Clinical significance of three dimensional finite element analysis on humerus fracture

Objective: To treat humerus fracture with three dimensional pattern and finite element analysis, providing mechanical basis for treating humerus fracture. Methods: Humerus pattern was established based on the CT images, and calculation was done by ANSYS5. 6 software. Three dimensional ten-node tetrahedron unit was selected and were divided into 2 729 nodes, 49 041 units. Distribution and amount of axial compression of humerus were analyzed when clip angle was 30°, 45°, 90° between fracture face and axial line with fixed X, Y, Z directions. Results: The distribution of stress was greatly different between fracture face and non fracture face. Stress in fracture part was fairly concentrated with incomplete symmetric distribution around the center of fracture face; Greater stress distributed in the regions 10 mm from fracture face, which was 2-3 times that of other stress regions. Conclusion: Required load must be estimated under various conditions as to select the suitable internal fixation implants during the treatment of humerus fracture, which can provide helpful stress environment for fracture healing.

SYNTHESIS AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE FIRST THREE DIMENSIONAL NETWORK CU(Ⅱ) COMPLEX BRIDGED BY BOTH OXAMIDE AND AZIDE

A novel three dimensional network complex polymer [Cu_4(oxen)_2(N_3)_3]_n(ClO_4)_n·2nH_2O, where oxen is N,N' -bis(2-aminoethyl)oxamide dianion, has been synthesized. It crystallizes in triclinic system, space group P, with a=11.486(2), b=11.706(3), c=12.291(3) , α=77.42(2), β=67.59(2), γ=77.96(2)°, and z=2. The least-square refinements converged at R=0.047, with 3416 observed unique reflections. The complex has a pronounced three-dimensional character and can be viewed as the tetranuclear asymmetric repeating units through inversion and translation operations to extend a three-dimensional network. The structure of Cu_4 asymmetric unit consists of two square planar and two square pyramidal Cu central atoms linked by both azide ligands in end-on and end-to-end bonding modes, and oxamidate bridge in trans conformation.

A CLOSED FORM SOLUTION OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR THREE DIMENSIONAL FINITE BODIES WITH ECCENTRIC CRACKS

In this paper, a new analytical-engineering method of closed form solution about stress intensity factors for three dimensional finite bodies with eccentric cracks is derived by means of energy release rate method. The results of stress intensity factors can be obtained. The results provided ir this method are in nice agreement with those of the famous alternating method by which only special cases can be solved.

Review of Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry(ESPI) for Three Dimensional Displacement Measurement

Three dimensional（3D） displacements, which can be translated further into 3D strain, are key parameters tor design, manufacturing and quality control. Using different optical setups, phase-shift methods, and algorithms, several different 3D electronic speckle pattern interferometry（ESPl） systems for displacement and strain measurements have been achieved and commercialized. This paper provides a review of the recent developments in ESPI systems for 3D displacement and strain measurement. After an overview of the fundamentals of ESP! theory, temporal phase-shift, and spatial phase-shift techniques, 3D deformation measurements by the temporal phase-shift ESPI system, which is suited well for static measurement, and by the spatial phase-shift ESPI system, which is particularly useful for dynamic measurement, are discussed. For each method, the basic theory, a brief derivation and different optical layouts are presented. The state of art application, potential and limitation of the ESPI systems are shown and demonstrated.

A novel hyperchaos evolved from three dimensional modified Lorenz chaotic system

This paper reports a new four-dimensional continuous autonomous hyperchaos generated from the Lorenz chaotic system by introducing a nonlinear state feedback controller. Some basic properties of the system are investigated by means of Lyapunov exponent spectrum and bifurcation diagrams. By numerical simulating, this paper verifies that the four-dimensional system can evolve into periodic, quasi-periodic, chaotic and hyperchaotic behaviours. And the new dynamical system is hyperchaotic in a large region. In comparison with other known hyperchaos, the two positive Lyapunov exponents of the new system are relatively more larger. Thus it has more complex degree.

