An overview of benign prostatic hyperplasia and its appreciation in Greco-Arab (Unani) system of medicine

Objective:Conventional treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)like 5alpha-reductase inhibitors and invasive surgery are associated with some obvious side effects.Conversely,evidence,though limited,has shown that alternative medicines are safer and have potential to improve the lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS)and quality of life in addition to improving sexual dysfunction in patients with BPH.The current article aimed to include an overview of BPH,different ways of its management,and particularly its appreciation in Greco-Arab(Unani)system of medicine,one of the alternative medicinal systems.Methods:PubMed,Scopus,ScienceDirect,Web of Sciences,Google Scholar databases and classical texts of Greco-Arab medicine were searched for data collection.Results:In Unani system of medicine,BPH,traced under the headings of Waram unuq al-mathana(bladder neck swelling)and Insidad majra-i-mathana(bladder outlet obstruction),has been managed for centuries with herbal medicines yet demanding a comprehensive scientific validation.Among the herbs,Cucurbita pepo,Tribulus terrestris,Urtica dioica,and Linum usitatissimum are worth mentioning.Conclusion:For achieving the goal of LUTS-free ageing men,and safer and cost-effective future management of BPH,Unani herbal medicine could hopefully prove beneficial.

A systemic review on vitiligo(baraṣ)&role of Unani medicines towards its treatment

Vitiligo is not only a cosmetic problem,but also a social and psychological problem with the prevalence rate between 1–2%and being highest in India.As far as etiopathogenesis of the disease is concerned,out of various theories put forward,some accepted hypothesis is the autoimmune destruction of melanocytes,melanocytes adhesion,neurogenic damage,auto-toxicity.Disease is mainly classified in two forms i.e.segmental vitiligo and non-segmental vitiligo.Treatment of this disease is usually cumbersome and time taking,causing significant impact on quality of life.Moreover,modern treatment is only suppressive but not curative.Medicinal plants are the base of many traditional medicine systems throughout the world for thousands of years and continue to provide new remedies to mankind.If used appropriately,they are comparatively more effective,less toxic and easily available at affordable prices.Detailed management consisting of single herbs and compound formulations along with other regimes has been mentioned to treat this disease in the classical Unani literature which is safe and effective.Aim of this paper was to delineate the vitiligo disease and search for evidence in the management of the disease through Unani and herbal medicines.

Acute Kidney Injury: Treatment with Unani Medicine—Case Report

A male named Anwer Jamal, age 45 years, married, visited Clinic Rafaheaam Dawakhana Ajmali on March 29, 2013, with history of glomerulonephritis, inherited renal diseases, hypertension and previously hooked on voltaren 50 (Diclofenic Sodium, 50 mg) and was not on dialysis. Different diagnostic parameters showed the patient was suffering from acute renal failure according to the RIFLE criteria. AKI is life threatening when kidneys suddenly is unable to filter waste products from blood. The patient was treated and managed with herbal medicines according to Unani system of medicine. Reversal of the parameter such as serum creatinine from 7.90 mg/dl (6.58 fold high) to 0.81mg/dl within two weeks clearly shows the remarkable recovery in a short period of time. During this period the other related parameters e.g. blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum albumin, albuminuria, blood pressure were also normalized whereas clinical sign and symptom exhibited improvement.

Anti-fungal potency of some Unani drugs in the treatment of dermatophytoses(Qūba)

Qūba(dermatophytoses)is a clinical condition caused by fungal infection of skin in humans.The fungi that cause dermatophytoses feed on keratin,the material found in the outer layer of skin,hair and nails.Many effective synthetic antifungal drugs have been discovered for the treatment of dermatomycoses but their use has remained limited due to various side effects on human systems.Herbal remedies are being used for its treatment.Unani medicines are also being promoted as dermatophytoses treatment.Detailed management consisting of single herbs and compound formulations along with other regimes has been mentioned to treat this disease in the classical Unani literature,which is safe and effective.The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence for this notion and to discuss different aspects of Qūba(dermatophytoses).Extensive literature searches were carried out to identify drugs reported to be effective in the treatment of Qūba(dermatophytoses).In this review paper author has tried to present few Unani medicines prevalently used for treatment of dermatophytoses.

