长期饮酒人群发生急性胰腺炎的风险因素分析:一项基于UK Biobank的自然人群研究

目的探讨有长期饮酒习惯人群急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)发生的风险因素。方法将由UK Biobank数据库中筛选的初次参与调查(2006年—2010年)和第二次随访(2014+)均为“目前饮酒状态”的志愿者作为目标人群(观察至2022年11月30日,期间新诊断AP 176人,未患AP 59512人)。收集目标人群入组时的手术史、饮食习惯等,并通过多因素Cox比例风险模型探讨其是否为AP发生的风险因素。同时以目标人群中有“饮酒类型”记录的人群为亚组,通过多因素Cox比例风险模型探讨不同酒类摄入量及增长量是否为AP发生的风险因素。结果多因素分析结果显示,每天摄入熟菜1~4汤匙,患AP风险分别为不摄入熟菜的44%(HR=0.44,95%CI:0.20~0.95)、39%(HR=0.39,95%CI:0.19~0.82)、42%(HR=0.42,95%CI:0.20~0.89)和41%(HR=0.41,95%CI:0.19~0.88);每天摄入2和3杯咖啡患AP风险为不摄入咖啡人群的45%(HR=0.45,95%CI:0.27~0.75)和39%(HR=0.39,95%CI:0.21~0.72);有胆源性疾病(BD)但未行胆囊切除术(CHO)患AP风险为无BD且未行CHO的7.82倍(HR=7.82,95%CI:5.30~11.54),有BD且行CHO患AP的风险仅为无BD且未行CHO的2.15倍(HR=2.15,95%CI:1.15~4.01)。亚组分析结果显示,不同酒类的摄入量均不影响AP的发生,但在此基础上纳入不同酒类摄入增长量后的结果表明,烈酒摄入增长量每升高1瓶/周、患AP的风险增长1.05倍(HR=1.05,95%CI:1.02~1.09,P<0.05)。结论在有长期饮酒习惯的人群中,熟菜和适量的咖啡摄入是AP发生的保护因素;患BD且不切除胆囊为AP发生的危险因素,而患BD且进行CHO人群的AP发生显著降低;烈酒摄入增长量上升也是AP发生的危险因素。

Associations of diet with infectious diseases in UK Biobank

The current study used multivariable logistic regression analysis to investigate associations between the intake frequencies of 13 food groups(or four diet groups)and infectious diseases.The analysis included 487849 participants from the UK Biobank,with 75209 participants diagnosed with infectious diseases.Participants reporting the highest intake frequency of processed meat(odds ratio[OR]=1.0964,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.0622–1.1318)and red meat(OR=1.0895,95%CI:1.0563–1.1239)had a higher risk of infectious diseases,compared with those with the lowest intake frequency.Consuming fish 2.0–2.9 times(OR=0.8221,95%CI:0.7955–0.8496),cheese≥5.0 times(OR=0.8822,95%CI:0.8559–0.9092),fruit 3.0–3.9 servings(OR=0.8867,95%CI:0.8661–0.9078),and vegetables 2.0–2.9 servings(OR=0.9372,95%CI:0.9189–0.9559)per week were associated with a lower risk of infection.Low meat-eaters(OR=0.9404,95%CI:0.9243–0.9567),fish-eaters(OR=0.8391,95%CI:0.7887–0.8919),and vegetarians(OR=0.9154,95%CI:0.8561–0.9778)had a lower risk of infectious diseases,compared with regular meat-eaters.The mediation analysis revealed that glycosylated hemoglobin,white blood cell count,and body mass index served as the mediators in the associations between diet and infectious diseases.The current study indicates that the intake frequency of food groups is a risk factor for infectious diseases,and fish-eaters have a lower risk of infection.

Developing a Research Network of Early Warning Systems for Infectious Diseases Transmission Between China and Australia

This article offers a thorough review of current early warning systems(EWS)and advocates for establishing a unified research network for EWS in infectious diseases between China and Australia.We propose that future research should focus on improving infectious disease surveillance by integrating data from both countries to enhance predictive models and intervention strategies.The article highlights the need for standardized data formats and terminologies,improved surveillance capabilities,and the development of robust spatiotemporal predictive models.It concludes by examining the potential benefits and challenges of this collaborative approach and its implications for global infectious disease surveillance.This is particularly relevant to the ongoing project,early warning systems for Infectious Diseases between China and Australia(NetEWAC),which aims to use seasonal influenza as a case study to analyze influenza trends,peak activities,and potential interhemispheric transmission patterns.The project seeks to integrate data from both hemispheres to improve outbreak predictions and develop a spatiotemporal predictive modeling system for seasonal influenza transmission based on socio-environmental factors.

