The Application of Ultra High Voltage in the World

With rapidly growth in industrial sectors, in order to meet the demand, the usage of Ultra High Voltage (UHV) is needed. High voltage (HV) is between the range of 52 kV and 300 kV. In case of voltage above 800 kV, it can be defined as UHV. With the development of technologies in the world, it could be seen that Japan, Russia, Italy, Brazil, America (U.S), and Canada began to improve UHV in the 1960s and 1970s. In addition, China, a leader developing country for UHV technologies in the world, started UHV technologies in transmission, in 1980s. Nowadays, seven transmission lines are in operation in China. In this study, the concept of HV and UHV will be introduced. Especially, UHV transmission in the worldwide will be researched. Then, the historical development and current situation of UHV will be analyzed and the assessment for Turkey will be done.

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Melanosomes Isolated from B16 Melanoma Cells by Using Ultra High Voltage Electron Microscopy

Melanosomes, isolated by centrifugal separation from culture broth of B16 melanoma cells derived from mouse, were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Some interesting structural features were found inside and outside of the melanosomes. By SEM observation, the melanosomes were ellipsoid shape, their surface was not smooth and was covered with rough substructure, 10 to 20 nm particles. By TEM, uneven structure and micro particles were observed in the melanosomes. Furthermore, three-dimensional analysis was tried by using the ultra-high voltage electron microscopy(UHVEM). Micrographs of the melanosomes were taken at various tilted angles by UHVEM, after preparing 500 nm thickness specimens stained with lead citrate. From the micrographs collected, the three-dimensional structures were reconstructed by using i-mode software. Melanin stained by lead and non stained parts was clearly observed in the reconstructed structure. Non stained parts were round, regular size, and distributed widely in the melanosomes.

Statistical characteristics of transient enclosure voltage in ultra-high-voltage gas-insulated switchgear

Transient enclosure voltage（TEV）,which is a phenomenon induced by the inner dielectric breakdown of SF_6 during disconnector operations in a gas-insulated switchgear（GIS）,may cause issues relating to shock hazard and electromagnetic interference to secondary equipment.This is a critical factor regarding the electromagnetic compatibility of ultra-high-voltage（UHV）substations.In this paper,the statistical characteristics of TEV at UHV level are collected from field experiments,and are analyzed and compared to those from a repeated strike process.The TEV waveforms during disconnector operations are recorded by a self-developed measurement system first.Then,statistical characteristics,such as the pulse number,duration of pulses,frequency components,magnitude and single pulse duration,are extracted.The transmission line theory is introduced to analyze the TEV and is validated by the experimental results.Finally,the relationship between the TEV and the repeated strike process is analyzed.This proves that the pulse voltage of the TEV is proportional to the corresponding breakdown voltage.The results contribute to the definition of the standard testing waveform of the TEV,and can aid the protection of electronic devices in substations by minimizing the threat of this phenomenon.

Repeated Strike Process During Disconnector Operation in Ultra-High Voltage Gas-Insulated Switchgear

Very fast transient over-voltage （VFTO）, induced by disconnector operations in gas- insulated switchgears, has become the limiting dielectric stress at ultra-high voltage levels. Much work has been done to investigate single-strike waveforms of VFTO. However, little study has been carried out investigating the repeated strike process, which would influence VFTO significantly. In this paper, we carried out 450 effective experiments in an ultra-high voltage test circuit, and conducted calculations through the Monte Carlo simulation method, to investigate the repeated strike process. Firstly, the mechanism of the repeated strike process is proposed, based on the ex- perimentai results. Afterwards, statistical breakdown characteristics of disconnectors are obtained and analyzed. Finally, simulations of the repeated strike process are conducted, which indicate that the dielectric strength recovery speed and polarity effect factor have a joint effect on VFTO. This study enhances the understanding of the nature of VFTO, and may help to optimize the disconnector designed to minimize VFTO.

