The Revolution’s Result: The Change of Cuban-American Relations During the 1959-1962 Period

Cuban-American relations have become one of the most attractive bilateral relations since the Cold War era.With historical methods and international relations theory,this paper aims to discuss the Cuban Revolution and the change of Cuban-American relations through two issues.One is the Cuban Revolution and the gradual rupture of traditional Cuban-American ties,demonstrating that since Castro’s radical reform of nationalization deeply violated the economic interests of the United States,conflicts and confrontations had already been incurred.At the same time,with Moscow’s intervention,the Cuban Revolution gradually became complicated and sensitive to deal with from Washington’s perspective.The other one is the evolution of confrontation between the Castro revolutionary regime and the United States government during the 1959-1962 period.The Bay of Pigs Invasion rapidly caused political tensions in Cuban-American relations,and soon,the Cuban Missile Crisis institutionalized the escalating confrontation and deeply worsened bilateral relations.As a result,the Castro regime had no choice but to rely on Soviet assistance to maintain a delicate balance with the United States for several decades,which indicated the tragedy of the small nations’destiny.

Central Asia’s Foreign Relations:A Comparison Between the Soviet and Post-Soviet Era

Central Asia’s pivotal geographical position allowed it to play an essential role in relations among nations of Eurasia in the Middle Ages,as the bridge between China and Europe.Yet,during the Russian and then the Soviet rule on Central Asia,the region’s republics had no independent position in international community as foreign relations were formed and managed by central government in Moscow.The collapse of the Union of Soviet in 1991 made salient the geopolitical,economic,and cultural importance of the five former Soviet Central Asian republics.Accordingly,the republics reemerged as independent actors in the global interstate system and could play a role in international affairs during the last three decades.This paper aims to compare Central Asia’s foreign relations in the Soviet and Post-Soviet era.

Dose-Injury Relation as a Model for Uncertainty Propagation from Input Dose to Target Dose

We study a general framework for assessing the injury probability corresponding to an input dose quantity. In many applications, the true value of input dose may not be directly measurable. Instead, the input dose is estimated from measurable/controllable quantities via numerical simulations using assumed representative parameter values. We aim at developing a simple modeling framework for accommodating all uncertainties, including the discrepancy between the estimated input dose and the true input dose. We first interpret the widely used logistic dose-injury model as the result of dose propagation uncertainty from input dose to target dose at the active site for injury where the binary outcome is completely determined by the target dose. We specify the symmetric logistic dose-injury function using two shape parameters: the median injury dose and the 10 - 90 percentile width. We relate the two shape parameters of injury function to the mean and standard deviation of the dose propagation uncertainty. We find 1) a larger total uncertainty will spread more the dose-response function, increasing the 10 - 90 percentile width and 2) a systematic over-estimate of the input dose will shift the injury probability toward the right along the estimated input dose. This framework provides a way of revising an established injury model for a particular test population to predict the injury model for a new population with different distributions of parameters that affect the dose propagation and dose estimation. In addition to modeling dose propagation uncertainty, we propose a new 3-parameter model to include the skewness of injury function. The proposed 3-parameter function form is based on shifted log-normal distribution of dose propagation uncertainty and is approximately invariant when other uncertainties are added. The proposed 3-parameter function form provides a framework for extending skewed injury model from a test population to a target population in application.

3-D Animation as Applied to the Solving of Coupling Relations in the 6-DOF Parallel Robot

How to solve the coupling relations in a 6 - DOF parallel robot quickly and accurately within the limits of realtime control is a critical problem. In traditional analytic method, the complicated mathemtical model must first be constructed and then solved by programming.Obviously, this method is not very practical. This paper,therefore, proposes a new way of approach with a new method using 3- D animation for the solving of coupling relations in the 6 - DOF parallel robot. This method is much simpler and its solving accuracy approaches that of the more complicated analytic method.