Multiple myeloma survival in New South Wales, Australia, by treatment era to 2020

Objective: Australia has relatively high multiple myeloma(MM) incidence and mortality rates. Advancements in MM treatment over recent decades have driven improvements in MM survival in high-income countries;however, reporting in Australia is limited. We investigated temporal trends in population-wide MM survival across 3 periods of treatment advancements in New South Wales(NSW), Australia.Methods: Individuals with an MM diagnosis in the NSW Cancer Registry between 1985 and 2015 with vital follow-up to 2020, were categorized into 3 previously defined treatment eras according to their diagnosis date(1985±1995, chemotherapy only;1996±2007, autologous stem cell transplantation;and 2008±2015, novel agents including proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs). Both relative survival and cause-specific survival according to Fine and Gray's competing risks cumulative incidence function were calculated by treatment era and age at diagnosis.Results: Overall, 11,591 individuals were included in the study, with a median age of 70 years at diagnosis. Five-year relative survival improved over the 36-year(1985±2020) study period(31.0% in 1985±1995;41.9% in 1996±2007;and 56.1% in 2008±2015). For individuals diagnosed before 70 years of age, the 5-year relative survival nearly doubled, from 36.5% in 1985±1995 to 68.5% in 2008±2015. Improvements for those > 70 years of age were less pronounced between 1985±1995 and 1996±2007;however, significant improvements were observed for those diagnosed in 2008±2015. Similar overall and age-specific patterns were observed for causespecific survival. After adjustment for gender and age at diagnosis, treatment era was strongly associated with both relative and cause-specific survival(P < 0.0001).Conclusions: Survival of individuals with MM is improving in Australia with treatment advances. However, older age groups continue to experience poor survival outcomes with only modest improvements over time. Given the increasing prevalence of MM in Australia, the effects of MM treatment on quality of life, particularly in older age, warrant further attention.

Association of alcohol consumption with aortic aneurysm and dissection risk:results from the UK Biobank cohort study

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have reported inconsistent results with positive,negative,and J-shaped associations between alcohol consumption and the hazard of aortic aneurysm and dissection(AAD).This study aimed to examine the connections between weekly alcohol consumption and the subsequent risk of AAD.METHODS:The UK Biobank study is a population-based cohort study.Weekly alcohol consumption was assessed using self-reported questionnaires and the congenital risk of alcohol consumption was also evaluated using genetic risk score(GRS).Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios(HRs)with 95% confidence intervals(CIs)for the associations between alcohol consumption and AAD.Several sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the results.RESULTS:Among the 388,955 participants(mean age:57.1 years,47.4% male),2,895 incident AAD cases were documented during a median follow-up of 12.5 years.Compared with never-drinkers,moderate drinkers(adjusted HR:0.797,95%CI:0.646-0.984,P<0.05)and moderate-heavy drinkers(adjusted HR:0.794,95%CI:0.635-0.992,P<0.05)were significantly associated with a decreased risk of incident AAD.Interaction-based subgroup analysis revealed that the protective effect of moderate drinking was reflected mainly in participants younger than 65 years and women.CONCLUSION:Our findings support a protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on AAD,but are limited to participants younger than 65 years and women.

