Experimental study on Ti+Nb bearing ultra-low carbon bake hardening sheet steel hot-rolled in the ferrite region

A Ti＋Nb bearing ultra-low carbon bake hardening sheet steel hot-rolled in the conventional austenite region and in the ferrite region with lubrication was experimentally studied. Subsequent cold rolling and continuous annealing processes were also conducted. The results show that microstructures of ultra-low carbon bake hardening hot strips at room temperature are basically irregular polygonal ferrites. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, n value, and r value of the No.2 specimen hot-rolled in the ferrite region with lubrication are 243 MPa, 364 MPa, 0.29, and 1.74, respectively, which are similar to those of the No.1 specimen hot-roiled in the conventional austenite region. The elongation rate and bake hardening value of No.2 specimen are 51% and 49.4 MPa, respectively, which are greater than those of No. 1 specimen. The No.2 specimen hot-rolled in the ferrite region with lubrication exhibits good mechanical properties and relatively excellent baking hardening performance. Therefore, the hot rolling experiment of Ti＋Nb bearing ultra-low carbon bake hardening steel in the ferrite region with lubrication is feasible and can be considered in the future industrial trial production.

Decarburization rate of RH refining for ultra low carbon steel

The decarburization behaviors of ultra low carbon steel in a 210-t RH vacuum degasser were investigated under practical operat- ing conditions. According to the apparent decarburization rate constant （Kc） calculated by the carbon content in the samples taken from the hot melt in a ladle at an interval of 1-2 min, it is observed that the total decarburization reaction period in RH can be divided into the quick decarburization period and the stagnant decarburization period, which is quite different from the traditional one with three stages. In this study, the average apparent decarburization rate constant during the quick decarburization period is 0.306 min^-1, and that of the stagnant period is 0.072 min^-1. Increasing the initial carbon content and enhancing the exhausting capacity can increase the apparent decarburization rate constant in the quick decarburization period. The decarburization reaction comes into the stagnant decarburization period when the carbon content in molten steel is less than 14× 10^-6 after 10 min of decarburization.

Novel mechanism for the modification of Al_2O_3-based inclusions in ultra-low carbon Al-killed steel considering the effects of magnesium and calcium

Many researchers have explored the inclusion modification mechanism to improve non-metallic inclusion modifications in steelmaking. In this study, two types of industrial trials on inclusion modifications in liquid steel were conducted using ultra-low-carbon Al-killed steel with different Mg and Ca contents to verify the effects of Ca and Mg contents on the modification mechanism of Al_2O_3-based inclusions during secondary refining. The results showed that Al_2O_3-based inclusions can be modified into liquid calcium aluminate or a multi-component inclusion with the addition of a suitable amount of Ca. In addition, [Mg] in liquid steel can further reduce CaO in liquid calcium aluminate to drive its evolution into CaO–MgO–Al_2O_3 multi-component inclusions. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the reaction between [Mg] and CaO in liquid calcium aluminate occurs when the MgO content of liquid calcium aluminate is less than 3 wt% and the temperature is higher than 1843 K.

Structure Character of M-A Constituent in CGHAZ of New Ultra-Low Carbon Bainitic Steel under Laser Welding Conditions

800 MPa grade new ultra-low carbon bainitic （NULCB） steel is the recently developed new generation steel. The microstructure in the coarse-grained heat affected zone （CGHAZ） of NULCB steel under laser welding conditions was investigated by thermal simulation. The influence of the cooling time from 800℃ to 500℃.t8/5 （0.3-30 s）, on the microstructure of the CGHAZ was discussed. The experimental results indicate that the microstructnre of the CGHAZ is only the granular bainite which consists of bainitic ferrite （BF） lath and M-A constituent while t8/5 is 0.3-30 s. The M-A constituent consists of twinned martensite and residual austenite, and the change of the volume fraction of the residual austenite in the M-A constituent is very small when t8/5 is between 0.3 and 30 s. The morphology of the M-A constituent obviously changes with the variation of t8/5.As t8/5 increases, tile average width, gross and shape parameter of the M-A constituent increase, while the line density of the M-A constituent decreases.

Mathematical Model of Decarburization of Ultra Low Carbon Steel during RH Treatment

According to the balance of carbon and oxygen, a decarburization model for the RH treatment has been developed. in which the influence of the mass transfer of carbon and oxygen in the liquid steel and the stirring energy (ε) in the vacuum vessel on decarburization rate has been considered. The conclusion that the volumetric coefficients of the mass transfer of carbon is proportional to ε(1.5) is drawn. Industrical experiment proves this model is reliable. The influence of some factors on decarburization rate has been obtained. which can provide directions for RH treatment The decarburization behavior of steel with RH-OB treatment is also studied. The OB-or-not curve, the optimized OB time and OB amount are discussed.

