Falsified antibacterial agents continue to pose serious public health problems around the world. They are notably responsible for resistance emergence in the treatment of infectious diseases that can lead to death. Th...Falsified antibacterial agents continue to pose serious public health problems around the world. They are notably responsible for resistance emergence in the treatment of infectious diseases that can lead to death. The aim of this study was to summarize the literature on the methods developed and validated to detect poor quality antibacterial agents in order to assess the impact of these available methods in the fighting against Counterfeit/substandard medicines. Thus, studies published in the time from January 2000 to July 2017, were accessible via Google Scholar and Pubmed and allowed to analyze 41 papers. The majority (30) of developed and validated methods concerned LC methods, 9 regarded UV/V is spectrophotometry and two studies simultaneously developed both methods. Antibacterial agents belonging to beta-lactams group were the most concerned by the methods developed and validated (39%), followed by quinolones (18%) and macrolides (12%). Regarding active ingredients, amoxicillin (12%) was the most concerned by the development and validation methods. In spite of several available methods to detect substandard drugs, antibacterial agents for which methods were developed and validated were the most concerned by worldwide detected non-conformities. The fight against this scourge should not be only limited by their detection, but it also requires an effective involvement of different actors notably: health authorities, international organizations, pharmaceutical industries etc.展开更多
Saffron, obtained from the flower stigmas of Crocus sativus L., is one of the most expensive food spices. The introduction of saffron in alpine areas could help to broaden and diversify the activities of mountain mult...Saffron, obtained from the flower stigmas of Crocus sativus L., is one of the most expensive food spices. The introduction of saffron in alpine areas could help to broaden and diversify the activities of mountain multifunctional farms, with a positive impact on economy and land management. According to ISO 3632(2010/2011), saffron can be classified into three categories of quality(I, II, III) depending on the concentration of the three main metabolites responsible for its characteristic colour, flavor and aroma: Crocin, Picrocrocin and Safranal. This study represents the first investigation of the quality of saffron produced in the Italian Alps evaluated with spectrophotometry, HPLC, solid-phase microextraction(SPME), and gas chromatographic analysis combined with mass spectrometry(GC/MS). The experiments used Crocus sativus stigmas produced in 2012-2013 in different areas of the Central Italian Alps were located at an altitude between 720 and 1200 m a.s.l.. Results obtained were compared to commercial saffron. The analyses confirmed that all samples can be classified in the first quality category according to the ISO classification. This high quality is also confirmed by HPLC analysis. Moreover, the SPME-GC/MS analysis identified some differences in the aromatic profile of saffron samples, in particular regarding safranal concentration. A preliminary assessment of the economic viability of high quality saffron production for local markets was also performed. Our study provides valid information regarding the quality and economic sustainability of saffron production in the alpine area confirming this crop as a good candidate for a new source of income for multifunctional farms in mountain areas.展开更多
The results of studying inhibitory effect of streptomycin on the modified Berthelot reaction were presented in this paper and a new kinetic method for determining streptomycin in pharmaceutical preparations and human ...The results of studying inhibitory effect of streptomycin on the modified Berthelot reaction were presented in this paper and a new kinetic method for determining streptomycin in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine was developed on the basis of the obtained results. The rates of catalytic and catalytic-inhibitory reaction were monitored at 700 nm （t=25 ±0.1 ℃） using UV/vis spectrophotometer. By analyzing the spectra and experimental dependences of the catalytic and catalytic-inhibitory reaction rates on the reactant concentrations, it was noticed that streptomycin attacked nitroprusside and hypochlorite causing the inhibition of the production of 2,2＇-dicarboxylindophenol. According to this effect, an analytical decrease for determination of urea by modified Berthelot reaction appeared in the presence of small amounts of streptomycin. Beer＇s law was obeyed in the interval of streptomycin sulfate concentration from 18.2 to 182 μg·mL^-1. The detection limit calculated by two methods was obtained at 11.75 μg·mL^-1 and 8.54 μg·mL^-1. The relative standard deviation of 0.55%--8.83% and the recovery of 109.10% were determined. The obtained results were validated using the referent HPLC method.展开更多