The Making of a Health Profession:How Chinese Medicine Became a Nationally Registered Allied Health Profession in Australia

In 2012, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) practitioners in Australia became nationally-registered allied health professionals in three categories: acupuncturist, Chinese herbal medicine practitioner, and Chinese herbal medicine dispenser. Australia was the first Western country to introduce national registration for Chinese medicine, followed by Portugal and, recently, New Zealand. The practice of TCM in Australia can be traced back to the beginning of Chinese immigration to Australia during the Victorian Gold Rush which began in the 1850s. The process which led to national registration commenced in the early 1970s with the establishment of the first acupuncture courses. Decades of gradual development of courses from unaccredited part-time diplomas to accredited bachelor degrees, and the development, by the profession, of national consensus on educational standards were essential elements in the process which led to registration. Professional associations, such as the Australian Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine Association Ltd.(AACMA), also developed a framework of professional selfregulation, including Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, ongoing professional development requirements and Infection Control Guidelines, and provided leadership in the development of the profession. After decades of tribalism and division within the TCM profession, the National Academic Standards Committee brought almost all stakeholders together to reach a consensus on the Australian Guidelines for Traditional Chinese Medicine Education which were published by AACMA in 2001. Professional associations also collaborated on joint submissions to the government in support of registration, which was introduced first in the state of Victoria in 2000, and subsequently became national in 2012. Despite national registration, some barriers still remain, and professional associations continue to lobby the federal government for inclusion in Medicare, chronic disease management scheme, and Veterans Affairs.

Shared decision making in rural general practices:a qualitative exploration of older rural South Australians'perceived involvement in clinical consultations with doctors

Background:Shared decision-making(SDM)implementation is a priority for Australian health systems,including general practices but it remains complex for specific groups like older rural Australians.We initiated a qualitative study with older rural Australians to explore barriers to and facilitators of SDM in local general practices.Methods:We conducted a patient-oriented research,partnering with older rural Australians,families,and health service providers in research design.Participants who visited general practices were purposively sampled from five small rural towns in South Australia.A semi-structured interview guide was used for interviews and reflexive thematic coding was conducted.Results:Telephone interviews were held with 27 participants.Four themes were identified around older rural adults’involvement in SDM:(1)Understanding of"patient involvement";(2)Positive and negative outcomes;(3)Barriers to SDM;and(4)Facilitators to SDM.Understanding of patient involvement in SDM considerably varied among participants,with some reporting their involvement was contingent on the“opportunity to ask questions”and the“treatment choices”offered to them.Alongside the opportunity for involvement,barriers such as avoidance of cultural care and a lack of continuity of care are new findings.Challenges encountered in SDM implementation also included resource constraints and time limitations in general practices.Rural knowledge of general practitioners and technology integration in consultations were viewed as potential enablers..Conclusion:Adequate resources and well-defined guidelines about the process should accompany the implementation of SDM in rural general practices of South Australia.Innovative strategies by general practitioners promoting health literacy and culturally-tailored communication approaches could increase older rural Australians'involvement in general.

Are private hospital emergency departments in Australia distributed to serve the wealthy community?

Objective:This study investigates the geographical distribution of private hospitals in Australian capital cities in relation to the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage.Methods:Using Geographic Information System analysis,the study examined how private hospitals are distributed across different socioeconomic quartiles,providing a comprehensive visualisation of health care accessibility.Results:The results indicate an unequal distribution with a substantial concentration of private hospitals within the vicinity of communities classified in the highest socioeconomic classification.This raises significant concerns about health care equity,particularly in light of the increased strain on health care systems before,during and after the COVID‐19 pandemic.Conclusions:This study underscores the need for targeted policy interventions to enhance the resilience and accessibility of the private health care sector,specifically targeting disadvantaged communities.It suggests that comprehensive,geographically‐informed data is crucial for policymakers to make informed decisions that promote health equity in the postpandemic landscape.

澳大利亚高校科教融合的科研体系与食品研究生培养——以墨尔本大学为例

澳大利亚的科研和教育体系相对完备,对于我国开展有组织科研、提升科研创新能力具有参考作用。本文以墨尔本大学为例,系统阐述其科研体系中的科研管理、资源配置和科研拨款,以及人力资源和科研数据的共享和利用、科研评估等基本情况。介绍支撑高水平科研的生力军——食品科学方向的研究生培养分类及课程设置现状与相应的导师队伍,分析其“通才化”和“国际化”的人才培养特色,为我国高校和相关机构在科研体系和人才培养等两个层面的创新与融合提供参考。