Isothermal precipitation behavior of copper sulfide in ultra low carbon steel

Copper and sulfur are typical residual elements or impurity elements in steel.Sufficient removal of them during steelmaking process is difficult for copper and costly for sulfur.Utilization of copper and sulfur in steel, especially in steel scrap,has been an important issue for a long period for metallurgists.Copper and sulfur may combine to form copper sulfide,which may provide a prospect to avoid the detrimental effects of copper and sulfur in steel.Unfortunately the formation mechanism of copper sulfide in steel has not been completely clarified so far. In the present paper,solution treatment of samples containing copper and sulfur are firstly performed at 1623 K for 2.7×10~3 s followed by quenching into water.The samples are then isothermally heat-treated at 673 K,873 K, 1073 K,1273 K and 1373K for different time followed by quenching into water again.The size,morphology, constituent and crystallography of sulfide precipitates in these samples are investigated by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and TEM equipped with EDS.Fine copper sulfides(less than 100 nm) are observed to coexist with silicon oxide in samples even isothermally heat-treated at 1 373 K for 1.44×10~4 s;Film-like copper sulfides are generally observed to co-exist with iron sulfide in all samples;Plate-like copper sulfides are observed especially in sample isothermally heat-treated at 1 073 K for 1.44×10~4 s.The formation mechanisms of these copper sulfides have been discussed.

Advanced manufacturing technologies of large martensitic stainless steel castings with ultra low carbon and high cleanliness

The key manufacturing technologies associated with composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, casting quality and key process control for large martensitic stainless steel castings are involved in this paper. The achievements fully satisfeid the technical requirements of the large 700 MW stainless steel hydraulic turbine runner for the Three Gorges Hydropower Station, and become the major technical support for the design and manufacture of the largest 700 MW hydraulic turbine generator unit in the world developed through our own efforts. The characteristics of a new high yield to tensile strength (R p0.2/R m ) ratio and high obdurability martensitic stainless steel with ultra low carbon and high cleanliness are also described. Over the next ten years, the large martensitic stainless steel castings and advanced manufacturing technologies will see a huge demand in clean energy industry such as nuclear power, hydraulic power at home and abroad. Therefore, the new high yield o tensile strength (R p0.2/R m ) ratio and high obdurability martensitic stainless steel materials, the fast and flexible manufacturing technologies of large size castings, and new environment friendly sustainable process will face new challenges and opportunities.

Effect of an upward magnetic field on nanosized sulfide precipitation in ultra-low carbon steel

An induction levitation melting （ILM） refining process is performed to remove most microsized inclusions in ultra-low carbon steel （UCS）. Nanosized, spheroid shaped sulfide precipitates remain dispersed in the UCS. During the ILM process, the UCS is molten and is rotated under an upward magnetic field. With the addition of Ti additives, the spinning molten steel under the upward magnetic field ejects particles because of resultant centrifugal, floating, and magnetic forces. Magnetic force plays a key role in removing sub-micrometer-sized particles, composed of porous aluminum titanate enwrapping alumina nuclei. Consequently, sulfide precipitates with sizes less than 50 nan remain dispersed in the steel matrix. These findings open a path to the fabrication of clean steel or steel bearing only a nanosized strengthen- ing phase.

Deformation Behavior of Ultra-low Carbon Steel in Ferrite Region during Warm Processing

The hot deformation experiments of ultra-low carbon steel in ferrite range were carried out in a hot simulator in order to research hot deformation behaviors of ultra-low carbon steel in ferrite range at low temperature. The results show that the influences of deformation parameters on flow stress are different to those in austenitic deformation. The deformation characteristic parameters were calculated for ultra-low carbon steel in ferrite region. The flow stress equation for ultra-low carbon steel in ferritic deformation at low temperature was obtained.

Mechanical Method Determining Precipitation in an Ultra-Low Carbon Bainitic Steel

Stress relaxation was chosen as the best method for monitoring the precipitation process. Tests were carried out on an ultra-low carbon bainitic steel containing Mn, Nb and B over 800~950℃. Specimens were solu- tion treated at 1250℃ for a certain holding period. A prestain of 20% was applied at a strain rate of 0.1/s. The exper- imental results are displayed by a set of stress vs. 1g(time) curves different from the typical stress relaxation curves. There are two singularities forming a stress plateau on the stress vs.1g(time) curves when precipitates could be observed. Suppose the first one is the start of precipitation (Ps), and the second represcnts the fihish (Pf). As a result Precipitation-Time-Temperature relationship is described as C-shape curves based on two points. This mechanical method is suitable and precise for measuring precipitates in microalloyed steels during hot working.

