Underwater acoustic sensor network(UASN)refers to a procedure that promotes a broad spectrum of aquatic applications.UASNs can be practically applied in seismic checking,ocean mine identification,resource exploration,...Underwater acoustic sensor network(UASN)refers to a procedure that promotes a broad spectrum of aquatic applications.UASNs can be practically applied in seismic checking,ocean mine identification,resource exploration,pollution checking,and disaster avoidance.UASN confronts many difficulties and issues,such as low bandwidth,node movements,propagation delay,3D arrangement,energy limitation,and high-cost production and arrangement costs caused by antagonistic underwater situations.Underwater wireless sensor networks(UWSNs)are considered a major issue being encountered in energy management because of the limited battery power of their nodes.Moreover,the harsh underwater environment requires vendors to design and deploy energy-hungry devices to fulfil the communication requirements and maintain an acceptable quality of service.Moreover,increased transmission power levels result in higher channel interference,thereby increasing packet loss.Considering the facts mentioned above,this research presents a controlled transmission power-based sparsity-aware energy-efficient clustering in UWSNs.The contributions of this technique is threefold.First,it uses the adaptive power control mechanism to utilize the sensor nodes’battery and reduce channel interference effectively.Second,thresholds are defined to ensure successful communication.Third,clustering can be implemented in dense areas to decrease the repetitive transmission that ultimately affects the energy consumption of nodes and interference significantly.Additionally,mobile sinks are deployed to gather information locally to achieve the previously mentioned benefits.The suggested protocol is meticulously examined through extensive simulations and is validated through comparison with other advanced UWSN strategies.Findings show that the suggested protocol outperforms other procedures in terms of network lifetime and packet delivery ratio.展开更多
Underwater magnetic induction(MI)-assisted acoustic cooperative multiple-input-multipleoutput(MIMO) has been recently proposed as a promising technique for underwater wireless sensor networks(UWSNs).For the more,the e...Underwater magnetic induction(MI)-assisted acoustic cooperative multiple-input-multipleoutput(MIMO) has been recently proposed as a promising technique for underwater wireless sensor networks(UWSNs).For the more,the energy utilization of energy-constrained sensor nodes is one of the key issues in UWSNs,and it relates to the network lifetime.In this paper,we present an energy-efficient data collection for underwater MI-assisted acoustic cooperative MIMO wireless sensor networks(WSNs),including the formation of cooperative MIMO and relay link establishment.Firstly,the cooperative MIMO is formed by considering its expected transmission range and the energy balance of nodes with it.Particularly,from the perspective of the node’s energy consumption,the expected cooperative MIMO size and the selection of master node(MN) are proposed.Sequentially,to improve the coverage of the networks and prolong the network lifetime,relay links are established by relay selection algorithm that using matching theory.Finally,the simulation results show that the proposed data collection improves its efficiency,reduces the energy consumption of the master node,improves the networks’ coverage,and extends the network lifetime.展开更多
This work proposes a geographic routing protocol for UWSNs based on the construction of a 3D virtual grid structure, called Void-Avoidance Grid-based Multipath Position-based Routing (VA-GMPR). It consists of two main...This work proposes a geographic routing protocol for UWSNs based on the construction of a 3D virtual grid structure, called Void-Avoidance Grid-based Multipath Position-based Routing (VA-GMPR). It consists of two main components, the multipath routing scheme and the grid-based void avoidance (GVA) mechanism for handling routing holes. The multipath routing scheme adopts node-disjoint routes from the source to the sink in order to enhance network reliability and load balancing. While the GVA mechanism handles the problem of holes in 3D virtual grid structure based on three techniques: Hole bypass, path diversion, and path backtracking. The performance evaluation of the VA-GMPR protocol was compared to a recently proposed grid-based routing protocol for UWSNs, called Energy-efficient Multipath Geographic Grid-based Routing (EMGGR). The results showed that the VA-GMPR protocol outperformed the EMGGR protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio, and end-to end-delay. However, the results also showed that the VA-GMPR protocol exhibited higher energy consumption compared to EMGGR.展开更多