The Characteristics of 30-60 Day Oscillation and Its Relations to the Interannual Oscillations

The characteristics of 30-60 day oscillation (hereafter called LFO ) of the outgoing longwave radiation data (OLR) and its relations to the interannual oscillations of the sea surface temperature (SST) are investigated by using the daily OLR data for the period from January, 1979 to December, 1987 and the corresponding monthly SST data. It is found that the LFO the band the interannual oscillations of the SST monthly anomaly (SSTA) interact each other and they all relate to the occurrence and development of El Nino events closely. Before El Nino event happens, it contributes to the SST's wanning up and to the SST's quasi-biennial oscillation (called QBO for brevity) and three and half years oscillation (called SO for short) being in warm water phase in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific (ECP and EEP) that the LFO in the equatorial western Pacific (EWP) enhances and propagates eastward; When El Nino event takes place, the LFO, SSTA and SSTA's QBO and SO in the EEP interact and strengthen each other; But the warmer SST and the SSTA's QBO and SO in the warm water phase in the EEP contribute to the LFO's weakening in the equatorial Pacific. Moreover, these contribute to the SST in the EEP becoming cold and the SSTA's QBO and SO in the EWP being in cold water phase and then impel the El Nino event to end.

Genetic relationship of rapeseed yield-related traits revealed by elite lines under multiple environments

To provide a theoretical basis for further improvement of Brassica napus yield, additive dominance with additive - by - additive epistatic effects （ ADAA） genetic model and a 6 X 8 partial dial- lel cross design were used to analyze the genetic effects and correlations of five yield related traits of 14 excellent Brassica napus parental lines and their 46 and F2 populations. The results showed that silique density （SD） , siliques per plant （SPP） , seeds per silique （SPS） and thousand - seed weight （TSW） exhibited not only additive and dominant effects, but also significant epistatic effects. The dominant effects of all five yield - related traits were obviously greater than their additive effects and epistatic effects. Yield per plant （YPP） showed significant genetic correlation with SD, SPP and SPS, and the main component of the genetic correlation was the dominance correlation. SPP and SPS both showed a significant negative correlation with TSW. The SD of rapeseed was genetically correlated with all three components of yield to a certain extent, and there were different components of genetic effects positively correlated with the three yield components, indicating that SD is a potential trait to reconcile the conflict between TSW and SPP as well as SPS.

Potential Toxicological and Cardiopulmonary Effects of PM2,5 Exposure and Related Mortality:Findings of Recent Studies Published during 2003-2013

Air pollution has environmental issue owing become a serious to its diverse harmful effects on the physical and biological environment. According to the Environmental Protection Agency （EPA） and the World Health Organization （WHO）, air pollution affects millions of people worldwide. Hundreds of thousands of deaths each year and a range of diseases, particularly among vulnerable groups （i.e., children, the elderly, and people with special medical conditions）, are attributed to air pollution. These effects are not always caused by single pollutant in the air; rather, they are considered consequences of the multi-pollutants to which people are simultaneously exposed.

Relations Between Stabilities and Structures of Closo Borane Dianions

An effective method to investigate the stabilities of a series of new closo-BnHn2- （n = 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 30） was put forward with the aid of G96PW91/SHC calculations. Stabilities are related to the relative stabilized energies （RSE） and the 2e3c bound geometries of closo-BnHn2-. The structures in which a boron atom connects to four atoms up to seven are stable and appear in many borides because of the lower relative stabilized energy. In geometries, both triangular and quadrangular faces are in favor of forming the structures of closo-BnHn2-. The energies of optimized geometries support the existence of these new compounds. By employing both RSE and AE per boron atom in cage, the stabilities were studied to predict the probabilities of unknown clusters in existence. The electron-deficient clusters can be understood that the positive holes should be disperse to every triangular face and lead to share the holes, wherever there are not enough electrons to occupy them. The negative charges which anions carry distribute to 2e3c bonds to increase the stabilities.

Energy Balance-related Behaviors Are Related to Cardiometabolic Parameters and Predict Adiposity in 8-14-year-old Overweight Chinese Children One Year Later

To identify target energy balance-related behaviors（ERBs）,baseline data from 141overweight or obese schoolchildren（aged 8-14years old）was used to predict adiposity[body mass index（BMI）and fat percentage]one year later.The ERBs included a modified Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diet score（DASH score）,leisure-time physical activity（PA,days/week）,and leisure screen time（minutes/day）.Several cardiometabolic variables were measured in the fasting state, including systolic blood pressure （SBP）, diastolic blood pressure （DBP）, blood glucose （GLU）, total cholesterol （TC）, triglycerides （TG）, low-density lipoprotein （LDL-C）, and high-density lipoprotein （HDL-C）.

