Theory Study and Application of the BP-ANN Method for Power Grid Short-Term Load Forecasting

Aiming at the low accuracy problem of power system short-term load forecasting by traditional methods, a back-propagation artificial neural network （BP-ANN） based method for short-term load forecasting is presented in this paper. The forecast points are related to prophase adjacent data as well as the periodical long-term historical load data. Then the short-term load forecasting model of Shanxi Power Grid （China） based on BP-ANN method and correlation analysis is established. The simulation model matches well with practical power system load, indicating the BP-ANN method is simple and with higher precision and practicality.

Short-Term Power Load Forecasting with Hybrid TPA-BiLSTM Prediction Model Based on CSSA

Since the existing prediction methods have encountered difficulties in processing themultiple influencing factors in short-term power load forecasting,we propose a bidirectional long short-term memory(BiLSTM)neural network model based on the temporal pattern attention(TPA)mechanism.Firstly,based on the grey relational analysis,datasets similar to forecast day are obtained.Secondly,thebidirectional LSTM layermodels the data of thehistorical load,temperature,humidity,and date-type and extracts complex relationships between data from the hidden row vectors obtained by the BiLSTM network,so that the influencing factors(with different characteristics)can select relevant information from different time steps to reduce the prediction error of the model.Simultaneously,the complex and nonlinear dependencies between time steps and sequences are extracted by the TPA mechanism,so the attention weight vector is constructed for the hidden layer output of BiLSTM and the relevant variables at different time steps are weighted to influence the input.Finally,the chaotic sparrow search algorithm(CSSA)is used to optimize the hyperparameter selection of the model.The short-term power load forecasting on different data sets shows that the average absolute errors of short-termpower load forecasting based on our method are 0.876 and 4.238,respectively,which is lower than other forecastingmethods,demonstrating the accuracy and stability of our model.

Very Short-Term Generating Power Forecasting for Wind Power Generators Based on Time Series Analysis

In recent years, there has been introduction of alternative energy sources such as wind energy. However, wind speed is not constant and wind power output is proportional to the cube of the wind speed. In order to control the power output for wind power generators as accurately as possible, a method of wind speed estimation is required. In this paper, a technique considers that wind speed in the order of 1 - 30 seconds is investigated in confirming the validity of the Auto Regressive model (AR), Kalman Filter (KF) and Neural Network (NN) to forecast wind speed. This paper compares the simulation results of the forecast wind speed for the power output forecast of wind power generator by using AR, KF and NN.

Rolling Generation Dispatch Based on Ultra-short-term Wind Power Forecast

The power systems economic and safety operation considering large-scale wind power penetration are now facing great challenges, which are based on reliable power supply and predictable load demands in the past. A rolling generation dispatch model based on ultra-short-term wind power forecast was proposed. In generation dispatch process, the model rolling correct not only the conventional units power output but also the power from wind farm, simultaneously. Second order Markov chain model was utilized to modify wind power prediction error state (WPPES) and update forecast results of wind power over the remaining dispatch periods. The prime-dual affine scaling interior point method was used to solve the proposed model that taken into account the constraints of multi-periods power balance, unit output adjustment, up spinning reserve and down spinning reserve.

Short-term prediction of photovoltaic power generation based on LMD-EE-ESN with error correction

Considering the instability of the output power of photovoltaic(PV)generation system,to improve the power regulation ability of PV power during grid-connected operation,based on the quantitative analysis of meteorological conditions,a short-term prediction method of PV power based on LMD-EE-ESN with iterative error correction was proposed.Firstly,through the fuzzy clustering processing of meteorological conditions,taking the power curves of PV power generation in sunny,rainy or snowy,cloudy,and changeable weather as the reference,the local mean decomposition(LMD)was carried out respectively,and their energy entropy(EE)was taken as the meteorological characteristics.Then,the historical generation power series was decomposed by LMD algorithm,and the hierarchical prediction of the power curve was realized by echo state network(ESN)prediction algorithm combined with meteorological characteristics.Finally,the iterative error theory was applied to the correction of power prediction results.The analysis of the historical data in the PV power generation system shows that this method avoids the influence of meteorological conditions in the short-term prediction of PV output power,and improves the accuracy of power prediction on the condition of hierarchical prediction and iterative error correction.