Influencing Factors of the Power Fluctuation on the Ultra High Voltage Transmission Line Caused by Faults at the Remote Ends of the Interconnected Grid

After the North China grid and the Central China grid get into connection with the UHVAC demonstration, a new phenomenon is discovered according to some simulations. That is, the faults at the remote end of the UHV interconnected grid will result in significant power fluctuation and voltage drop on the UHV transmission line and even system splitting. But the faults near the UHV line only have marginal effects. Further, the simulation results also indicate that the short-circuit current of the buses near the UHV line is larger than that of the buses far away from the UHV line. This phenomenon is divergent from the traditional view. In this paper, the detail will be introduced, and the factors influencing the system stability after faults are presented and analyzed. The results indicate that transmission power of the UHV line and of the lines between the remote end and the major grid influence the fluctuation on UHV line. The load model and the grid structure of the remote end also have effect on it. Finally, corresponding control scheme is presented to improve the operation conditions of the UHV interconnected grid and ensure its security and stability.

Reliability of High Speed Ultra Low Voltage Differential CMOS Logic

In this paper, we present a solution to the ultra low voltage inverter by adding a keeper transistor in order to make the semi-floating-gate more stable and to reduce the current dissipation. Moreover, we also present a differential ULV inverter and elaborate on the reliability and fault tolerance of the gate. The differential ULV gate compared to both a former ULV gate and standard CMOS are given. The results are obtained through Monte-Carlo simulations.

Fault simulation in ultrahigh voltage substation

Ultrahigh voltage(UHV)and extra-high voltage(EHV)have been widely used in power system,so the requirement for technology of operation management,as well as the accident analysis and disposal are more pressing.Based on the theory of Newton-Laphson power flow method,this simulation system imitates the primary device and secondary circuit,together with the normal,the abnormal and accidents in operation.Through simulation in various situations,it validates that this design is capable of simulating the complicated faults in UHV and EHV accurately and in real time.In addition,it can analyse and dispose them efficiently.

Radio Interference Characteristic of Ultra-high Voltage AC Transmission Lines by Using Stochastic Modeling

For developing ultra-high voltage(UHV) AC power transmission systems,it is important to precisely estimate and to limit the radio interference(RI) level of power lines.Based on the stochastic characteristics in amplitude and repetition rate of induced corona current,by using the probability theory and mathematical statistics,we establish a stochastic model for the wide-sense stationary random process of corona discharges.Then combining the stochastic model with model-propagation-analysis method,the RI levels under three-phase UHV AC transmission lines are calculated.The results of the calculation based on stochastic model method and International Council on Large Electric Systems(CIGRE) excitation function are compared with that based on semi-empirical method and some other excitation functions.The stochastic model based on different excitation functions is also adopted to simulate the RI levels under finite test lines with two opened terminations.The results indicate that with the same average maximum gradient on conductor surface and the same conductor type,the number of corona discharge per unit length is one of the main reasons that causes the difference between different excitation functions.It is also concluded that for a long test line,the effect of standing wave on RI field strength is negligible in the middle of the line,but obvious near both terminations: for a 10-km line,the maximum difference in RI field strength is 2.78 dB,between the peak value of the standing wave near the ends and the steady value near the middle of the line.

特高压并联电抗器铁芯振动及噪声特征研究

特高压并联电抗器因其铁芯是以铁芯饼与气隙垫块交替堆叠而成的结构特点,导致其运行过程中振动强度远超同电压等级的变压器,易出现振动超标等问题,现有计算方法对特高压并联电抗器铁芯振动特征还无法准确表征。鉴于此,该文针对1台特高压并联电抗器的铁芯振动机理及产生的噪声进行研究,结合磁-结构-声多场耦合分析,对铁芯所受麦克斯韦力及磁致伸缩力进行仿真计算,将结构场计算结果进行快速傅里叶变换后作为载荷激励进而计算由电抗器振动产生的噪声,并单独分析磁致伸缩力和麦克斯韦力对电抗器铁芯振动造成的影响。结果表明:电抗器运行过程中电抗器铁芯旁轭中部产生的振动最剧烈,电抗器周围产生的噪声最大。对比麦克斯韦力与磁致伸缩力对电抗器铁芯振动的影响发现,同时考虑两个力时铁芯振动小于未考虑磁致伸缩力的情况,证明影响电抗器铁芯振动的两个力存在相互衰减作用。