Optimum process of RH-MFB refining for ultra-low carbon steel

A mathematical model was established and applied to simulate thedecarburization of RH-MFB process in Pansteel Company. Study of theeffects of w_[C]0, w_[O]0, Ar flowrate, evaluation rate the MFB lanceblowing parameters on the decarburization process was car- Ried out.The results showed that this model could give the quantitativeunderstanding of the process, especially the behavior of MFB Lanceblowing. This model has realized the optimum process of RH-MFBrefining for ultra-low carbon steels in Pansteel.

Analysis of thermodynamics and kinetics of titanium between top slag and liquid steel

： Titanium is an impurity element in some special steel grades. The existence of titanium decreases the grain size and lowers the yield strength ,resulting in low quality of these steels with regard to various properties. Thus, the titanium content should be reduced to the minimum. Based on the industrial production of ultra-low carbon A1-Si killed steel, this paper investigated the physical-chemical behaviors of titanium with and without desulfurization during RH refining. The influences of Ti content in hot metal, ladle slag composition, and ladle slag quantity, etc., on the Ti content in refined liquid steel were discussed. The results show that the partition ratio of titanium between ladle slag and liquid steel is inversely proportional to the AI content to the power of 4/3 ,and the empirical formula regressed from practical experience can be expressed as w（TiO2）/WTi=48/w[AI]4/3 Maximum partition ratio of titanium between top slag and liquid steel can be ensured W[Til WIAIIby an optimum slag composition including components of FeOx and A12 03 and an appropriate slag basicity. The contents of FetO and A1203 should be controlled above 6% and below 20% respectively and the slag basicity should be kept within 1.5 to 3.0. Moreover, desulfurization refining in the RH vacuum will decrease the partition ratio of titanium between ladle slag and liquid steel significantly. To keep the Ti content stably below 15 ×10 ^-4% in a 300 ton ladle ,the Ti content in hot metal must be lower than 500 × 10^-4% and the thickness of ladle slag carried over from BOF slag must be less than 50 ram.

钢铁行业大气污染治理科技发展分析与展望

钢铁行业是我国工业领域重要的大气污染排放源之一,钢铁行业的大气污染治理是降低重点行业污染排放、打好污染防治攻坚战的重中之重。近年来,我国在钢铁行业大气污染治理方面取得了显著成果。总结了我国“十一五”以来钢铁行业污染防治科技工作的部署,并梳理分析了钢铁行业大气污染治理技术发展的阶段。基于末端治理、源头减排和过程控制、全过程耦合控制三个方面技术发展现状,剖析了当前我国钢铁行业在多污染物协同深度减排和实现超低排放面临的形势和问题。最后,面向“十四五”时期,聚焦碳达峰碳中和目标,提出了相关建议,旨在深化大气污染防治科技工作,为建设“美丽中国”和实现“双碳”目标提供关键科技支撑。在未来的发展中,我们有理由相信,在全社会的共同努力下,钢铁行业将迎来更加清洁、高效和可持续的发展。

基于热模拟试验机的大试样平面应变技术

使用热模拟试验机对大试样低碳钢进行了平面应变压缩热模拟试验,并对其各道次应力-应变曲线及相变温度进行分析,获得了低碳钢变形区的显微组织演变规律。通过调整热模拟试验机的参数,确保大试样在升温、保温和降温过程中保持温度稳定。结果表明:在保温阶段,试样的均温区尺寸(长度×宽度×高度)为30 mm×30 mm×20 mm,温差约为20℃,满足平面应变压缩试验对试样均温性的要求;压缩变形后试样的宽展较小,试样中间区域的显微组织相对均匀,力学性能较稳定。采用热模拟试验机的平面应变技术可以较好地模拟低碳钢压缩变形时的平面应变状态,实现同时分析材料的显微组织和力学性能。

