Qualitative analysis of aromatic compounds via 1D TOCSY techniques

The aromatic compounds,including o-xylene,m-xylene,p-xylene,and ethylbenzene,primarily originate from the catalytic reforming of crude oil,and have a wide variety of applications.However,because of similar physical and chemical properties,these compounds are difficult to be identified by gas chromatography(GC)without standard samples.With the development of modern nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)techniques,NMR has emerged as a powerful and efficient tool for the rapid analysis of complex and crude mixtures without purification.In this study,the parameters of one-dimensional(1D)total correlation spectroscopy(TOCSY)NMR techniques,including 1D selective gradient TOCSY and 1D chemicalshift-selective filtration(CSSF)with TOCSY,were optimized to obtain comprehensive molecular structure information.The results indicate that the overlapped signals in NMR spectra of nonpolar aromatic compounds(including o-xylene,m-xylene,p-xylene and ethylbenzene),polar aromatic compounds(benzyl alcohol,benzaldehyde,benzoic acid),and aromatic compounds with additional conjugated bonds(styrene)can be resolved in 1D TOCSY.More importantly,full molecular structures can be clearly distinguished by setting appropriate mixing time in 1D TOCSY.This approach simplifies the NMR spectra,provides structural information of entire molecules,and can be applied for the analysis of other structural isomers.

Decreased desire to have children: A qualitative study

Objective:To explain barriers to childbearing among working women from the perspective of working women and midwives.Methods:In this study,a qualitative study of content analysis method was employed.The study was conducted from December 2021 to July 2022.The population consisted of working women and midwives.Data collection was conducted using semi-structured interviews and continued until data saturation was achieved.Through purposeful sampling,10 women and 11 midwives were selected as the sample.The data were analyzed by Graneheim and Lundman content analysis approach.For more rigorous,Nvivo 14 software was also used for data management,analysis,coding and organization of data.Results:This study included 21 women(10 women employees and 11 midwives)aged 25-43 years(for women employees)and 27-56 years(for midwives)with 1 to 34 years of job experience.In examination of participant’views about the barriers to childbearing,1124 codes were identified,of which we managed to extract six subthemes and two themes.Two themes emerged:“lack of social support and lack of family support”.Subthemes of“lack of social support”were“inadequate leave,long distance from workplace,and insufficient wages”.Subthemes of“lack of family support”were“lack of spouse support,lack of spouse's family support,and lack of their family support”.Conclusions:Different socioeconomic factors influence childbearing tendency in working women.Social and family supports play an important role in this regard.It is important to take these factors into account at the time of policymaking in the field of midwifery.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Alkaloids in Cortex Phellodendri by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD

A combined method of high performance liquid chromatograph-elecrtrospray-ionization mass spectrometer（HPLC-ESI-MS/MS） coupled with a photodiode array detector（HPLC-DAD） and principal component analysis（PCA） was applied to the qualitative and quantitative analyses of alkaloids in Cortex Phellodendri（CP） samples, and to the differentiation of two species of CP, Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis（CPC） and Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis（CPA）. Twenty-two peaks appeared in the HPLC-MS base peak chromatogram of CP detected by the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, and the alkaloids were identified according to the MSn data, the known MS fragmentation rules and the literature data. Five alkaloids including berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine and magnoflorine were simultaneously determinated by the HPLC-DAD. Berberine was the primary component in all CP samples, and the contents of berberine and palmatine were exploited to be two critical parameters for effective discrimination between the two species of CP. The average content of berberine in CPC（58.75 mg/g） was higher than that in CPA（9.16 mg/g）, while the content of palmatine was less, only 0.25 mg/g in CPC and 4.19 mg/g in CPA. With the use of PCA, samples datasets were separated successfully into two different clusters corresponding to the two species, and berberine, pahnatine, phellodendrine and magnoflorine contribute most to the above mentioned calssifying . The proposed method oroved to be a useful tool in the aualitv control of Chinese herbal medicines.