钢管输电塔挂线节点足尺模型失效模式与承载力提升分析

针对特高压钢管输电塔挂线位置节点在极端荷载下的安全性,提出了挂线节点双侧挂线板协同受力的构造改进措施,并对比研究两种挂线节点的极限承载力与失效模式。通过足尺挂线节点处的承载力试验与有限元分析,比较挂线节点在单侧板受力、双侧板受力情况下的应力分布与承载能力,分析传力螺母与挂线板之间的合理初始间距。结果表明:双侧受力时两侧挂线板均发生弯曲破坏,受力形式更加合理,节点板应力分布更加均匀,挂线点的屈服承载力可以提升一倍以上,传力螺母与挂线板之间的合理初始间隙为2~4 mm。

不同风场中特高压换流站阀厅屋盖风压特性试验研究

特高压(ultra high voltage,UHV)换流站阀厅的金属屋面系统在风荷载作用下易发生屋面表层风揭事故。为深入探讨该类建筑屋面的风压极值特性,基于风洞试验分别探讨了大气边界层(atmospheric-boundary-layer,ABL)风、壁面射流、均匀湍流三种风场作用下的屋面风压特性,比较了平均风剖面、风速、风向、湍流强度等因素对屋面风压的影响。结果表明:阀厅屋盖迎风前缘负风压最大,且控制风向角在45°左右;壁面射流风场下平均风压系数与脉动风压系数均超过大气边界层风场的结果;风速对阀厅屋盖的负风压系数均值和极值影响较小,而湍流度对风压系数的极值影响较大;大气边界风场时,JGJ/T 481—2019《屋盖结构风荷载标准》的最不利风压系数建议值偏于安全;而在壁面射流风场下,阀厅屋盖全风向最不利风压系数在所有区域都大于JGJ/T 481—2019的建议值,设计中应加以重视。

级联多端特高压直流控制保护系统配置及策略

该文针对金上直流工程主回路拓扑结构与运行方式的特点,设计了送端分址级联多端特高压直流控制保护系统的配置方案;提出送端分站的高、低压换流器的电压平衡控制方案,根据送端两站间通信条件,切换采用附加电压平衡控制的触发角协调控制和串联两换流器一个定电压、另一个定电流的控制策略;基于送端分站级联拓扑,研究了其直流保护功能配置方案,并提出针对送端站1内的极区/换流器区故障或者送端两站之间直流线路永久故障的快速清除方法。基于控制保护工程样机的RTDS闭环仿真结果表明,该级联多端特高压直流控制保护系统可以满足实际工程应用的要求。

UHVDC换流变压器油纸绝缘缺陷直流局部放电发展过程

特高压换流变压器绝缘承受的直流电压高,绝缘缺陷劣化发展迅速,且单凭局部放电(PD)量值和放电次数无法对绝缘缺陷的发展阶段进行分析诊断。为此,研究了特高压换流变压器内部油纸绝缘缺陷直流局部放电特征及其发展过程,构建了油纸针-板等7种局部放电模型。采用阶梯式升压法研究在长期外加电压作用下,绝缘纸板从起始放电到被击穿的整个缺陷发展过程中脉冲电流信号的实时特征及其统计特性,通过拍照的方式给出各模型各发展阶段纸板表面电腐蚀状态,并给出各相应发展阶段电场的空间分布。结果表明:直流局部放电发展过程复杂,初期以大放电脉冲为主,放电频率低,等待恢复时间随机性强;中期和末期以小脉冲放电为主,等待恢复时间均匀分布;临界击穿时等待恢复时间分布集中。结合多种放电模型直流局部放电试验,可断定不同缺陷结构从起始直流局部放电到击穿的过程中,其局部放电的总体发展趋势表现一致。

UHV串联式TV高压隔离部分的有限元分析及优化

用于超高压和特高压的电压互感器可采用多台电压互感器在一次侧和二次侧串联实现,一次绕组的串联结构与传统的串级结构相似,二次侧的串联结构需要使用高压隔离电压互感器,目前这种互感器还没有设计的经验。为此以1 000 kV串联式标准电压互感器为例,用有限元分析软件ANSYS对高压隔离互感器的三维电场分布进行了数值模拟计算和性能优化。结果表明,基于有限元法的数值模拟是分析和设计串联式电压互感器的有效手段,经优化设计后的高压隔离互感器能够同时满足绝缘和精度方面的要求,优化结果为更高电压等级的串联式电压互感器的设计和制造提供了可靠的、科学的数据。