At present, most underwater positioning algorithms improve the positioning accuracy by increasing the number of anchor nodes which resulting in the increasing energy consumption. To solve this problem, the paper propo...At present, most underwater positioning algorithms improve the positioning accuracy by increasing the number of anchor nodes which resulting in the increasing energy consumption. To solve this problem, the paper proposes a localization algorithm assisted by mobile anchor node and based on region determination(LMRD), which not only improves the positioning accuracy of nodes positioning but also reduces the energy consumption. This algorithm is divided into two stages: region determination stage and location positioning stage. In the region determination stage, the target region is divided into several sub-regions by the region division strategy with the smallest overlap rate which can reduce the number of virtual anchor nodes and lock the target node to a sub-region, and then through the planning of mobile nodes to optimize the travel path, reduce the moving distance, and reduce system energy consumption. In the location positioning stage, the target node location can be calculated using the HILBERT path planning and trilateration. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the positioning accuracy when the energy consumption is reduced.展开更多
Underwater acoustic sensor networks(UWASNs)aim to find varied offshore ocean monitoring and exploration applications.In most of these applications,the network is composed of several sensor nodes deployed at different ...Underwater acoustic sensor networks(UWASNs)aim to find varied offshore ocean monitoring and exploration applications.In most of these applications,the network is composed of several sensor nodes deployed at different depths in the water.Sensor nodes located at depth on the seafloor cannot invariably communicate with nodes close to the surface level;these nodes need multihop communication facilitated by a suitable routing scheme.In this research work,a Cluster-based Cooperative Energy Efficient Routing(CEER)mechanism for UWSNs is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of the Co-UWSN and LEACH mechanisms.The optimal role of clustering and cooperation provides load balancing and improves the network profoundly.The simulation results using MATLAB show better performance of CEER routing protocol in terms of various parameters as compared to Co-UWSN routing protocol,i.e.,the average end-to-end delay of CEER was 17.39,Co-UWSN was 55.819 and LEACH was 70.08.In addition,the average total energy consumption of CEER was 9.273,Co-UWSN was 12.198,and LEACH was 45.33.The packet delivery ratio of CEER was 53.955,CO-UWSN was 42.047,and LEACH was 30.31.The stability period CEER was 130.9,CO-UWSN was 129.3,and LEACH was 119.1.The obtained results maximized the lifetime and improved the overall performance of the CEER routing protocol.展开更多
In an Underwater Wireless Sensor Network(UWSN),extreme energy loss is carried out by the early expiration of sensor nodes and causes a reduction in efficiency in the submerged acoustic sensor system.Systems based on c...In an Underwater Wireless Sensor Network(UWSN),extreme energy loss is carried out by the early expiration of sensor nodes and causes a reduction in efficiency in the submerged acoustic sensor system.Systems based on clustering strategies,instead of each node sending information by itself,utilize cluster heads to collect information inside the clusters for forwarding collective information to sink.This can effectively minimize the total energy loss during transmission.The environment of UWSN is 3D architecture-based and follows a complex hierarchical clustering strategy involving its most effecting unique parameters such as propagation delay and limited transmission bandwidth.Round base clustering strategy works in rounds,where each round comprises three fundamental stages:cluster head selection,grouping or node association,and data aggregation followed by forwarding data to the sink.In UWSN,the energy consumed during the formation of clusters has been considered casually or completely evaded in the previous works.In this paper,the cluster head setup period has been considered the main contributor to extra energy utilizer.A numerical channel model is proposed to compute extra energy.It is performed by using a UWSN broad model.The results have shown that extra maximum energy consumption is approximately 12.9 percent of the system total energy consumed in information transmissions.展开更多
This paper presents an original probabilistic model of a hybrid underwater wireless sensor network(UWSN),which includes a network of stationary sensors placed on the seabed and a mobile gateway.The mobile gateway is a...This paper presents an original probabilistic model of a hybrid underwater wireless sensor network(UWSN),which includes a network of stationary sensors placed on the seabed and a mobile gateway.The mobile gateway is a wave glider that collects data from the underwater network segment and retransmits it to the processing center.The authors consider the joint problem of optimal localization of stationary network nodes and the corresponding model for bypassing reference nodes by a wave glider.The optimality of the network is evaluated according to the criteria of energy efficiency and reliability.The influence of various physical and technical parameters of the network on its energy efficiency and on the lifespan of sensor nodes is analyzed.The analysis is carried out for networks of various scales,depending on the localization of stationary nodes and the model of bypassing the network with a wave glider.As a model example,the simulation of the functional characteristics of the network for a given size of the water area is carried out.It is shown that in the case of a medium-sized water area,the model of“bypassing the perimeter”by a wave glider is practically feasible,energy efficient and reliable for hourly data measurements.In the case of a large water area,the cluster bypass model becomes more efficient.展开更多