澳大利亚职业教育制度认同的四重逻辑与经验镜鉴

制度认同作为一种重要的社会认同形式,对国家治理、社会稳定和公民参与具有重要的影响。澳大利亚职业教育制度认同的基本框架以法律保障认同逻辑为导向,以资历框架认同逻辑为基础,以证书制度认同逻辑为关键,以技能制度认同逻辑为依托,彰显了澳大利亚职业教育制度认同的权威性、全面性、基础性、长效性的特征,法律保障认同、资历框架认同、证书制度认同、技能制度认同立于制度认同的“四位”而促进制度认同的“一体”发展。鉴于澳大利亚健全完善的职业教育制度认同框架,我国应着力健全职业教育法律条款,提升职业教育法律认同感;完善职业教育资历框架,夯实职业教育资历框架运行力;改革职业教育证书制度,促进职业教育证书认可度;建立职业教育技能制度,增进职业教育技能胜任感,从而构建具有本土特色的职业教育制度认同框架,提升职业教育的广泛认可度,促进职业教育高质量发展。

澳大利亚主动追随美国制华战略的原因、表现及应对

随着中美战略竞争不断加剧,美国多数盟友不免被迫卷入其中。然而,澳大利亚却选择主动追随美国制衡中国。这一战略行为主要基于两个原因:首先,作为美国主导的国际秩序的“捍卫者”、全球中等强国和南太地区霸主,澳大利亚的三重战略定位均与中国崛起存在张力;其次,澳大利亚国内的意识形态和社会基础促使其反华情绪上升,这种情绪进一步推动其对华战略的对立立场。中澳两国的主要分歧集中于政治安全和意识形态领域,而在经贸领域的共同利益难以抵消澳大利亚在这两个领域对中国的对立态度。因此,中国需对澳大利亚中长期充当美国在亚太地区的遏华力量有充分准备,通过外交、军事、经济等多重政策组合加大施压力度,警惕其在西方世界凭借制华前沿角色提高国际地位的企图。

牛轮状病毒UK株NSP1基因序列分析及原核表达

轮状病毒是引起多种幼龄动物及5周龄以下儿童腹泻的主要病原体。NSP1非结构蛋白是轮状病毒基因5的产物,为长约55ku的RNA结合蛋白。现已发现NSP1蛋白是一种毒力决定因子,可颉颃宿主先天性免疫应答。参照GenBank收录的牛轮状病毒UK株序列设计并合成1对特异性引物,本试验利用RT-PCR方法扩增牛轮状病毒UK株NSP1基因,克隆入pET-28a(+)表达载体,经双酶切和测序鉴定,并利用分子生物学软件进行同源性比对分析。本试验结果显示获得的NSP1基因全长编码区序列为1 473bp,编码491个氨基酸,与美国WC3株同源性最高。将阳性重组质粒转入E.coli Rosetta(DE3)宿主菌,经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE和Western blotting对重组蛋白进行分析,结果表明重组蛋白分子质量约为55ku,以包涵体形式表达,可与鼠抗His-tag抗体反应。本试验成功获得牛轮状病毒UK株NSP1基因,且实现了在原核表达系统中高效表达重组蛋白,本试验结果为研究NSP1蛋白在细胞内定位与其活性之间的相互关系奠定了基础。

UK心理测试自动分析系统的手写体数字识别

针对 UK心理测试自动分析系统的手写体数字识别问题 ,提出了结构特征和统计特征相组合的三级分类方案 .经过印刷体去除、二值化、作业量判别等预处理之后 ,一级分类器提取点、线、圆等结构特征并进行组合构造相应模板 ,然后采用粗细两阶段方案进行模板匹配 ;二级分类器提取区域模糊统计特征 ,构造了 10个一对多的SVM分类器 ;三级分类器提取投影特征、笔划特征、Fourier变换特征等 ,然后利用 RBF神经网络进行分类 .实验表明该方法合理有效 .