A review on eczema(Nār fārsī)and reported Unani drugs for its treatment

Eczema(Nār Fārsī)is characterized by itching,lichenification,scaling,oedema and erythema.Corticosteroids are the mainstay of current management of this disease in modern medicine,which is also limited due to its side effects.Many herbal remedies are being used for its treatment.Most of the herbal remedies are considered to be very useful and have fewer side effects.Unani medicines are also being promoted as eczema treatment.Detailed management of the disease is mentioned by Unani scholars in their classical literature.These include number of single herbs and compound herbal formulations as well as dieto-therapy and other regimes.The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence for this notion and to discuss different aspects of Nār Fārsī.Extensive literature searches were carried out to identify drugs reported to be effective in the treatment of Nār Fārsī.In this review paper author has tried to present few herbal/Unani medicines prevalently used for the treatment of eczema.

Scope for Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis B with Herbal Medicine:A Systematic Review of Case Studies in Unani Medicine

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by viral infection.Hepatitis B(Serum Hepatitis)is an acute systemic infection.It is transmitted by parenteral route having a long incubation period six weak to six months.Hepatitis B virus can form a dangerous alliance with Delta virus.Hepatitis B virus was discovered by Blumberg.It is a complex,42 nm,double stranded DNA virus,originally known as Dane-Particle.Hepatitis B is a blood borne infection.It is transmitted by infected blood products.Here in this paper an attempt is made to review the Unani concept,causes,sign and symptoms,management and treatment of hepatitis B virus.Some successful case studies of the hepatitis B management through unani formulations and particular regimen have been incorporated to showcase the efficacy of the unani system of medicine in this chronic disease.

Unani草本植物的抗生育研究——Ⅲ.二种植物皂甙的抗排卵效应

本文报导,大叶合欢(Albizzia lebbek)种子和茜草科山黄皮属植物山石榴(Randia dumetorum)果实中的皂甙对醋酸铜诱发兔排卵的影响。给予大叶合欢总甙200毫克/公斤口服二天,可抑制60%实验动物的排卵作用,并显著降低卵巢中出血点平均数;但山石榴皂甙的抗排卵作用不明显。实验方法:植物原料经干燥、粉碎并以石油醚脱脂后,用乙醇提取完全。回收乙醇,醇浓缩液依次用己烷、氯仿、四氯化碳和丙酮提取去除杂质后。

Understanding hypothyroidism in Unani medicine

Hypothyroidism(Qillat-e-Ifraz-e-Darqiyya) is a condition where the thyroid gland is underactive and unable to produce enough thyroid hormone. The description of hypothyroidism as a disease is not directly found in Unani texts. However, the signs and symptom of hypothyroidism resemble the clinical manifestation associated with Su-e-Mizaj Barid Maddi(derangement in cold temperament), such as plethora(Imtila), excessive salivation(Kasrat-e-Luabe-e-Dahan), tiredness(Aa'yan), loss of appetite(Zoaf-e-Ishteha), excessive sleeping(Kasrat-e-Naum) and cold skin(Baroodat-e-Jildia). These signs and symptoms are the result of an excess in abnormal phlegm(Ghair Tabayi Balgham) in the body. This review article identifies the observations from Unani literature that describe derangement in cold temperament and relate them to the clinical presentation of primary hypothyroidism in conventional medicine. We also discuss management of these symptoms in Unani medicine.

Aamar-e-Advia(shelf-lives) of drugs in Unani system of medicine:A conceptual review

In an era of globalization and increased global demand for herbal medicines, it is essential to ensure the quality and consistency of drugs. Changes in the quality of an herbal product over time should be detectable. The assessments of chemical quality and therapeutic efficacy of herbal drugs are necessary to establish their shelf-lives. Thus, stability testing is needed to establish standards for herbal products. Unani medicine has its own conceptual framework for studying health and disease. The mode of treatment includes Ilaj bit Tadbeer(regimental therapy), Ilaj bil Ghiza(dietotherapy), Ilaj bil Dawa(pharmacotherapy) and Ilaj bil Yad/Jarahat(surgery) as a final option. Ilaj bil Dawa is the most used mode of treatment.The drugs include either crude drugs prepared from plant, animal and mineral sources, called Mufrad(single) drugs or various formulations prepared from these crude drugs, called Murakkab(compound)drugs. To date, stability studies have been carried out on compound drugs, whereas only a few single drugs had had their stability tested. These studies are needed to understand how the quality of an herbal drug varies over the time when it is prepared and consumed. This may also help to standardize procedures for manufacturing compound formulations ab initio. The present study reviews the concept of Aamar-e-Advia(shelf-lives) described in the literature of the Unani system of medicine. Further, various factors that are considered important to assess the shelf-life of Unani drugs are discussed in the context of contemporary protocols for shelf-life assessment.