文摘Falsified antibacterial agents continue to pose serious public health problems around the world. They are notably responsible for resistance emergence in the treatment of infectious diseases that can lead to death. The aim of this study was to summarize the literature on the methods developed and validated to detect poor quality antibacterial agents in order to assess the impact of these available methods in the fighting against Counterfeit/substandard medicines. Thus, studies published in the time from January 2000 to July 2017, were accessible via Google Scholar and Pubmed and allowed to analyze 41 papers. The majority (30) of developed and validated methods concerned LC methods, 9 regarded UV/V is spectrophotometry and two studies simultaneously developed both methods. Antibacterial agents belonging to beta-lactams group were the most concerned by the methods developed and validated (39%), followed by quinolones (18%) and macrolides (12%). Regarding active ingredients, amoxicillin (12%) was the most concerned by the development and validation methods. In spite of several available methods to detect substandard drugs, antibacterial agents for which methods were developed and validated were the most concerned by worldwide detected non-conformities. The fight against this scourge should not be only limited by their detection, but it also requires an effective involvement of different actors notably: health authorities, international organizations, pharmaceutical industries etc.
基金partly supported by "Accordo di Programma, affermazione in Edolo del Centro di Eccellenza Università della Montagna" MIURUniversità degli Studi di Milano, prot. no. 386 1293-05/08/2011 and by Fondazione della Comunità Bresciana- Onlus
文摘Saffron, obtained from the flower stigmas of Crocus sativus L., is one of the most expensive food spices. The introduction of saffron in alpine areas could help to broaden and diversify the activities of mountain multifunctional farms, with a positive impact on economy and land management. According to ISO 3632(2010/2011), saffron can be classified into three categories of quality(I, II, III) depending on the concentration of the three main metabolites responsible for its characteristic colour, flavor and aroma: Crocin, Picrocrocin and Safranal. This study represents the first investigation of the quality of saffron produced in the Italian Alps evaluated with spectrophotometry, HPLC, solid-phase microextraction(SPME), and gas chromatographic analysis combined with mass spectrometry(GC/MS). The experiments used Crocus sativus stigmas produced in 2012-2013 in different areas of the Central Italian Alps were located at an altitude between 720 and 1200 m a.s.l.. Results obtained were compared to commercial saffron. The analyses confirmed that all samples can be classified in the first quality category according to the ISO classification. This high quality is also confirmed by HPLC analysis. Moreover, the SPME-GC/MS analysis identified some differences in the aromatic profile of saffron samples, in particular regarding safranal concentration. A preliminary assessment of the economic viability of high quality saffron production for local markets was also performed. Our study provides valid information regarding the quality and economic sustainability of saffron production in the alpine area confirming this crop as a good candidate for a new source of income for multifunctional farms in mountain areas.
文摘The results of studying inhibitory effect of streptomycin on the modified Berthelot reaction were presented in this paper and a new kinetic method for determining streptomycin in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine was developed on the basis of the obtained results. The rates of catalytic and catalytic-inhibitory reaction were monitored at 700 nm （t=25 ±0.1 ℃） using UV/vis spectrophotometer. By analyzing the spectra and experimental dependences of the catalytic and catalytic-inhibitory reaction rates on the reactant concentrations, it was noticed that streptomycin attacked nitroprusside and hypochlorite causing the inhibition of the production of 2,2＇-dicarboxylindophenol. According to this effect, an analytical decrease for determination of urea by modified Berthelot reaction appeared in the presence of small amounts of streptomycin. Beer＇s law was obeyed in the interval of streptomycin sulfate concentration from 18.2 to 182 μg·mL^-1. The detection limit calculated by two methods was obtained at 11.75 μg·mL^-1 and 8.54 μg·mL^-1. The relative standard deviation of 0.55%--8.83% and the recovery of 109.10% were determined. The obtained results were validated using the referent HPLC method.