Modeling and validating three dimensional human normal cervix and cervical cancer tissues in vitro

The use of three dimensional in vitro systems in cancer research is a promising path for developing effective anticancer therapies.The aim of this study was to engineer a functional 3-D in vitro model of normal and cancerous cervical tissue.Normal epithelial and immortalized cervical epithelial carcinoma cell lines were used to construct 3-D artificial normal cervical and cervical cancerous tissues.De-epidermised dermis（DED） was used as a scaffold for both models.Morphological analyses were conducted by using hematoxylin and eosin staining and characteristics of the models were studied by analyzing the expression of different structural cytokeratins and differential protein marker MAX dimerisation protein 1（Mad1） using immunohistochemical technique.Haematoxylin and eosin staining results showed that normal cervical tissue had multi epithelial layers while cancerous cervical tissue showed dysplastic changes.Immunohistochemistry staining revealed that for normal cervix model cytokeratin 10 was expressed in the upper stratified layer of the epithelium while cytokeratin 5 was expressed mainly in the middle and basal layer.Cytokeratin 19 was weakly expressed in a few basal cells.Cervical cancer model showed cytokeratin 19 expression in different epithelial layers and weak or no expression for cytokeratin 5 and cytokeratin 10.Madl expression was detected in some suprabasal cells.The 3-D in vitro models showed stratified epithelial layers and expressed the same types and patterns of differentiation marker proteins as seen in corresponding in vivo tissue in either normal cervical or cervical cancerous tissue.These findings imply that they can serve as functional normal and cervical cancer models.

The Controlled-releasing Drug Implant based on the Three Dimensional Printing Technology: Fabrication and Properties of Drug Releasing in vivo

Three dimensional （3D） printing technology was utilized to fabricate a new type of drug implant with complicated architectures, employing levofloxacin （LVFX） and rifampicine （RFP） as model drugs. The prepared drug implant prototype consists of a doublelayer structure, of which the upper region is a reservoir system containing RFP and the lower region is a matrix one containing LVFX. The release test in vivo revealed that LVFX was released in the early stage; no RFP was detected until 8th day; both of them continuously released more than 6 weeks. Therefore, 3D printing technology provides a precise and feasible method to fabricate a controlled-releasing drug implant with complicated architectures and this drug implant may present a new strategy for the prophylaxis and treatment of bone diseases such as combined bone infections and bone tuberculosis in the near future.

Computed tomography of Crohn's disease:The role of three dimensional technique

Crohn's disease,a transmural inflammatory bowel disease,remains a difficult entity to diagnose clinically.Over the last decade,multidetector computed tomography(CT) has become the method of choice for noninvasive evaluation of the small bowel,and has proved to be of significant value in the diagnosis of Crohn's disease.Advancements in CT enterography protocol design,three dimensional(3-D) post-processing software,and CT scanner technology have allowed increasing accuracy in diagnosis,and the acquisition of studies at a much lower radiation dose.The cases in this review will illustrate that the use of 3-D technique,proper enterography protocol design,and a detailed understanding of the different manifestations of Crohn's disease are all critical in properly diagnosing the full range of possible complications in Crohn's patients.In particular,CT enterography has proven to be effective in identifying involvement of the small and large bowel(including active inflammation,stigmata of chronic inflammation,and Crohn's-related bowel neoplasia) by Crohn's disease,as well as the extra-enteric manifestations of the disease,including fistulae,sinus tracts,abscesses,and urologic/hepatobiliary/osseous complications.Moreover,the proper use of 3-D technique(including volume rendering and maximum intensity projection) as a routine component of enterography interpretation can play a vital role in improving diagnostic accuracy.

A study of transarterial infusion chemotherapy of gemcitabine plus three dimensional conformal radiotherapy for local advanced pancreatic cancer

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effect of transarterial infusion chemotherapy of gemcitabine plus three dimen- sional conformal radiotherapy on patients with local advanced pancreatic cancer. Methods: Fifty-one patients with local ad- vanced pancreatic cancer from June 2002 to February 2004 were enrolled, twenty-four patients of combined group were treat- ed with transarterial infusion chemotherapy of gemcitabine plus three dimensional conformal radiotherapy, while twenty-seven patients of control group were treated only with transarterial infusion chemotherapy of gemcitabine. Results: There were significant statistical differences between two groups in clinical benefit response (91.7% versus 74.1%, P < 0.01) and overall remission rate (70.8% versus 33.3%, P < 0.01). The 6-month survival rate, 12-month survival rate and 24-month survival rate of combined group were 83.3%, 62.5% and 37.5% respectively, while that of control group were 55.6%, 33.3% and 11.1% respectively. This showed significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Transarterial infusion chemotherapy of gemcitabine plus three dimensional conformal radiotherapy may be better than single transarterial infusion chemotherapy of gemcitabine in improving survival rates and elongating survival time of patients with local advanced pancreatic cancer.