具有逆断面的正则半群类的等式(英文)

一个正则半群类V称为一个e_簇 ,如果它在同态像、直积以及正则子半群下封闭 .令S°是正则半群S的一个逆子半群 .称S°是S的一个逆断面 ,如果对于S的任意元x ,S°包含它的唯一的逆x° .称S一个逆断面S°是S一个Q_逆断面 ,如果S°是S的一个Q_理想 ,即S°SS°∈S° .本文首先证明 ,一个正则半群S具有一个逆断面 (Q_逆断面 )S°当且仅当 (S , )是一个具有正则一元运算“ ”的正则一元半群 ,且 (S , )满足等式 (IST) ((QIST) ) .半群S的一个正则一元运算“ ”称为是一个ist_运算 (qist_运算 ) ,如果 (S , )满足等式 (IST) (QIST) .一个具有逆断面 (Q_逆断面 )正则半群S称为是一个ist_半群 (qist_半群 ) .一个ist_半群 (qist_半群 )S的一个正则子半群T称为是一个ist_子半群 (qist_子半群 ) ,如果T是一个ist_半群 (qist_半群 ) .本文将研究满足等式 (IT) ,(IST) ,(QIT)以及 (QIST)的正则半群类之间的关系 ,刻画这些正则半群 .最后 ,对于一个正则半群的e_族V ,确定属于V的所有ist_半群 (qist_半群 )的类ISTV (QISTV)的等式集合 .

A Comparison between Canadian and Indian Healthcare Focusing on Financing

Healthcare is significant for a person’s comfort as well as the economic benefit of a country. Irrespective of ability, everyone should have access to health care while anyone is sick. This paper aims to compare Canadian and Indian health care highlighting the financing system and people’s benefits. In Canada, universal health care means everyone, including citizens, permanent residents, and visitors, can have health care from the government. Canadian healthcare pays the doctors based on the services they provide the patients. In India, 80% of health financing comes from private sources through out-of-pocket and private insurance. In India, government-paid doctors can do private practice beyond their office hours;any patient can go to any doctor without the general practitioner’s (GP) referral as the GP system does not exist there. The healthcare agents are aggressively eager to make money, forgetting quality service to the patients. On the other hand, in Canada, the insurance system plays a supportive role in making payments and ensuring quality healthcare.

印度尤纳尼制剂的品种、药材和主治特点

目的:揭示印度尤纳尼制剂用药特点,挖掘有价值的医药信息,为中印传统医学交流和新药开发提供参考。方法:提取和挖掘《印度尤纳尼药典》和《尤纳尼医学国家制剂》收载的制剂,建立《印度尤纳尼制剂数据库》,利用Excel软件对其剂型、使用的药材类别及其药用部位、使用的辅料、临床用途、服药方式等进行统计分析。结果:《印度尤纳尼制剂数据库》共收载1229个制剂,共涉及13种剂型,常见者为煎膏剂、丸剂、片剂等,其中煅烧物、升华物、油剂、风味果蔬煎膏剂等颇有特色。制剂中药材数为1~127种,71.93%的制剂药材数在11种以内,最常见者为5种。使用1387种药材,其中植物药310种、动物药5种、矿物药17种、化合物22种,未被翻译的药材1033种;用药频率排前十位的药材依次为诃子、姜、胡椒、西红花、粘胶乳香树、罂粟、印度簕竹、肉豆蔻、阿拉伯金合欢、小豆蔻;15类药用部位按照使用频率降序排列为根及根茎类、果实及种子类、树脂类、花类、叶类等;11种辅料按照使用频率降序排列为蜂蜜、酥油、甘油、醋、食糖等。常用于治疗18个系统的疾病,按照使用频率降序排列为消化系统疾病、“症状、体征和临床与实验室异常所见,不可归类在他处者”、泌尿生殖系统疾病、尤纳尼特殊疾病和神经系统疾病等;常要求用规定的药汁、牛奶等物质送服,并规定给药时间和给药频率。结论:尤纳尼制剂及其药材种类繁多,特色剂型丰富,临床应用广泛,为比较中印两国传统医药制剂奠定了基础。