Signed Directed Graph and Qualitative Trend Analysis Based Fault Diagnosis in Chemical Industry

In the past 30 years,signed directed graph(SDG) ,one of the qualitative simulation technologies,has been widely applied for chemical fault diagnosis.However,SDG based fault diagnosis,as any other qualitative method,has poor diagnostic resolution.In this paper,a new method that combines SDG with qualitative trend analysis(QTA) is presented to improve the resolution.In the method,a bidirectional inference algorithm based on assumption and verification is used to find all the possible fault causes and their corresponding consistent paths in the SDG model.Then an improved QTA algorithm is used to extract and analyze the trends of nodes on the consis-tent paths found in the previous step.New consistency rules based on qualitative trends are used to find the real causes from the candidate causes.The resolution can be improved.This method combines the completeness feature of SDG with the good diagnostic resolution feature of QTA.The implementation of SDG-QTA based fault diagno-sis is done using the integrated SDG modeling,inference and post-processing software platform.Its application is illustrated on an atmospheric distillation tower unit of a simulation platform.The result shows its good applicability and efficiency.

Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of health-care pharmaceutical products using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) is a sensitive optical technique that is capable of rapid multi-elemental analysis. The development of this technique for elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products may eventually revolutionize the field of human health. Under normal circumstances, the elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products based on chemical methods is time-consuming and complicated. In this investigation, the principal aim is to develop an LIBS-based methodology for elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products. This LIBS technique was utilized for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of the elements present in Ca-based tablets. All the elements present in the tablets were detected and their percentage compositions were verified in a single shot, using the proposed instrument. These elements(e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and others) were identified by the wavelengths of their spectral lines, which were verified using the NIST database. The approximate amount of each element was determined based on their observed peaks and the result was in exact agreement with the content specification. The determination of the composition of prescription drug for patients is highly important in numerous circumstances. For example, the exploitation of LIBS may facilitate elemental decomposition of medicines to determine the accuracy of the stated composition information. Moreover, the approach can provide element-specific, meaningful, and accurate information related to pharmaceutical products.

Qualitative Algebra and Graph Theory Methods for Dynamic Trend Analysis of Continuous System

Qualitative algebraic equations are the basis of qualitative simulation,which are used to express the dynamic behavior of steady-state continuous processes.When the values and operation of qualitative variables are redefined,qualitative algebraic equations can be transformed into signed direct graphs,which are frequently used to predict the trend of dynamic changes.However,it is difficult to use traditional qualitative algebra methods based on artificial trial and error to solve a complex problem for dynamic trends.An important aspect of modern qualitative algebra is to model and characterize complex systems with the corresponding computer-aided automatic reasoning.In this study,a qualitative affection equation based on multiple conditions is proposed,which enables the signed di-rect graphs to describe complex systems better and improves the fault diagnosis resolution.The application to an industrial case shows that the method performs well.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Linoleic Acid in Polygonati Rhizoma

Objective To explore the major compound in Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精)for quality control.Methods The major compound was isolated and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS),and subsequently further identified by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).Thin layer chromatography(TLC)was optimized based on the previous methods reported in the Chinese Pharmacopeia(2015 edition).Results The major compound was isolated from the natural material and identified as linoleic acid.A high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method with robust linearity(R2=0.9997),specificity,precision,stability,repeatability and recovery was developed for linoleic acid determination.TLC chromatogram was improved significantly after optimization for qualitative analysis.Conclusions The optimized TLC method is practical and can be adopted for quality control of Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精).The levels of linoleic acid vary between species of Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精),with Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua(Jiang Xing Huang Jing,姜型黄精)showing the highest contents.This study provides valuable information for quality control of Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精).

Improved Qualitative Trajectory Calculus for Pair-Activity Analysis

Trajectory provides the most robust feature for activity recognition in far-field surveillance videos,in which increasing attentions have been given to the use of qualitative methods with symbolic rather than real-value features.Qualitative trajectory calculus(QTC)showed a good performance in pair-activity from video.However,QTC and similar works are not good at dealing with noise,since they are all considering short-term features.To deal with the problems mentioned above,two types of long-term features,including sub-trajectory feature and point-trajectory feature,are designed.The sub-trajectory feature is a long-term feature in a coarse granularity,while the point-trajectory feature is a long-term feature in a relatively fine granularity.Using the sub-trajectory feature,a couple of trajectories are segmented into sub-trajectories and enveloping boxes are used to substitute the original sub-trajectory for capturing the major attributes.The point-trajectory feature describes the relationship between a single point in one trajectory and all parts of the other trajectory.The experiments on the human activity classification data demonstrated that our proposed methods are better than the original QTC and previous short-term features.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Five Bioactive Flavonoids in <i>Salix bordensis</i>Turcz. by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS

The qualitative characterization and quantitative analysis of five bioactive flavonoids in Salix bordensis Turcz. were achieved via reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry, by using an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 HPLC column with a gradient elution of 0.3% (v/v) formic acid in water and methanol as the mobile phase. The compounds in the mixture were clearly identified by comparing their HPLC-DAD ultraviolet spectra, retention times, and MS data with those of corresponding reference compounds. All calibration curves showed good linearity (r2 > 0.9998) within the test ranges. The LOD, LOQ, specificity, precision, and accuracy for the method were validated. The results demonstrated that this analytical approach is ideal for the determination of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, and that it constructed a basis for the comprehensive evaluation of the quality of Salix bordensis Turcz.

Views on patient safety by operations managers in somatic hospital care: a qualitative analysis

Healthcare outcome is to achieve optimal health for each patient. It is a well-known phenomenon that patients suffer from care injuries. Operations managers have difficulties in seeing that the relationship between safety culture, values and attitudes affects the medical care to the detriment of the patient. The aim was to describe the views on patient safety by operations managers and the establishment of patient safety and safety culture in somatic hospital care. Four open questions were answered by 29 operations managers in somatic hospital care. Data analysis was carried out by deductive qualitative content analysis. Operations managers found production to be the most important goal, and patient safety was linked to this basic mission. Safety work meant to achieve optimal health outcomes for each patient in a continuous development of operations. This was accomplished by pursuing a high level of competence among employees, having a functioning report system and preventing medical errors. Safety culture was mentioned to a smaller extent. The primary target of patient safety work by the operations managers was improving care quality which resulted in fewer complications and shorter care time. A change in emphasis to primary safety work is necessary. To accomplish this increased knowledge of communication, teamwork and clinical decision making are required.

Midwives’views and experiences of providing healthy eating advice to pregnant women:a qualitative content analysis of semi-structured interviews

Objective:To explore midwives’views on how they provide healthy eating education to pregnant women after attending a healthy eating education workshop/webinar.Methods:A qualitative descriptive approach was utilized.Semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore the views and experiences of midwives on providing healthy eating education for pregnant women.A purposive sample of six midwives was interviewed face-to-face,and one was conducted by telephone interview.Data were analyzed through qualitative conventional content analysis.Results:Midwives described their views and experiences of factors that impacted their role in providing healthy eating educa-tion.They identified three categories:perceived role of midwi ves,health literacy,and model of care.Conclusions:Knowledge and confidence of midwives improved after attending the workshop/webinar on healthy eating education.Findings suggested that midwives perceived their role as important in providing nutrition education.However,time and resources were highlighted as challenges when providing healthy eating education for pregnant women.The availability of health literacy and model of care were significant factors in enabling midwives to adequately provide this education.Midwives acknowledged a need for further education in areas of vegan diet,cultural food preferences for ethnic minority groups,and regular updates on national healthy eating guidelines.

Conceptual framework of modern Zangxiang concept: a qualitative content analysis

Background:Some scholars believe modern Zangxiang concept is conceived under the thought of bio-medicine (Western medicine),which differs greatly compared to the ancient one.The view put forward stirs up great argument.Therefore,we attempt to explore whether the modern Zangxiang concept can fully reflect the specific content and structural relationship of ancient one through analyzing the frame structure of modern Zangxiang concept.Methods:The qualitative content analysis was used.The document was selected from Zangxiang Chapter in Fundamental Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (7th edition).The textual document was added to QSR International's NVivo qualitative data analysis software.Text was manually coded line by line according to the content described,and new categories were identified which were further divided into initial code,sub-theme,and theme.The relationships among them were explored,and a visual map of the body of knowledge (BoK) in Zangxiang theory was depicted.The similarities and differences between modern and ancient Zangxiang concepts were discussed by interpreting these themes,relationships and the visual map.Results:After analysis,there were 126 initial codes,13 sub-themes,and 4 themes including structure,function,functional outcome and the corresponding external sign.Two principal relationships,generation and mutual promotion,restriction,and inter-dependence in function were obtained.By analyzing four themes and two kinds of principal relationships,we found five different aspects between modern Zangxiang concept and ancient Zangxiang theory.Conclusion:The BoK of the modern Zangxiang concept contains four themes:structure,function,functional outcome,and the corresponding external sign.The principal relationship is referring to generation between structure and function,and between function and its corresponding outcomes.Great differences exist when talking about modern Zangxiang concept which doesn't reflect TCM characteristics and is more inclined to bio-medicine in structure from the perspective of ancient TCM theory.