The characteristics of underwater acoustic channel such as long propagation delay and low bit rate cause the MAC(Medium Access Control) protocols designed for radio channels to be either inapplicable,or have low effic...The characteristics of underwater acoustic channel such as long propagation delay and low bit rate cause the MAC(Medium Access Control) protocols designed for radio channels to be either inapplicable,or have low efficiency for UWSN(Underwater Sensor Network).We propose a hierarchical and distributed code assignment algorithm based on divisive probability function which can avoid conflict between spread codes with high probability,and provide a statebased MAC protocol for UWSN.Without RTS/CTS(Request To Send/Clear To Send) handshaking,each node maintains a neighbor table including state field,and packages are forwarded according to the state of the receiver,so it can avoid the interference caused by transmitting to a sending node in a half-duplex system and improve channel utilization.The design of power control minimizes the nearfar effect inherent in CDMA.Simulation results reveal that state-based CDMA protocol shows outstanding performance in throughput,delivery ratio and resource-consumption.展开更多
The underwater wireless sensor network(UWSN) has the features of mobility by drifting,less beacon nodes,longer time for localization and more energy consumption than the terrestrial sensor networks,which makes it more...The underwater wireless sensor network(UWSN) has the features of mobility by drifting,less beacon nodes,longer time for localization and more energy consumption than the terrestrial sensor networks,which makes it more difficult to locate the nodes in marine environment.Aiming at the characteristics of UWSN,a kind of cooperative range-free localization method based on weighted centroid localization(WCL) algorithm for three-dimensional UWSN is proposed.The algorithm assigns the cooperative weights for the beacon nodes according to the received acoustic signal strength,and uses the located unknown nodes as the new beacon nodes to locate the other unknown nodes,so a fast localization can be achieved for the whole sensor networks.Simulation results indicate this method has higher localization accuracy than the centroid localization algorithm,and it needs less beacon nodes and achieves higher rate of effective localization.展开更多
With the rapid developments of commercial demands,a majority of advanced researches have been investigated for the applications of underwater wireless sensor(WSN)networks.Recently optical communication has...With the rapid developments of commercial demands,a majority of advanced researches have been investigated for the applications of underwater wireless sensor(WSN)networks.Recently optical communication has been considered for underwater wireless sensor network.An experimental set-up for testing optical communication underwater has been provided and designed in present papers to maximize the energy coupled from these displacements to the transduction mechanism that converts the mechanical energy into electrical.The true case has been considered by measuring diffuse attenuation coefficients in different seas.One stand out potential optical communication method,Visible Light Communication(VLC)has been talked and several communication methods are compared from many points of view,for example attenuation in salt water.The evaluation of modulation techniques for underwater wireless optical communications has been displayed,and further how the data collection and storage with an underwater WSN is introduced.In this paper current researches for an(UWSN)based on optical communication are studied,in particular the potential VLC method and comparisons of VLC with other optical communication approaches.Underwater challenges would be analyzed by comparing a sort of communication methods,applied in underwater.Future work will be developed at last.展开更多
基金The authors are grateful to the Deanship of Scientific Research and King Saud University for funding this researchThe author are also grateful to Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number(TURSP-2020/215),Taif University,Taif,Saudi ArabiaThis research work was also partially supported by the Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology,University of Malaya under Postgraduate Research Grant(PG035-2016A).