印度尤纳尼的病名和药理作用术语的数据库建设与研究

目的:为中国学者深入研究尤纳尼体系的理论和了解尤纳尼制剂的组成奠定基础。方法:提取TheUnani Pharmacopoeia of India(UPI,《印度尤纳尼药典》,第二部,第1-3卷)中尤纳尼拉丁化阿拉伯文词汇及其英文的对照翻译,并翻译成汉语。制作《印度尤纳尼病名和药理作用术语的拉丁化阿拉伯文-英文-中文对照数据库》,分析尤纳尼药典病名和药理作用的拉丁术语及英文的翻译特点。结果:收载尤纳尼术语词汇254条,其中病名词汇169条,药理作用词汇72条,病名和药理作用共用词条13个,词条均由拉丁化阿拉伯文、英文以及中文三部分组成。应用了构词法的拉丁化阿拉伯文病名词汇共113条,其中“-e-”构词法(耶扎菲构词法或称波斯构词法)词条85个,“-ul-”构词法(阿拉伯构词法)词条共17个,“-ur-”词条共4个,“-ud-”词条共3个,“-un-”词条共3个,“-us-”词条共1个。常见的病名有消化不良、肝虚、胃虚、关节痛和便秘等,涉及的病种有消化系统疾病、“症状、体征和临床与实验室异常所见”、Unani特殊疾病、肌肉骨骼系统和结缔组织疾病和呼吸系统疾病等。常见的药理作用有通便、健胃、抗炎、排出胃肠内气体、助消化等。结论:印度尤纳尼病名和药理作用的英译既保留了自身的医学特色,又贴合现代医学的发展,但英译仍存在一些问题,可为我国中医药的国际化发展与文献典籍的多语言推广提供参考。

Natural Products:A safest Approach for Obesity

Obesity is recognized as a social problem, associated with serious health risks and increased mortality. Numerous trials have been conducted to find and devetop new anti-obesity drugs through herbal sources to minimize adverse reactions associated with the present anti-obesity drugs. The use of natural products as medicine has been documented for hundreds of years in various traditional systems of medicines throughout the world. This review focuses on the medicinal plants such as Achyranthus aspera, Camellia sinensis, Emblica officinalis, Garcinia cambogia, Terminalia arjuna, etc., being used traditionally in Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha and Chinese, etc., systems of medicine. The review also highlights recent reported phytechemicals such as escins, perennisosides, dioscin, gracillin, etc., and the various extracts of the plants like Nelumbo nucifera, Panax japonicas, Cichorium intybus, Cyperus rotunclus, Paeonia suffruticosa, etc., which have been successfully identified for the treatment of obesity.

Contribution of Traditional Medicine in the Healthcare System of the Middle East

Unani medicine or Islamic medicine is one of the main healing systems in the world,which was set up by the Islamic physicians in the Middle East about a thousand years ago based on the teachings of Hippocrates and Galen.This medical system had been practiced widespread in the world including Europe until the 16th century and contributed greatly to the development of modern medicine.Despite the remarkable advancements in orthodox medicine,the traditional medicine has always been practiced in the Middle East communities.Due to cultural beliefs and practices,the Middle East communities have a very rich tradition in the utilization of herbal remedies as well as diverse spiritual techniques for treating various disorders.Traditional practitioners have become the main component of disease management in the Middle East and they have used herbal remedies along with spiritual techniques for the treatment of ailments mainly based on the Unani medicine.

