Effect of Ultra High Pressure Processing on the Particle Characteristics of Lotus-seed Starch

In this paper, the time dependent effects of various pressure treatments on the characteristics of lotus-seed starch which was modified by ultra-high pressure （UHP） were investigated. The results showed that the polarization cross of lotus-seed starch granules was weakening gradually with increasing the treatment time, which indicated the termination of their ordered crystallite structures. The morphologies of granules were collapsed once the UHP was kept at 500 MPa for 60 minutes. The particle size analysis demonstrated that the granule size and distribution of lotus-seed starches increased as the treatment time was prolonged. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the intensity of the feature diffraction peaks of starch decreased and eventually disappeared with increasing the treatment time, and B-type transformation pattern was observed. The Fourier transform infrared spectra （FTIR） analysis of starch showed that the UHP is a physical modification processing because no new groups formed. The research showed that UHP processing at certain degree is capable to achieve the modification of lotus-seed starch. It is of significance for the deep processing of lotus-seed products.

Fabric and Deformation of Omphacite in Dabie Ultra-high-pressure Ecologites

The rheological characters of omphacites in Dabie ultra-high-pressure eclogite have been studied in terms of fabric, dislocation and micro-structures. 1. The eclogite has undergone high-temperature deformation, thus forming omphacite lattice preferred orientation. In addition to creep dislocation, the omphacite ductile deformation may have other mechanisms, such as diffusion creep and grain boundary migration. 2. The main-phase deformation of eclogite is coaxial, but asymmetry strain also exists due to strain partitioning in the Dabie orogenic belt. 3. The twin measured by the universal stage is (100), indicating that omphacite high-T deformation was superimposed by low-T deformation. 4. Subgrain structure is common in omphacite, but the deformation features of the omphacites in the Shuanghe area and Bixiling area are different, the latter being dominated by dynamic recrystallization. 5. The Flinn plots show that the strain of omphacite belongs to the constriction ellipsoid and stretching strain, which is similar to the result of the omphacite fabric analysis.

Structural, Pasting, and Thermal Properties of Ultra-high Pressure-treated Lotus Seed Starch

Lotus seed starch （15%, w/w） was subjected to ultra-high pressure （UHP） at 500 MPa for 10～60 min. The effects of UHP on the structural, pasting, and thermal properties of starch were investigated using solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, HPSEC-MALLS-RI, and a rapid visco analyzer. The 13C CP/MAS NMR results revealed a reduction in the relative crystallinity and peak intensity of the crystalline state with increasing the UHP time. The molecular weight of native starch was 1.433 × 107 Da, which was higher than that of the UHP-treated starch. Viscograms of UHP-treated starch revealed an increase in paste viscosity, peak time, and pasting temperature and a reduction in breakdown and setback viscosity compared to the native starch. Furthermore, the DSC results showed a reduction in gelatinization temperature and gelatinization enthalpy with increasing the UHP time.

Effect of Ultra-high Pressure Treatment on the Quality of Persimmon Pulp

Different pressures and different durations of ultra-high pressure treatment were conducted for persimmon pulp after vacuum packing.The results showed that with the increase of pressure and extension of duration,the total number of bacteria in persimmon pulp decreased gradually.The treatment at 400 MPa for 15 min could meet the requirement of commercial sterility.After treatment,the color and the contents of soluble sugar,soluble solids and titratable acid of persimmon pulp were not changed significantly compared with the control group(P >0.05).The content of vitamin C in persimmon pulp declined gradually with the increase in pressure and time,with the maximum loss of 8.06% observed at 600 MPa for 20 min.Peroxidase( POD) activity also declined gradually with the increase of pressure and time.The activity of polyphenol oxidase( PPO) declined gradually with the increase of time,and increased first and then decreased with the increase of pressure.The content of polyphenols increased first and then decreased with the increase in pressure,and tended to increase overall with the increase in time.Under the treatment of 400 MPa for 20 min,the content of polyphenols reached the maximum.The antioxidant capacity of persimmon pulp after ultra-high pressure treatment was higher than that in the control group,but no significant differences were found among the treatment groups( P > 0.05).Compared with the control group,soluble tannin content was increased after ultra-high pressure treatment,but was far below the critical value for astringency(2 mg/g).In conclusion,ultra-high pressure treatment has only a slight effect on the sensory quality of persimmon pulp and can maintain its nutritional quality to a large extent and improve its antioxidant capacity.Moreover,ultra-high pressure treatment can eliminate astringency completely.

