性功能材料,广泛用于钻饰、工业、科技、地学、生物医学和国防等领域。金刚石根据其内部氮和硼杂质的含量及存在形式可分为Ⅰa、Ⅰb、Ⅱa和Ⅱb四种类型。在长期对金刚石合成的研究中,本课题组已在实验室成功实现了上述四类金刚石的合成,在此基础上还研制了超纯金刚石单晶,以及氢协同掺杂、硼协同掺杂、硫协同掺杂等多元协同掺杂功能金刚石单晶,使我国成为继美国、日本、英国等国之后能够人工合成多种宝石级金刚石单晶的少数国家之一。文章对所合成的Ⅰa、Ⅰb、Ⅱa和Ⅱb四类金刚石以及超纯金刚石、高氮金刚石、硼基半导体金刚石等进行了介绍,阐述了不同类型金刚石的特点及其应用价值,对合成大尺寸、高质量、具有实际应用前景的金刚石大单晶具有重要指导意义。

21Cr超纯铁素体不锈钢TiN析出的热动力学研究

非金属夹杂的数量和尺寸控制对钢铁的加工性能与使役行为有着重要影响.基本凝固理论对21Cr超纯铁素体不锈钢中TiN的析出条件进行数值求解,从理论上研究了TiN的热力学、动力学形成条件与析出规律.结果表明:试验钢钢液中无TiN析出,凝固过程中固液界面前沿发生溶质偏析富集,促使TiN在固相率f_(s)为0.15时开始析出.析出的TiN尺寸受钢液中Ti、N元素初始含量与凝固冷却速率的影响,降低Ti、N初始含量,提升凝固冷却速率均可减小TiN半径,Ti,N元素含量对TiN尺寸影响更加敏感,可通过降低钢液中N元素初始含量延迟凝固过程中TiN夹杂物的析出.实际生产中可调控钢液中Ti的添加量,使得TiN的数量与尺寸分布更加合理.

某赤铁矿精矿制备超纯铁精矿探索试验

为探究某赤铁矿精矿制备超纯铁精矿的可行性进行了选矿工艺试验,该赤铁矿精矿为磁赤混合矿去除磁铁矿后的产物,全铁品位为62.74%,通过考察磨矿细度、精选段抑制剂和捕收剂用量对赤铁矿精矿品位、回收率等选别指标的影响,确定了合适的药剂制度和工艺流程。试验结果表明:赤铁矿精矿经磨矿—脱泥—1粗2精反浮选,可获得全铁品位68.32%的超纯铁精矿,浮选作业回收率为78.67%。

UHPC梁带翼缘扭转特性及特征扭矩统一公式

文章开展2根配筋超高性能混凝土(UHPC)带翼缘箱梁纯扭试验,获得带翼缘配筋UHPC箱梁在纯扭转作用下的裂缝发展情况及破坏模式、扭矩-扭率曲线和扭矩-应变曲线等试验数据,分析带翼缘配筋UHPC箱梁扭转特性;收集47组包含矩形梁、箱梁、是否配筋、是否带翼缘UHPC试件扭转开裂扭矩和极限扭矩试验数据,结合文中试验结果,研究适用范围广的UHPC梁特征扭矩(开裂扭矩和极限扭矩)统一公式。结果表明:带翼缘的配筋UHPC箱梁破坏时主裂缝呈典型的空间螺旋形;相比于普通混凝土构件,其平均裂缝间距更小,平均裂缝宽度更小;翼缘板裂缝为部分腹板裂缝的延伸,但翼缘板裂缝倾角更大,裂缝宽度更小;因翼缘板的增强作用,配筋UHPC箱梁抗扭承载力显著提高。矩形、箱形、是否带翼缘等截面形式的UHPC梁开裂扭矩公式系数可统一取为0.6;矩形、箱形、是否带翼缘等截面形式的配筋UHPC梁极限扭矩计算可统一采用Kwahk公式,但其中的壁厚需采用文中的有效壁厚替代。