Bibliometric analysis of qualitative researches in nursing in China from 2013 to 2019

Aims:To analyze the research status and development trend of nursing qualitative research in China from 2013 to 2019.Method:China national knowledge infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Data and VIP database were researched to include all related articles which were published from 2013 to 2019 about nursing qualitative research literature.NoteExpress literature management software and Excel were used to organize literature from annual distribution region,organization,core periodical,as well as the research object,research methods,data collection method and sampling method for metrology analysis.Results:2194 articles met the inclusion criteria,the number of articles is increasing year by year.Most of them come from Shanghai,Beijing,zhejiang and other developed areas.The top three institutions were the Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Tongji Medical College,Affiliated Union Hospital,Fudan university and Shanghai jiao tong university.And 835 of them were published in core journals.Research object are mainly divided into patient,nurses,nursing managers,etc.The included literature mainly adopts phenomenological research methods.Interview is the mainly data collection methods,and Colaizzi method is the mainly data analysis methods.Most articles use the method of purpose sampling.Conclusion:The qualitative research is becoming more and more attention by researchers in China.Qualitative research has covered clinical nursing,nursing education,nursing management,nursing psychology and other different nursing field.However,the selection of qualitative research methods,data analysis methods and related reports need to be further improved and standardized.

Consequences of Insufficient Selectivity in Quantitative and Qualitative Chemical Analysis

A problem in chemical analysis in connection with measurements of a substance normally occurring in a sample, or identification of a substance which should not exist in a sample, is insufficient selectivity. In this article, we analyze this problem and propose remedies. We use a real doping case to illustrate how chemical noise causes a serious selectivity problem, probably causing a false positive outcome.

基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS和网络药理学技术的扫日劳清肺止咳胶囊质量标志物的研究

目的 基于超高效液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)、网络药理学技术,结合药效实验对扫日劳清肺止咳胶囊中的质量标志物(Q-marker)进行分析。方法 采用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术,对扫日劳清肺止咳胶囊不同极性提取物化学成分进行解析;应用镇咳、祛痰模型,筛选可能的药效成分;应用网络药理学,构建“成分-靶点-疾病”网络,筛选潜在的Q-marker并进行药效学验证,确证扫日劳清肺止咳胶囊中发挥镇咳、祛痰作用的Q-marker。结果 通过定性分析,在扫日劳清肺止咳胶囊中共获得120个化合物,不同极性提取物中,石油醚44个,乙酸乙酯85个,正丁醇79个,水71个。药效实验结果表明,不同极性提取物中,石油醚提取物镇咳作用最强,正丁醇提取物祛痰作用最强。经网络药理学技术筛选出3个与镇咳、祛痰相关的核心成分:法卡林醇、法卡林二醇和大叶茜草素。经药效学验证,上述3个核心成分均具有一定的镇咳、祛痰作用。结论 法卡林醇、法卡林二醇及大叶茜草素可作为扫日劳清肺止咳胶囊发挥镇咳、祛痰作用的Q-marker,可为其产品质量标准研究提供参考。