Effects of ultra-high hydrostatic pressure on foaming and physical-chemistry properties of egg white

The influences of ultra-high hydrostatic pressure treatment on foaming and physical properties (solubility, hydrophobicity and sulfhydryl content) of egg white were investigated. A pressure range of 0-500 MPa, time range of 0-20 min and pH range of 7.5-8.5 were selected. The foaming property of egg white is improved by 350Mpa and 10min. The treatment resulted in in- crease of sulfhydryl content of egg white, while solubility and hydrophobicity were significantly decreased.

Compression fracture behavior and mechanical properties of ultra high pressure solidified titanium-aluminium intermetallics

The compression fracture behavior and mechanical properties of Ti80Al alloy and Ti48Al alloy solidified under 5.5GPa pressure condition were studied. The results show that the fracture of Ti80Al alloy solidified under high pressure has the characters of cleavage fracture and intergranular crack differing with cleavage fracture of that under vacuum. The fracture of Ti48Al alloy solidified under high pressure is cleavage fracture like that under vacuum. The compression strength of vacuum condition solidified Ti80Al alloy is 316MPa. However when the solidification pressure is increased to 5.5GPa, the compression strength of Ti80Al is increased to 440MPa. In the mean time, during ultra high pressure solidification the hardness of Ti80Al alloy and Ti48Al alloy increase from 8.755GPa and 5.408GPa under vacuum to 9.572GPa and 6.227GPa respectively, and elastic modulus also increase from 279.3GPa and 232.3GPa under vacuum to 295.8GPa to 252.9GPa respectively.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Hairtail Surimi in an Ultra-High Pressure Bioreactor

Amino acids have been extracted from Hairtail surimi using enzymes in an ultra-high pressure bioreactor. The extraction efficiency of different enzymes including papain, trypsin, and proteases (acid, neutral, alkaline) also has been evaluated, and it has been discovered that neutral protease behaved the best. The amino acids were analyzed using automatic amino acid analyzer, and the enzymatic digestion conditions were optimized. For neutral protease, the optimal condition was 50℃, 250 MPa, pH 7.0. Material to liquid ratio of enzyme is 6%. More than 29 amino acids were detected after 24 hours of hydrolysis;the enzymatic hydrolysis rate can reach 83.29%. The results show that enzymatic digestion under ultra-high-pressure provides a very promising approach to extract amino acids from Hairtail surimi.

The Dabieshan Coesite-bearing Eclogite Terrain-A Late Archaean Ultra - high- Pressure Metamorphic Belt

A U -Pb zircon age of 2774±24 Ma for eclogite from the Bixiling rock body of Anhui Province, central China, indicates that the Dabieshan coesite-bearing eclogite was probably formed in the Late Archaean. A phengite Ar-Ar isochron age of 662±13 Ma for the eclogite confines also an upper limit age of its subsequent retrograde metamorphism in the Precambrian. The results of isotopic dating for such type of eclogite coincide with the geological features of its restricted occurrence within the Archaean metamaorphic terrain composed of the Dabie Group. It is believed that the Dabieshan coesite-bearing eclogite terrain might be a Late Archaean ultra-high-pressure metamorphic belt. The Dabie Mountains area was the eastward extension of the southern Qinling structural belt during the Triassic. Both the Dabie Group and the coesite-bearing eclogite hosted therein underwent a late-stage dynamic metamorphic event. The present authors have obtained a muscovite Ar-Ar isochron age of 192.6±2.8 Ma from plagioclase gneiss and a hornblende Ar-Ar plateau age of 230.7±4.6 Ma for the low amphibolite in eclogite respectively, which represent the Indosinian reworking ages of the original metamorphic rocks of the Dabie Group gneiss and coesite-bearing eclogite.