Research on dynamic updating of three dimensional geological modeling based on the OO-Solid model

The dynamic updating of the model included: the change of space border,addi- tion and reduction of spatial component (disappearing,dividing and merging),the change of the topological relationship and synchronous dynamic updating of database.Firstly, arming at the deficiency of OO-Solid model in the aspect of dynamic updating,modeling primitives of OO-Solid model were modified.And then the algorithms of dynamic updating of 3D geological model with the node data,line data or surface data change were dis- cussed.The core algorithms was done by establishing space index,following the way of facing the object from bottom to top,namely the dynamic updating from the node to arc, and then to polygon,then to the face of the component and finally to the geological object. The research has important theoretical and practical values in the field of three dimen- sional geological modeling and is significant in the field of mineral resources.

Use of three dimensional-printing in the management of floating aortic thrombus due to occult aortic dissection:A case report

BACKGROUND Floating thrombus within the thoracic aorta is a rare entity but may cause systemic embolism.The pathogenesis of floating aortic thrombi is not yet fully understood.No definitive guidelines are available for the management of floating aortic thrombus.CASE SUMMARY We report a 48-year-old patient,without a history of trauma and infection,who presented with sudden severe back pain.A floating thrombus within the aortic arch was found by computed tomography angiography(CTA).No evidence of coagulopathies was found.However,with the assistance of a three dimensionalprinted model,this floating thrombus was identified to be caused by occult aortic dissection(AD).Subsequently,an emergency thoracic endovascular repair was performed.The patient’s back pain was rapidly alleviated postoperatively.CTA at 1 year showed no filling defect in the stent-graft and aorta.CONCLUSION Occult AD is a potential factor causing floating aortic thrombi,endovascular stent-graft exclusion may be an optimal therapeutic choice with promising results.Moreover,the combination of CTA and three dimensional-printed models can contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of floating aortic thrombi due to occult AD.

Impact of three dimensional printing in orthopedics

The primary objective of this article is to explore effects of latest development in the area of three dimensional(3D)printing&to assess its abilities,and further undertake helpful reporting.Here the focus is to assess ad vantages of 3D printing in orthopedics and analyze how 3D printed models help solve complex 3D orthopedics distortions.This study identified that 3D models manufactured by 3D printing models reduce medical parts de velopment cost and surgical planning time.Integrating 3D printing with orthopaedics helps in understanding the conditions of problems and achieving the operation succssfully.This technology can enable doctors/surgeons to design,produce,recreate and plan operations more accurately,carefully,and economicaly.3D models can assist specialists with a visual comprehension of the patient-particular pathology and life structures.Innovation in 3D printing initiated a scaffold for the virtual outline and execution of medical procedures.This research proposes the utilisation of 3D printers as an elective procedure for the fabrication of parts.It empowers surgeons/patients for better raining,education and research.In the future,there is a foreseeable expansion of additive manufacturing in orthopedics.

Effect of Processing Conditions on the Compression Elasticity of Three Dimensional Crimp Staple

The multi-hollow three dimensional(3-D)crimp sta-ple were prepared by the non-symmetrical cooling spin-ning technology.The material properties,spinneret shape,drawing conditions,heat-setting conditions and silicon finishing conditions that influence the compression elasticity of the staple have been investigated.It is found that the compression elasticity of 3-D crimp PET staple is larger than that of 3-D crimp PP staple.The com-pression elasticity of the 5-hollow staple is much

The Properties of an UV Curable Support Material Pre-polymer for Three Dimensional Printing

An ultraviolet（UV） curable support material pre-polymer for three dimensional printing was prepared based on the synergistic effect between PEO-PPO-PEO tri-block copolymer（F127） and polyethylene glycol （400） di-acrylate（SR344）. The effects of jetting conditions, thermal stability, curing time, mechanical properties and shrinking rate on printing models were studied. The situation of removing support material from build model was investigated after building progress was completed. The experimental result shows that when F127 is 6.0wt%, SR344 is 20.0wt%, 4-Methoxy phenol is 0.15wt% and Irgacure 2959 is 1.5wt%, the support material pre-polymer could be jetted out from the nozzles smoothly during building up of three dimensional printing models at 50-55 ℃. In addition, the support material could be removed easily from building model without spoiling the model; furthermore, the forming precision of building model is improved.