Multi-fractal Behaviors of Relative Humidity over China

The multi-fractal ity over China are studied behaviors of relative humid using the multi-fractal de trended fluctuation analysis （DFA） method. Three multi fractal parameters （the spectrum width Aa, the asymmetry Aaas, and the long-range correlation exponent a0） of the singularity spectrum are introduced to quantify the multi-fractal behaviors. The results show that multi-frac tality exists in daily humidity records over most stations in China and is mainly due to the broad distribution of the probability density of the sequence values. Strong multi fractal behaviors over some stations in the Yunnan, Guangdong, and Inner Mongolia provinces are obvious. These behaviors are mainly caused by different long range correlations between large and small fluctuations. The asymmetry of the singularity of relative humidity records is weak, except for a small number of stations in the far east and west of China, where the singularity spec trum is left-skewed. Finally, the long-range correlations in North China are stronger than those in South China, which indicates better predictability in North China. By studying the parameters of the multi-fractal spectrum, various data of long-range power law correlations of the relative humidity records are obtained, which may pro vide theoretical support for climate prediction.

The energetic relationship among geoeffective solar flares, associated CMEs and SEPs

Major solar eruptions （flares, coronal mass ejections （CMEs） and solar energetic particles （SEPs）） strongly influence geospace and space weather. Currently, the mechanism of their influence on space weather is not well understood and requires a detailed study of the energetic relationship among these eruptive phenomena. From this perspective, we investigate 30 flares （observed by RHESSI）, followed by weak to strong geomagnetic storms. Spectral analysis of these flares suggests a new power-law relationship （r - 0.79） between the hard X-ray （HXR） spectral index （before flarepeak） and linear speed of the associated CME observed by LASCO/SOHO. For 12 flares which were followed by SEP enhancement near Earth, HXR and SEP spectral analysis reveals a new scaling law （r - 0.9） between the hardest X-ray flare spectrum and the hardest SEP spectrum. Furthermore, a strong correlation is obtained between the linear speed of the CME and the hardest spectrum of the corresponding SEP event （r - 0.96）. We propose that the potentially geoeffective flare and associated CME and SEP are well-connected through a possible feedback mechanism, and should be regarded within the framework of a solar eruption. Owing to their space weather effects, these new results will help improve our current understanding of the Sun-Earth relationship, which is a major goal of research programs in heliophysics.

战后赔偿:美苏对德占领政策中的合作与冲突-关于美苏冷战起源的经济因素(讨论之四)

赔偿问题是美苏对德政策的重要内容之一。美苏在战后德国赔偿问题上经历了从协商、合作走向分裂、对抗的历史过程。在雅尔塔和波茨坦会议上,美苏求同存异在对德索赔问题上达成共识,确定了赔偿原则。尽管苏联在东部地区采取单边行动,且战后美苏矛盾加剧,但双方还是在实现大国合作的愿望中于1946年3月制定了统一的赔偿计划。然而,由于双方在赔偿的基本方针和目标上产生的分歧加剧,统一赔偿计划从未得到落实。1947年4月莫斯科外长会议后美苏在赔偿问题上分道扬镳,是年底的伦敦外长会议终于为盟国共同索赔画上了句号。苏联对德占领政策的核心是获取战争赔偿;德国分裂的根源是美苏在赔偿问题上的决裂;美苏对德占领政策分歧的起点也在于赔偿问题。

试析1937-1941年的中苏关系

抗战时期,中苏两国的国际地位和实力的差异,决定了苏联对华政策在双边关系中发挥主导作用。随着国际局势的变化,苏联对外战略的演变直接影响两国关系的发展。当苏联战略需要与中国利益一致时,苏联大力援助中国的抗战事业,两国关系就能顺利发展。而当苏联的战略需要背离中国利益时,苏联外交的大国主义作法则越发明显,甚至为了确保自身的安全而牺牲中国利益。因此,在时局发生剧变之时,中苏对外战略重心的转移使得两国关系不可避免地趋于冷淡。

中苏同盟条约后期谈判的情况及结果--写在《中苏友好同盟互助条约》签订60周年之际

到1950年1月底,中苏关于同盟条约以及中长路、旅顺口和大连港协定的谈判基本结束,其结果都是斯大林被迫作出让步。在此期间,特别是此后的谈判中,苏方的态度发生了较大变化,希望能够在一些具体问题上弥补其"损失"。这主要表现在双方有关苏军使用中长路、补充协定、股份公司、专家待遇和汇率等问题上。尽管中方在后期谈判中作出妥协,斯大林还是在中苏外交谈判之外作出了一项重大决定,其后果很可能使中苏条约成为一纸空文。