Microstructures of TiAl_3 intermetallic compound solidified under ultra high pressure

The phase constitutes and microstructures of TiAl3 intermetallic compound solidified under vacuum and 5.5GPa pressure conditions were investigated. The results show that the phase constitutes of Ti80Al alloy solifified under vacuum and ultra high pressure are the same as those of TiAl3+Al. There are no new phases generated. However, under ultra high pressure solidification, the morphology of TiAl3 changes obviously. The shape of TiAl3 changes from pin-like to massive. Furthermore, Ti content in Al increases under ultra high pressure solidification. Analysis results indicate that the change of microstructure under ultra high pressure is involved in the influence of solute diffusion coefficient, the microstructure and stability of the solid/liquid interface with pressure mainly.

Experimental study on liquid immiscibility of lamprophyre-sulfide melt at high temperature and high pressure and its geological significance

With lamprophyre and pyrite from the Laowangzhai gold deposit, Yunnan Province, China, as starting materials, and at pressures from 1.5 to 3.0 GPa and temperatures from 1160 to 1560℃ , an experimental study was carried out on the liquid immiscibility of lamprophyre-sulfide melt at high temperature and ultra-high pressure in the DS-29A cubic 3600T/6-type high pressure apparatus. Results showed that the liquid immiscibility of lampro-pyre-sulfide melt in the magmatic system would happen during the early magmatic evolution (high temperature and high pressure conditions) and was controlled by temperature and pressure. The sulfide melt which was separated from the lamprophyric melt would make directional movement in the temperature and pressure field and assemble in the low-temperature and low-pressure region. Because the density of SM is higher than that of the lamprophyric melt, the former would gather together at the bottom of the magma chamber and there would exist a striking boundary between the two melts. On the other hand, the results also suggested that there would be little possibility for lampro-phyric magma to carry massive gold, and lamprophyres can't provide many of oreforming materials (Au) in the processes of gold mineralization.

Diffusion coefficients of natural gas in foamy oil systems under high pressures

The diffusion coefficient of natural gas in foamy oil is one of the key parameters to evaluate the feasibility of gas injection for enhanced oil recovery in foamy oil reservoirs. In this paper, a PVT cell was used to measure diffusion coefficients of natural gas in Venezuela foamy oil at high pressures, and a new method for deter- mining the diffusion coefficient in the foamy oil was de- veloped on the basis of experimental data. The effects of pressure and the types of the liquid phase on the diffusion coefficient of the natural gas were discussed. The results indicate that the diffusion coefficients of natural gas in foamy oil, saturated oil, and dead oil increase linearly with increasing pressure. The diffusion coefficient of natural gas in the foamy oil at 20 MPa was 2.93 times larger than that at 8.65 MPa. The diffusion coefficient of the natural gas in dead oil was 3.02 and 4.02 times than that of the natural gas in saturated oil and foamy oil when the pressure was 20 MPa. However, the gas content of foamy oil was 16.9 times higher than that of dead oil when the dissolution time and pressure were 20 MPa and 35.22 h, respectively.

Study on the Generation of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) High Power Microwave

The experimental study of ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, its generation and on-line measurement are presented. An experimental repetitive UWB system is designed, manufactured, and tested. High-pressure spark gap switch and its components, as well as oil spark gap switch are studied experimentally on the system. Experimental results indicate that the system operates at a 200 pps repetitive rate with a stable performance. 100 MW peak power UWB pulses are obtained on the system. Fast-time response capacitive divider is designed and fabricated, allowing for an accurate measurement of the high power UWB signal. The main issues related to the design of the switch and the UWB signal online measurement are discussed.