The analysis of complex behaviours of a novel three dimensional autonomous system

This paper introduces a new three dimensional autonomous system with five equilibrium points. It demonstrates complex chaotic behaviours within a wide range of parameters, which are described by phase portraits, Lyapunov exponents, frequency spectrum, etc. Analysis of the bifurcation and Poincar@ map is used to reveal mechanisms of generating these complicated phenomena. The corresponding electronic circuits are designed, exhibiting experimental chaotic attractors in accord with numerical simulations. Since frequency spectrum analysis shows a broad frequency bandwidth, this system has perspective of potential applications in such engineering fields as secure communication.

Approach to Power Spectrum Density Values in Three Dimensional Acceleration of Ground Motions

In this paper, based on the random characteristic analysis of Tianjin Hospital earthquake waves of Tangshan aftershock, the three dimensional acceleration power spectrum density ratio has been presented.

Preoperative serum vascular endothelial growth factor correlated to three dimensional power Doppler indices in ovarian masses

Objective: To assess the preoperative serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ovarian masses compared to normal controls and to find a correlation between VEGF and Doppler indices in ovarian masses. Methods: The study was conducted from December 2009 to September 2012 in the oncology and ultrasound units in department of obstetrics and gynecology, Ain Shams University on 150 patients with ovarian masses. During preoperative workup, serum Ca-125 levels and serum VEGF levels were obtained. Ultrasonographic examination included two and three dimensional power Doppler ultrasound (3DPD). Laparotomic approaches were undertaken to obtain the final pathologic results. VEGF was measured in one hundred normal cases as controls. Results: Final ovarian pathology revealed seventy three malignant ovarian masses and seventy seven were benign. Serum Ca-125 levels in malignant cases were higher compared to those in benign cases (p < 0.001). Preoperative serum VEGF revealed higher levels in malignant ovarian masses than benign conditions and normal controls (p < 0.001). Three dimensional power Doppler indices, vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascularization flow index (VFI), correlated positively with serum VEGF levels. Conclusion: Preoperative serum VEGF revealed higher levels in malignant ovarian masses than benign conditions and normal controls. These levels positively correlated with the Doppler vascular indices of the masses.

Point-of-Care Testing Using Three Dimensional Optical Biosensor Based on Microfluidic Technology

We have presented a three dimensional optical protein chip that fulfills the demanding for point-of-care diagnostics in terms of ease-of-use (one step assay), miniaturization (5 μl). The artful combination of magnetic nanoparticles on chip and total internal reflection imaging (TIRI) technology permits the sensitive and rapid detection of hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein). The whole test was complete within 10 min using “all in one step” assay with a limit of detection of 0.1 ng/mL hs-CRP. The measuring range for hs-CRP could be extended to 10 ng/mL. The chip can also be used to detect more parameters in blood samples.

MHD three dimensional flow of viscoelastic fluid with thermal radiation and variable thermal conductivity

The objective of the present work is to model the magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) three dimensional flow of viscoelastic fluid passing a stretching surface. Heat transfer analysis is carried out in the presence of variable thermal conductivity and thermal radiation. Arising nonlinear analysis for velocity and temperature is computed. Discussion to importantly involved parameters through plots is presented. Comparison between present and previous limiting solutions is shown. Numerical values of local Nusselt number are computed and analyzed. It can be observed that the effects of viscoelastic parameter and Hartman number on the temperature profile are similar in a qualitative way. The variations in temperature are more pronounced for viscoelastic parameter K in comparison to the Hartman number M. The parameters N and ε give rise to the temperature. It is interesting to note that values of local Nusselt number are smaller for the larger values of ε.