战时合作中美苏阿拉斯加-西伯利亚空中走廊研究

二战期间,美苏建立阿拉斯加-西伯利亚空中走廊,对苏德战争及世界反法西斯战争的胜利功不可没。美苏虽在建立该通道的酝酿过程中合作与分歧并存,但该计划最终仍得以实施。这条空中航线克服严峻自然环境挑战,兼具军机运输通道和外交通道的双重价值。阿西空廊囿于美苏矛盾的不断升级而中止。阿西空廊计划的实施促进了美苏两国的战时合作,既是二战史中具有重要意义的事件,也是美苏两国战时外交策略的折射。

民国时期中苏关系的三个层次(1917-1949)

中华民国建立后,中央政府始终未能实现对全国的有效控制,国内各种政治力量之间及其与中央政权之间充满矛盾和冲突,甚至发生大规模的战争。同时,中央和地方政权与各种外国势力之间存在着错综复杂的关系。其中,苏联(苏俄)对华关系最为特殊,存在着三个主体和三个层次,即苏联政府和中国中央政府、苏联政府和中国地方政府、苏联与中国共产党。从1917年到1949年,中苏关系在大部分时间是中央政府层面的交往,苏联对华政策虽有国际共产主义的考虑,但更重要的是追求其国家利益,这使三层关系相互关联又相对独立,重心也发生转移。民国时期中苏关系的多层次和多主体特征使这一关系成为同期中国对外关系中最复杂的,并留下了诸多需要研究的问题,涉及领域除中苏关系之外,还有苏联史、国际共运史、共产国际史、民国史、中共党史等。多层次、多主体这一特征应该是研究民国时期中苏关系的基本出发点之一。

中苏在西伯利亚地区的戏剧艺术合作

中苏在戏剧艺术领域合作的历史是两个国家文化交流的重要领域。以苏联西伯利亚地区为例,笔者所依据的史料来自俄罗斯档案基金会及各类期刊和杂志。中俄人民对彼此艺术的了解始于沙俄和晚晴时期,1917年革命后,两个民族在戏剧艺术领域的交流开始不断加强,这股潮流在(苏联)远东地区和(中国)东北地区及两国首都城市率先兴起。在中俄关系中西伯利亚地区占据重要的跨境地理位置,这些进程间接地对该地区产生深刻影响。中华人民共和国成立后,中苏在戏剧艺术领域的合作快速发展,苏联剧院开始排演许多中国题材的剧目,两国剧团开始进行巡回演出。西伯利亚地区的中国工人通过业余演出形式将中国艺术传播给西伯利亚本地民众。20世纪50年代,双方艺术合作的中心城市是新西伯利亚和伊尔库茨克。20世纪60年代,双方的文化艺术交流中断,直到80年代中苏关系正常化之后双方在戏剧领域的交流与合作再次兴起。

论苏联对埃及的军事援助政策及其影响(1970-1974)

1970年代初,苏联对埃及的军事援助问题成为影响苏埃两国关系的主要因素。由于美苏缓和、苏联与萨达特对在处理阿以争端理念上的分歧等方面的原因,苏联对埃及采取了保守的军事援助措施,并将援助承诺一再搁置,这引起了萨达特对苏联的不满,进而导致了苏埃关系的恶化。苏联对埃及的军事援助政策,是使苏埃关系走向破裂的至关重要的因素,对苏埃关系产生了深远影响。十月战争后,美国和埃及复交,而苏埃关系逐步走向终结,美国有效地防止了苏联势力在中东的进一步渗透。

1935-1941年间苏联对美国的技术引进

苏美建交初期,苏联为加速推进社会主义工业化,急需引进美国的先进技术和设备。而美国当时为尽快销售大量剩余重工业品,也向苏联积极地提供了技术支持。苏联政府通过多种方式引进美国的先进技术。受政治关系的影响,此时苏联对美国技术的引进一波三折。总体而言,苏联在该期间内对美国的技术引进还是取得了一定成就,促进了苏联在经济和国防建设方面的发展,为后来卫国战争的胜利提供了强有力的物质保障。

尼赫鲁时期(1947-1964)的印苏关系探究

尼赫鲁时期的印苏关系,在两国对国家利益、地缘政治的深度考量和美、中等大国因素的交互叠加影响下,经历了从冷淡到冷暖转换再到战略合作这样一种发展演变轨迹,属国际关系中较少见的递进式发展演变模式。它不仅为尼赫鲁之后的印苏关系走向准军事结盟奠定了坚实基础,而且还为两国在较长一段时间内的经贸与军事合作铺平了道路。