Manufacturing of Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber Reinforced Tape and the Loss of Strength

Due to the low density and excellent mechanical proper-ties,high performance fiber reinforced materials have aconsiderable application in the area of high technologyand dally usage.In this paper,the Ultra-high Molecu-lar Weight Polyethylene(UHMWPE)fiber reinforcedPE tape prepared with the method of powder impregnat-ion was studied.The effect of impregnate length and thetensile force of the yarn on the fiber content as well as on the strength and modulus of the tape were discussed.Calculation shows that the strength and the modulus ofthe ULMWPE fiber can keep about 85％ after it undergothe process.

Modeling of fluid dynamics interacting with ductile fraction propagation in high pressure pipeline

This paper presents a computational model for the fluid dynamics in a fractured ductile pipe under high pressure. The pressure profile in front of the crack tip, which is the driving source of crack propagation, is computed using a nonlinear wave equation. The solution is coupled with a one dimensional choked flow analysis behind the crack. The simulation utilizes a high order optimized prefactored compact-finite volume method in space, and low dispersion and dissipation Runge-Kutta in time. As the pipe fractures the rapid depressurization take place inside the pipe and the propagation of the crack-induced waves strongly influences the outflow dynamics. Consistent with the experimental observation, the model predicts the expansion wave inside the pipe, and the reflection and outflow of the wave. The model also helps characterize the propagation of the crack dynamics and fluid flows around the tip of the crack.

准噶尔盆地深层-超深层碎屑岩致密气储层特征及其控制因素

为寻找准噶尔盆地深层-超深层有利碎屑岩致密气储层,利用钻井、录井、薄片及化验资料,研究了碎屑岩致密气储层发育特征、储集空间类型、物性变化特征及有利储层控制因素。研究结果表明:①深层-超深层有利碎屑岩致密气储层储集岩主要为三角洲砾岩和砂岩,以细砾(砂)岩、中砾(砂)岩及中-细砾(砂)岩为主,为岩屑类砂岩。砾石成分和砂岩岩屑以凝灰岩为主,胶结物主要为方解石,局部富集沸石类。②储集空间为孔隙和裂缝,以孔隙为主。储集空间有孔隙型、裂缝型和孔隙-裂缝混合型3种组合类型。孔隙主要为原生剩余孔隙和次生溶蚀孔隙,以次生溶蚀孔隙为主。裂缝以成岩压实微裂缝和构造裂缝为主。③碎屑岩致密气储层垂向上形成了3个次生孔隙发育带。④岩石成分、建设型成岩作用和异常高压是控制有利储层的主要因素,3个主要因素控制了盆地深层-超深层碎屑岩致密气有利储层的发育和分布。

超高压烧结对WC-8Co硬质合金微观组织及力学性能的影响

使用六面顶压机在相同温度(1 400℃)和保温时间(6 min)条件下,研究了不同烧结压力(4.0~6.0 GPa)对WC-8Co硬质合金试样微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:在1 400℃、4.0~6.0 GPa超高压条件下,WC-8Co硬质合金试样可在6 min内完成烧结;随着烧结压力的增加,WC-8Co硬质合金试样中WC晶粒的平均尺寸逐渐增大,甚至出现局部WC晶粒异常长大的情况,进而导致硬质合金试样的矫顽磁力、维氏硬度和断裂韧性随之逐渐减小。在考察压力范围内,烧结压力为4.0 GPa时,WC-8Co硬质合金试样的力学性能最好,在载荷为30 kgf(294 N)、保持时间为10 s的检测条件下,试样的维氏硬度为15.2 GPa,断裂韧性为14.9 MPa·m^(1/2),与相同检测条件下的商用YG8硬质合金的力学性能(维氏硬度15.6 GPa,断裂韧性15.9 MPa·m^(1/2))接近。随着烧结压力的增加,硬质合金试样的断裂形式从沿晶断裂占主导逐渐过渡到沿晶断裂与穿晶断裂共存,且穿晶断裂所占的比例逐渐增大。