文摘Underwater acoustic sensor network(UASN)refers to a procedure that promotes a broad spectrum of aquatic applications.UASNs can be practically applied in seismic checking,ocean mine identification,resource exploration,pollution checking,and disaster avoidance.UASN confronts many difficulties and issues,such as low bandwidth,node movements,propagation delay,3D arrangement,energy limitation,and high-cost production and arrangement costs caused by antagonistic underwater situations.Underwater wireless sensor networks(UWSNs)are considered a major issue being encountered in energy management because of the limited battery power of their nodes.Moreover,the harsh underwater environment requires vendors to design and deploy energy-hungry devices to fulfil the communication requirements and maintain an acceptable quality of service.Moreover,increased transmission power levels result in higher channel interference,thereby increasing packet loss.Considering the facts mentioned above,this research presents a controlled transmission power-based sparsity-aware energy-efficient clustering in UWSNs.The contributions of this technique is threefold.First,it uses the adaptive power control mechanism to utilize the sensor nodes’battery and reduce channel interference effectively.Second,thresholds are defined to ensure successful communication.Third,clustering can be implemented in dense areas to decrease the repetitive transmission that ultimately affects the energy consumption of nodes and interference significantly.Additionally,mobile sinks are deployed to gather information locally to achieve the previously mentioned benefits.The suggested protocol is meticulously examined through extensive simulations and is validated through comparison with other advanced UWSN strategies.Findings show that the suggested protocol outperforms other procedures in terms of network lifetime and packet delivery ratio.
基金supported in part by the program for "Industrial Io T and Emergency Collaboration" Innovative Research Team in CUMT (No.2020ZY002)in part by the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,2021WLKXJ054Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of China University of Mining and Technology,KYCX21_2242
文摘Underwater magnetic induction(MI)-assisted acoustic cooperative multiple-input-multipleoutput(MIMO) has been recently proposed as a promising technique for underwater wireless sensor networks(UWSNs).For the more,the energy utilization of energy-constrained sensor nodes is one of the key issues in UWSNs,and it relates to the network lifetime.In this paper,we present an energy-efficient data collection for underwater MI-assisted acoustic cooperative MIMO wireless sensor networks(WSNs),including the formation of cooperative MIMO and relay link establishment.Firstly,the cooperative MIMO is formed by considering its expected transmission range and the energy balance of nodes with it.Particularly,from the perspective of the node’s energy consumption,the expected cooperative MIMO size and the selection of master node(MN) are proposed.Sequentially,to improve the coverage of the networks and prolong the network lifetime,relay links are established by relay selection algorithm that using matching theory.Finally,the simulation results show that the proposed data collection improves its efficiency,reduces the energy consumption of the master node,improves the networks’ coverage,and extends the network lifetime.