超低碳IF钢冶炼过程炉渣对夹杂物控制研究进展

超低碳IF钢板主要应用于汽车面板等超深冲部件,其面临的主要质量问题是夹杂物、卷渣、气泡造成的炼钢缺陷,因此全生产流程中所采用的炉渣性质对控制炼钢缺陷具有重要作用。分别从炉渣的物化特性以及所在工序炉渣特性两个角度归纳总结了炉渣对夹杂物控制产生的影响,发现炉渣对夹杂物的吸附溶解与炉渣的物化性质和夹杂物的尺寸相关。RH精炼渣主要控制目标是低氧化性和合适的w(CaO)/w(Al_(2)O_(3)),TFe质量分数一般控制在2.0%~8.0%,w(CaO)/w(Al_(2)O_(3))控制在1.2~1.8,此外精炼渣碱度一般控制较高为4.0~10.0。中间包覆盖剂和结晶器保护渣首先要防止钢液增碳,其次是防止渣中SiO_(2)造成钢液的二次氧化,同时它们还应拥有良好的吸附夹杂物的能力。超低碳IF钢中间包高碱度覆盖剂一般碱度为2.9~11.5,w(CaO)/w(Al_(2)O_(3))控制在1.0~2.5,(FeO+MnO)质量分数控制在1.9%~4.0%。而超低碳IF钢结晶器保护渣的碱度一般控制较低在0.85~1.0,w(CaO)/w(Al_(2)O_(3))控制在5.0~8.5,(FeO+MnO)质量分数小于1%。

150 mm×150 mm小方坯超低碳钢H1T生产实践

针对超低碳钢H1T传统的预处理-转炉-RH-大方坯连铸/模铸-开坯工艺生产成本高,以及连铸浇注过程中容易发生堵塞水口导致生产中断的问题,开发了150 mm×150 mm方坯连铸生产工艺,重点针对连铸水口结瘤堵塞进行工艺控制,并对生产过程中化学成分、渣系、夹杂物变化进行分析。工业生产表明,采用转炉出钢加铝脱氧、LF渣碱度>10,顶渣(FeO+MnO)≤2%,搅拌氩气流量>600 L/min确保脱硫、RH工序在65 Pa以下吹氧深脱碳、钢水钙处理等工艺优化,成功生产出超低碳钢H1T产品,并且连浇炉数达到10炉次。

钢铁企业减污降碳协同增效技术实践及启示

我国当前正处于深入打好污染防治攻坚战阶段,同时也处于积极部署“双碳”战略目标的开局阶段。钢铁行业是国民经济的支柱产业,推动减污降碳协同增效发展是促进行业绿色可持续发展的关键。本文系统回顾了钢铁生产中烧结、高炉等主要工序在减污降碳协同增效方面的技术发展,并结合企业生产案例分析了超低排放改造在实现减污降碳协同增效方面的成效,以期为我国钢铁行业绿色低碳高质量发展提供参考。

新型环保无碳中间包干式料的研究与应用

采用新型无碳结合剂取代酚醛树脂研制出一种新型环保无碳干式料,并研究了无碳结合剂加入量对干式料性能的影响。结果表明:偏硅酸盐加入量为8%时,干式料综合性能较为优异。引入橄榄砂能够有效降低干式料热膨胀性能及烧结性能,但是抗渣性能较镁质材料略差。研制的环保无碳干式料可以满足钢厂浇注超低碳钢的使用要求,不会使钢水增碳,环境友好,弥补了树脂结合干式料在低碳、环保方面的不足。

超低碳贝氏体钢弯管热处理工艺优化研究

利用四因素、三水平的正交试验、组织分析、力学性能试验等手段,对超低碳贝氏体钢在不同Nb元素含量和不同热处理工艺下的组织性能进行研究。研究表明,要使超低碳贝氏体钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度达到最佳,应选择Nb元素含量为0.058%或0.094%的超低碳贝氏体钢,并且淬火温度选择1 040℃、淬火介质为10%NaCl溶液,回火应选择高温回火;要使超低碳贝氏体钢获得最佳韧性,应选择Nb元素含量不超过0.082%的超低碳贝氏体钢,淬火温度应该适当地降低,但是冷却速度应该有所提升,回火依然需要高温回火;为了使超低碳贝氏体钢的强度和韧性达到最佳的综合性能,建议选择Nb元素含量为0.058%的超低碳贝氏体钢管材,在淬火工艺中,采用10%NaCl溶液作为冷却介质,并在940℃的温度下进行淬火,随后进行回火处理,回火温度应控制在600℃。研究结果可为实际生产提供工艺上的参考。

硅含量对火花放电原子发射光谱法测定超低碳钢中碳含量的影响

通过火花放电原子发射光谱法(以下简称光谱法)对不同合金成分的超低碳钢(w(C)≤0.003%)进行对比实验,发现不同硅含量的试样对光谱法检测碳含量的准确性存在显著性差异。过高的硅含量(w(C)≥0.8%)金相组织上的存在明显差异,光谱法检测碳值时碳检测值偏高。同时,高含量硅使得样品冷却过程中温度下降的速度减缓,增加析出物的量,析出物的量增加会使光谱蒸发过程中的蒸发能增加,也会使光谱法分析中碳值偏高。