滞环电流模式控制uk变换器的非线性现象研究

根据滑模变结构系统的原理,对滞环电流模式控制?uk 变换器的运行状态进行了研究。推导出在切换面上的等效控制,并导出了切换面上滑模运动的状态方程,以此状态方程为基础,可由特征值法来判断平衡点的稳定性。由特征值的数值计算结果证明,当参考电流增加时平衡点的失稳过程是超临界霍普分叉过程,各电路参数对参考电流的分叉点有重要影响。此外,数值仿真和电路实验均表明,滞环电流模式控制 ?uk 变换器的动态行为十分复杂,除周期态和极限环外,还可能产生准周期和混沌状态。这研究方法还可以推广到其它滑模控制非线性系统的研究中去。

UKEs下高校图书馆学科化服务创新探讨

在对UKEs简述的基础上,论述了UKEs下高校图书馆开展学科化服务和建立学科馆员队伍的必然性,着重对UKEs下高校图书馆建立和完善学科化服务创新机制和服务前景进行了探讨和展望。

UK114蛋白研究进展

UK114蛋白(山羊肝脏肿瘤抗原)是由恶性肿瘤产生的一种肿瘤抗原。近年来,对UK114蛋白的结构和功能进行一系列的研究,为探索肿瘤的诊断及治疗,细胞的分化,蛋白的折叠和肉类的加工等方面开辟新的途径。

Exploring Themes in the Movie Australia on Culture Identity Theories

Gathering the history and emotions of the nation of Australia,the movie Australia not only reflects Australians’exertion to construct an equal harmonious diversified new Australia but also incarnates Australian people’s nisus to pursue the sense of belonging internally and seek international recognition externally.In order to expand the perspective of researching this movie and give enlightenment on constructing an equal harmonious diversified international community,based on culture identity theories,this paper tries exploring the themes of this movie.

科学数据伦理治理:政策框架与路径——以英国为例

[目的/意义]完善科学数据伦理治理有助于规范科学数据收集、共享和使用,发挥数据作为科研的关键资源与要素的功能,优化科学数据管理服务。[方法/过程]本研究基于扎根理论分析英国科学数据伦理政策,总结其政策框架与内容,并通过矩阵编码与社会网络分析方法揭示治理特征,提出我国优化科学数据伦理治理的建议。[结果/结论]研究发现,伦理政策框架包括治理环境、主体与策略3层面。伦理治理环境内容分为适用领域、适用主体、概念定义、问题分析与现有政策;伦理治理主体内容涉及治理主体界定与促进主体协作;伦理治理策略内容涵盖治理指导与各阶段治理措施。其治理特征有3维度:注重定义概念,明确分配主体权责与促进协作,全面厘定治理策略与加强伦理风险防控。据此提出4条治理路径:形成治理体系,规范治理理论,明确各方权责与协作方式,细化各阶段治理措施。

英国分级诊疗影响因素分析及启示

英国分级诊疗的影响因素可归纳为核心层(包括体系设计类、基础设施类和资源投入类)和准则层(制度设计类)两个层次,核心层影响因素是形成分级诊疗格局的关键制度基础。借鉴英国分级诊疗的运行经验,我国应构建以初级卫生保健为重点、全科与专科分开的医疗服务体系,鼓励医生自由执业,从资金支持、政策引导等方面保障医疗服务的连续性,重视医疗卫生信息化建设,从而进一步优化落实分级诊疗制度。

国内外深层煤层气勘探开发进展与启示

2021年以来,我国深层煤层气勘探开发接连取得重大突破,成为天然气增储上产战略接替资源。为进一步支撑我国深层煤层气高质量发展,亟需对国内外主要含煤盆地煤层气资源禀赋与勘探开发现状进行研究。美国、澳大利亚、加拿大煤层气勘探开发起步早,目前以中低阶浅层煤层气开发为主,煤层埋深浅、渗透率高,主要采用直井开采,单井日产超万立方米;伴随油气战略调整,美国和加拿大不再将煤层气作为勘探重点,澳大利亚则通过探索试验煤系地层合采,煤层气产量跃居全球首位。我国以中高阶深层煤层气开发为主,煤层具有埋深差异大、渗透率低的特征。目前鄂尔多斯盆地成为最大深层煤层气生产基地,大宁—吉县、大牛地等气田多口水平井日产气量超十万立方米;四川盆地深层煤层气勘探取得了积极进展,准噶尔盆地也具备深层煤层气勘探的潜力。国内外煤层气勘探开发经验表明,富集规律认识的突破、工程技术的进步、一体化管理模式的运行及产业扶持政策的出台是煤层气产业快速发展的重要因素;加大不同类型深层煤层气勘探力度、加强理论技术攻关、加快标准体系建设、加大产业扶持政策支持力度,有助于我国深层煤层气高质量勘探和高效开发。