文摘This work proposes a geographic routing protocol for UWSNs based on the construction of a 3D virtual grid structure, called Void-Avoidance Grid-based Multipath Position-based Routing (VA-GMPR). It consists of two main components, the multipath routing scheme and the grid-based void avoidance (GVA) mechanism for handling routing holes. The multipath routing scheme adopts node-disjoint routes from the source to the sink in order to enhance network reliability and load balancing. While the GVA mechanism handles the problem of holes in 3D virtual grid structure based on three techniques: Hole bypass, path diversion, and path backtracking. The performance evaluation of the VA-GMPR protocol was compared to a recently proposed grid-based routing protocol for UWSNs, called Energy-efficient Multipath Geographic Grid-based Routing (EMGGR). The results showed that the VA-GMPR protocol outperformed the EMGGR protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio, and end-to end-delay. However, the results also showed that the VA-GMPR protocol exhibited higher energy consumption compared to EMGGR.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. U1806201, 61671261)Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province (No. 2016GGX101007)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2017T100490)University Science and Technology Planning Project of Shandong Province (Nos. J17KA058, J17KB154)
文摘At present, most underwater positioning algorithms improve the positioning accuracy by increasing the number of anchor nodes which resulting in the increasing energy consumption. To solve this problem, the paper proposes a localization algorithm assisted by mobile anchor node and based on region determination(LMRD), which not only improves the positioning accuracy of nodes positioning but also reduces the energy consumption. This algorithm is divided into two stages: region determination stage and location positioning stage. In the region determination stage, the target region is divided into several sub-regions by the region division strategy with the smallest overlap rate which can reduce the number of virtual anchor nodes and lock the target node to a sub-region, and then through the planning of mobile nodes to optimize the travel path, reduce the moving distance, and reduce system energy consumption. In the location positioning stage, the target node location can be calculated using the HILBERT path planning and trilateration. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the positioning accuracy when the energy consumption is reduced.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea-Grant funded by the Korean Government(MSIT)-NRF-2020R1A2B5B02002478)supported by the Cluster grant R20143 of Zayed University,UAE.
文摘Underwater acoustic sensor networks(UWASNs)aim to find varied offshore ocean monitoring and exploration applications.In most of these applications,the network is composed of several sensor nodes deployed at different depths in the water.Sensor nodes located at depth on the seafloor cannot invariably communicate with nodes close to the surface level;these nodes need multihop communication facilitated by a suitable routing scheme.In this research work,a Cluster-based Cooperative Energy Efficient Routing(CEER)mechanism for UWSNs is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of the Co-UWSN and LEACH mechanisms.The optimal role of clustering and cooperation provides load balancing and improves the network profoundly.The simulation results using MATLAB show better performance of CEER routing protocol in terms of various parameters as compared to Co-UWSN routing protocol,i.e.,the average end-to-end delay of CEER was 17.39,Co-UWSN was 55.819 and LEACH was 70.08.In addition,the average total energy consumption of CEER was 9.273,Co-UWSN was 12.198,and LEACH was 45.33.The packet delivery ratio of CEER was 53.955,CO-UWSN was 42.047,and LEACH was 30.31.The stability period CEER was 130.9,CO-UWSN was 129.3,and LEACH was 119.1.The obtained results maximized the lifetime and improved the overall performance of the CEER routing protocol.
文摘In an Underwater Wireless Sensor Network(UWSN),extreme energy loss is carried out by the early expiration of sensor nodes and causes a reduction in efficiency in the submerged acoustic sensor system.Systems based on clustering strategies,instead of each node sending information by itself,utilize cluster heads to collect information inside the clusters for forwarding collective information to sink.This can effectively minimize the total energy loss during transmission.The environment of UWSN is 3D architecture-based and follows a complex hierarchical clustering strategy involving its most effecting unique parameters such as propagation delay and limited transmission bandwidth.Round base clustering strategy works in rounds,where each round comprises three fundamental stages:cluster head selection,grouping or node association,and data aggregation followed by forwarding data to the sink.In UWSN,the energy consumed during the formation of clusters has been considered casually or completely evaded in the previous works.In this paper,the cluster head setup period has been considered the main contributor to extra energy utilizer.A numerical channel model is proposed to compute extra energy.It is performed by using a UWSN broad model.The results have shown that extra maximum energy consumption is approximately 12.9 percent of the system total energy consumed in information transmissions.
基金The research was partially funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation as part of World-class Research Center program:Advanced Digital Technologies(Contract No.075-15-2020-903 dated 16.11.2020).