基于ZGF-100(A)型超高压水力割缝成套装备的煤层卸压增透效果考察试验

为了解决矿井深部区域高瓦斯难抽煤层抽采工作量大、抽采效果差的问题,提出了采用超高压水力割缝技术强化煤层瓦斯抽采。该技术可充分改变煤体结构,增加透气性,改善抽采效果。基于ZGF-100(A)型超高压水力割缝成套装备,以小宝鼎煤矿12393-2工作面作为试验区,开展了顺层钻孔水力割缝抽采效果考察试验。结果表明:在采用合理的水力割缝技术参数下,割缝组相较于普通组瓦斯抽采浓度提高约1.02倍,抽采纯量提高约2.36倍,抽采达标时间缩短约54.2%,抽采效果显著。

Exsolution microstructures in ultrahigh-pressure rocks:Progress, controversies and challenges

Exsolution microstructures in minerals of rocks from orogenic belts played an important role in recognition of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism in their host rocks by defining the subduction depth and improving our understanding of the dynamics during the subduction and exhumation of UHP rocks. However, it is a challenging scientific topic to distinguish the 'exsolution microstructures' from the 'non-exsolution microstructures' and decipher their geological implications. This paper describes the subtle differences between the 'exsolution microstructures' and the 'non-exsolution microstructures' and summarizes the progress in studies of exolution microstructures from UHP rocks and mantle rocks of ultra-deep origin. We emphasize distinguishing the 'exsolution microstructures' from the 'non-exsolution microstructures' based on their geometric topotaxy and chemistry. In order to decipher correctly the exsolution microstructures, it is crucial to understand the changes of chemistry and habits of host minerals with pressure and temperature. Therefore, it is important to combine observations of exsolution microstructure in natural rocks with experimental results at high pressure and temperature and results of micro-scale analyses. Such studies will improve our understanding of the UHP metamorphism and cast new lights on solid geoscience issues such as deep subduction of continental crusts and crust-mantle interactions.

Ultrahigh pressure (>7 GPa) gneissic K-feldspar (-bearing) garnet clinopyroxenite in the Altyn Tagh, NW China: Evi- dence from clinopyroxene exsolution in garnet

The exsolution of clinopyroxene and rutile in coarse-grain garnet is found in the gneissic K-feldspar(-bearing) garnet clinopyroxenite from Yinggelisayi in the Altyn Tagh, NW China. The maximum content of the exsolved clinopyroxene in the garnet is up to >5% by volume. The reconstructed precursor garnet (Grt1) before exsolution has a maximum Si content of 3.061 per formula uint, being of supersilicic or majoritic garnet. The peak-stage metamorphic pressure of >7 GPa is estimated using the geobarometer for volume percentage of exsolved pyroxene in garnet and the Si-(Al+Cr) geobarometer for majoritic garnet, and the temperature of about 1000℃ using the ternary alkali-feldspar geothermometer and the experimental data of ilmen- ite-magnetite solid solution. The protoliths of the rocks are intra-plate basic and intermediate ig- neous rocks, of which the geochemical features indicate that they are probably the products of the evolution of basic magma deriving from the continental lithosphere mantle. The rocks are in outcrops associated with ultrahigh pressure garnet-bearing lherzolite and ultrahigh pressure garnet granitoid gneiss. All of these data suggest that the ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks in the Altyn Tagh are the products of deep-subduction of the continental crust, and such deep- subduction probably reaches to >200 km in depth. This may provide new evidence for further discussion of the dynamic mechanism of the formation and evolvement of the Altyn Tagh and the other collision orogenic belts in western China.

ULTRA-HIGH PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL DETERMINATION OF DIASPORITE

Water plays an important role in the evolution history of the earth and the water in the deep earth mainly exists in minerals and magma melt. The study on ultra-high pressure differential thermal determination ofhydroites and their stability and mechanism of dehydration-dehydroxylation are significant for the understanding of the heat evolution history