基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS的生脉饮(党参方)口服液化学成分分析

目的:采用超高效液相色谱串联四极杆飞行时间质谱法(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS)对生脉饮(党参方)口服液中的化学成分进行定性表征。方法:选择ACQUITY UPLC?HSS T3色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm),以0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相梯度洗脱,流速0.3 mL·min–1。采用电喷雾离子源,正、负离子全扫描模式下采集数据,扫描范围为m/z 50~1500。利用SCIEX OS-Q 1.6软件建立生脉饮(党参方)中单味中药材化学成分的本地数据库,将采集的化合物精确m/z和二级碎片离子信息与本地数据库及SCIEX OS-Q 1.6软件配置的中药二级数据库匹配,结合文献和对照品的相应信息进行化学成分表征。结果:共推断和鉴定了90个化合物,主要为黄酮类、皂苷类、苯丙素类、多炔类、有机酸类、生物碱等类及其他类成分,其中41个化合物来源于党参、33个化合物来源于麦冬、24个化合物来源于五味子。结论:建立了一种基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS对生脉饮(党参方)口服液中不同类型化合物进行鉴别的有效方法,为阐明其药效物质基础和提升其质量评价体系提供了参考。

A qualitative study to explain the criteria of nursing managers in selecting effective nursing diagnosis

Objective:This study aimed to explain the criteria of managers at different levels of nursing in selecting effective nursing diagnosis.Methods:In conventional content analysis,10 nursing managers at different levels including head nurse,supervisor,and nursing manager were interviewed.Data was collected with semi-structured interviews and a narrative approach.Data analysis was performed using the Zhang–Wildemuth method simultaneously with sampling.Results:Four head nurses,four supervisors(educational,clinical),and two nursing managers were interviewed.The results of the a nalysis led to the extraction of two main categories:centrality of the nursing profession,with the sub-categories compatibility with nursing p ractices and compliance with organizational and professional principles of nursing,and covering the patient care aspect,with s ub-categories of having potential to facilitate and adapting to patient care conditions.Conclusions:The analysis of the views of nursing managers shows that health managers should consider various management aspects such as functional and organizational to increase the efficiency of nursing interventions in the selection of nursing diagnostic systems.From the point of view of health managers,nursing diagnoses should cover the considerations of patients,nurses,and work environments.

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS和UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS分析洋甘菊的化学成分

建立了基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS)和超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS)的洋甘菊化学成分分析方法。UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS采用Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C_(18)柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm),UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS采用Agilent Extend-C_(18)柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm),流动相均采用甲醇-0.1%甲酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;电喷雾离子源,负离子扫描。结果表明UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS鉴定出洋甘菊中34个化学成分,以黄酮类、有机酸类为主,其中化合物七叶灵、杨梅素-3-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷、异鼠李素-O-己糖苷为洋甘菊中首次报道的成分。采用UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS定量分析了洋甘菊中5种绿原酸类成分。5种成分的精密度、稳定性、重复性的相对标准偏差(RSD)均不大于4.0%,线性关系良好(r≥0.9992),平均加标回收率为99.8%~104%。该方法准确高效,可为洋甘菊的质量标准及药效物质研究提供实验依据和理论基础。

Analysis on the Configuration Path of Improving the Quality and Efficiency of County-Level Libraries in China

County-level libraries have an inescapable responsibility for cultivating local cultural identity and realizing rural revitalization.Therefore,we analyzed factors that afect the service fficiency of gass-1oots libraries in Henan Province through a field investigation and qualitative comparative analysis(QCA),and proposed a higlh-efficiency configuration.In addition,we put forward the strategy of improving the quality and efficiency of our country's county-level libraries in the electonic information age.

基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS法砂烫马钱子化学成分定性研究

目的应用超高效液相色谱-四级杆串联飞行时间质谱法(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)对砂烫马钱子提取物的主要化学成分进行定性研究。方法采用Agilent SB-C_(18)(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸水(A)-乙腈(B)溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为0.2 mL·min^(-1),柱温为35°C;质谱分析采用信息关联模式(IDA)正、负离子分别采集。结果共鉴定出砂烫马钱子提取物中24个化学成分,其中有8个为马钱子文献中首次报道,并在负离子模式下发现3个新化合物;主要成分包括生物碱、脂肪酸酯、糖苷、甾醇等。结论该方法精确、可靠、高效,适用于砂烫马钱子成分的快速鉴定,能为马钱子炮制品的开发利用以及阐明其药效物质基础提供参考。