文摘This paper presents an original probabilistic model of a hybrid underwater wireless sensor network(UWSN),which includes a network of stationary sensors placed on the seabed and a mobile gateway.The mobile gateway is a wave glider that collects data from the underwater network segment and retransmits it to the processing center.The authors consider the joint problem of optimal localization of stationary network nodes and the corresponding model for bypassing reference nodes by a wave glider.The optimality of the network is evaluated according to the criteria of energy efficiency and reliability.The influence of various physical and technical parameters of the network on its energy efficiency and on the lifespan of sensor nodes is analyzed.The analysis is carried out for networks of various scales,depending on the localization of stationary nodes and the model of bypassing the network with a wave glider.As a model example,the simulation of the functional characteristics of the network for a given size of the water area is carried out.It is shown that in the case of a medium-sized water area,the model of“bypassing the perimeter”by a wave glider is practically feasible,energy efficient and reliable for hourly data measurements.In the case of a large water area,the cluster bypass model becomes more efficient.
基金supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China(NCET-11-1025)the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China(No.61162003,61163050,6126104)+1 种基金Qinghai office of science and technology(grant No.2012-Z-902)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(No.10JCYBJC00600)
文摘The characteristics of underwater acoustic channel such as long propagation delay and low bit rate cause the MAC(Medium Access Control) protocols designed for radio channels to be either inapplicable,or have low efficiency for UWSN(Underwater Sensor Network).We propose a hierarchical and distributed code assignment algorithm based on divisive probability function which can avoid conflict between spread codes with high probability,and provide a statebased MAC protocol for UWSN.Without RTS/CTS(Request To Send/Clear To Send) handshaking,each node maintains a neighbor table including state field,and packages are forwarded according to the state of the receiver,so it can avoid the interference caused by transmitting to a sending node in a half-duplex system and improve channel utilization.The design of power control minimizes the nearfar effect inherent in CDMA.Simulation results reveal that state-based CDMA protocol shows outstanding performance in throughput,delivery ratio and resource-consumption.
基金National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.61273068)International Exchanges and Cooperation Projects of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee,China(No.15220721800)
文摘The underwater wireless sensor network(UWSN) has the features of mobility by drifting,less beacon nodes,longer time for localization and more energy consumption than the terrestrial sensor networks,which makes it more difficult to locate the nodes in marine environment.Aiming at the characteristics of UWSN,a kind of cooperative range-free localization method based on weighted centroid localization(WCL) algorithm for three-dimensional UWSN is proposed.The algorithm assigns the cooperative weights for the beacon nodes according to the received acoustic signal strength,and uses the located unknown nodes as the new beacon nodes to locate the other unknown nodes,so a fast localization can be achieved for the whole sensor networks.Simulation results indicate this method has higher localization accuracy than the centroid localization algorithm,and it needs less beacon nodes and achieves higher rate of effective localization.
文摘With the rapid developments of commercial demands,a majority of advanced researches have been investigated for the applications of underwater wireless sensor(WSN)networks.Recently optical communication has been considered for underwater wireless sensor network.An experimental set-up for testing optical communication underwater has been provided and designed in present papers to maximize the energy coupled from these displacements to the transduction mechanism that converts the mechanical energy into electrical.The true case has been considered by measuring diffuse attenuation coefficients in different seas.One stand out potential optical communication method,Visible Light Communication(VLC)has been talked and several communication methods are compared from many points of view,for example attenuation in salt water.The evaluation of modulation techniques for underwater wireless optical communications has been displayed,and further how the data collection and storage with an underwater WSN is introduced.In this paper current researches for an(UWSN)based on optical communication are studied,in particular the potential VLC method and comparisons of VLC with other optical communication approaches.Underwater challenges would be analyzed by comparing a sort of communication methods,applied in underwater.Future work will be developed at last.