Awareness,practice and views about integrating AYUSH in allopathic curriculum of allopathic doctors and interns in a tertiary care teaching hospital in New Delhi,India

Objective： To assess the knowledge, attitude, perception and practice of Ayurveda, yoga, Unani, Siddha, homeopathy and naturopathy （AYUSH） among allopathic doctors and interns and determine their opin- ion regarding integration of AYUSH education within the allopathic curriculum. Methods： This prospective, cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching Hospital, New Delhi, India, from March 2016 to March 2017. A survey of 500 aUopathic doctors and 150 interns was performed using a structured questionnaire. Results： A majority of doctors （95.2%） were aware of the term AYUSH and had knowledge of yoga （70.6%）, homeopathy （55.6%）, Ayurveda （50.3%）, Siddha （47.8%）, naturopathy （32.9%） and Unani （28.9%）. Most of the participants （63.0%） felt that therapies under AYUSH are effective. A majority （84.0%） of the doctors were of the view that more research is required in the field of AYUSH. While homeopathy （44.0%） was the most common system used by doctors for themselves, yoga was the therapy most commonly （60.0%） recommended to patients. Nearly half of the doctors （46.7%） recommended AYUSH to their patients, mainly for chronic illness （74.0%）. A majority （77.5%） of the respondents agreed that students of allopathic med- icine should be familiarized with AYUSH. The modes of incorporation of AYUSH into the medical curriculum most commonly suggested by respondents were optional courses （54.5%） and introductory lectures （42.3%）. Conclusion： Doctors and interns ofallopathic medicine are aware of AYUSH systems. They use it for them- selves and recommend it to patients. They believe that familiarization of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery students with AYUSH therapies and their integration with allopathic medicine may help in improving patient care.

从《本草纲目》与《阿维森纳医典》的互鉴看中医与尤纳尼医药文化的交流

中医药与尤纳尼医药同属于传统医药,两者之间的交流互鉴古来有之。从药材互市到医方相参,丝绸之路“以药传方”,中医药材被尤纳尼医药借鉴,被收录到《阿维森纳医典》中;同样,尤纳尼药材也被中医药所吸收,被收录进《本草纲目》等中医古籍中。从医方互鉴再到医理交流,丝绸之路“以方传医”,中医脉诊等医学理论被尤纳尼医学体系借鉴;同样,中医也融合了尤纳尼医学的医方和诊疗技术并沿用至今。“丝绸之路”不仅是“香药之路”和“医药之路”,更是“健康之路”和“知识之路”。

In vitro antilithiatic activity of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume bark on calcium oxalate crystallization

Objective: The study examines the effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume bark on crystallization of calcium oxalate. Methods: The antilithiatic effect of various concentrations of the hydro-alcoholic extract of C. zeylanicum was investigated at various stages of stone formation, using Cystone as a stan da rd refere nee drug. The effect on calcium oxalate crystallization was evaluated by measuring the change in turbidity over time, during crystal nucleation, growth and aggregation, in the metastable solution of calcium chloride and sodium oxalate. The slope from the change in turbidity over time was measured using a spectrophotometer at 620 and 214 nm in respective tests. The inhibition rate was estimated by comparing turbidity in the presence and absence of extract. Crystals formed under experimental conditions were observed under a light microscope, and number and shape of the crystals were assessed in a randomly selected field. Phytochemical analysis and high-performance thin-layer chromatography of the extract was also carried out. Results: C. zeylanicum significantly reduced crystal nucleation at concentrations of 4, 8 and 10 mg/mL (P< 0.001). The inhibition percentage of crystal growth was between 28.30% and 92.46% in the presence of C. zeylanicum extract and from 20.76% to 64.15% with various concentrations of Cystone. The maximum inhibition of crystal growth was obtained from C. zeylanicum at 2 mg/mL (92.46%). Microscopic examination revealed a reduction in the number and size of crystals. In the aggregation assay, the inhibition percentage of C. zeylanicum was between 16.27% and 100%, while Cystone was from -214.68% to 100% at different concentrations. The highest (100%) inhibition of aggregation was found at 4 mg/mL of both the test and standard drugs. Conclusion: We found that C. zeylanicum hydro-alcoholic extract has notable inhibitory effects on various stages of crystallization, in terms of turbidity of solution, as well as the crystal size, number and morphology.