A Levenberg–Marquardt Based Neural Network for Short-Term Load Forecasting

Short-term load forecasting (STLF) is part and parcel of theefficient working of power grid stations. Accurate forecasts help to detect thefault and enhance grid reliability for organizing sufficient energy transactions.STLF ranges from an hour ahead prediction to a day ahead prediction. Variouselectric load forecasting methods have been used in literature for electricitygeneration planning to meet future load demand. A perfect balance regardinggeneration and utilization is still lacking to avoid extra generation and misusageof electric load. Therefore, this paper utilizes Levenberg–Marquardt(LM) based Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique to forecast theshort-term electricity load for smart grids in a much better, more precise,and more accurate manner. For proper load forecasting, we take the mostcritical weather parameters along with historical load data in the form of timeseries grouped into seasons, i.e., winter and summer. Further, the presentedmodel deals with each season’s load data by splitting it into weekdays andweekends. The historical load data of three years have been used to forecastweek-ahead and day-ahead load demand after every thirty minutes makingload forecast for a very short period. The proposed model is optimized usingthe Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithm to achieve results withcomparable statistics. Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE), Root MeanSquared Error (RMSE), R2, and R are used to evaluate the model. Comparedwith other recent machine learning-based mechanisms, our model presentsthe best experimental results with MAPE and R2 scores of 1.3 and 0.99,respectively. The results prove that the proposed LM-based ANN modelperforms much better in accuracy and has the lowest error rates as comparedto existing work.

Short-Term Load Forecasting Using Radial Basis Function Neural Network

An accurate short-term forecasting method for load of electric power system can help the electric power system’s operator to reduce the risk of unreliability of electricity supply. This paper proposed a radial basis function (RBF) neural network method to forecast the short-term load of electric power system. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, the method is tested on the practical load data information of the Tai power system. The good agreements between the realistic values and forecasting values are obtained;the numerical results show that the proposed forecasting method is accurate and reliable.

Very Short-term Spatial and Temporal Wind Power Forecasting: A Deep Learning Approach

In power systems that experience high penetration of wind power generation,very short-term wind power forecast is an important prerequisite for look-ahead power dispatch.Conventional univariate wind power forecasting methods at presentonly utilize individual wind farm historical data.However,studies have shown that forecasting accuracy canbe improved by exploring both spatial and temporal correlations among adjacent wind farms.Current research on spatial-temporal wind power forecasting is based on relatively shallow time series models that,to date,have demonstrated unsatisfactory performance.In this paper,a convolution operation is used to capture the spatial and temporal correlations among multiple wind farms.A novel convolution-based spatial-temporal wind power predictor(CSTWPP)is developed.Due to CSTWPP’s high nonlinearity and deep architecture,wind power variation features and regularities included in the historical data can be more effectively extracted.Furthermore,the online training of CSTWPP enables incremental learning,which makes CSTWPP non-stationary and in conformity with real scenarios.Graphics processing units(GPU)is used to speed up the training process,validating the developed CSTWPP for real-time application.Case studies on 28 adjacent wind farms are conducted to show that the proposed model can achieve superior performance on 5-30 minutes ahead wind power forecasts.

基于二次分解双向门控单元新型电力系统超短期负荷预测

在新型电力系统中,电力负荷随机性和波动性较强,现有预测方法难以对其实现高精度预测。为此,提出一种基于二次分解和双向门控循环单元的超短期负荷预测模型。首先,针对电力负荷的强随机性和强波动性,利用自适应噪声完备经验模态分解对电力负荷历史序列进行初步分解,使负荷序列更加平稳。随后,对初步分解得到的强非平稳分量运用连续变分模态分解进行二次分解,降低其预测难度。最后,为充分学习电力负荷的时序特征,在预测过程构建基于双向门控循环单元的超短期电力负荷预测模型。实验结果表明,该模型相较于现有优秀预测模型有更高的预测精度。

基于多模式分解和多分支输入的光伏功率超短期预测

针对光伏发电功率随机性强、波动性大导致其预测精度不高的问题,提出一种基于自适应近邻传播聚类(adaptive affinity propagation clustering,adAP)、多模式分解、多分支输入组合的光伏功率预测方法。首先,基于相关性分析找到与光伏发电功率高度相关的气象因素,并利用快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)将光伏输出功率从时域转换到频域,与相关度高的气象因素一起作为adAP算法的聚类特征,对具有相似气象特征的日场景进行分类;其次,对聚类相似日较少且输出功率波动剧烈天气类型中的气象相关因素和光伏输出功率添加高斯白噪声,并将其与原始数据合并,达到倍增样本的效果,以提升模型的泛化能力和鲁棒性;然后,使用变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)、奇异谱分解(singular spectrum decomposition,SSD)和群分解(swarm decomposition,SWD)对光伏功率、辐照度和温度进行分解,削弱原始序列的波动性,丰富模型的输入特征;最后,搭建多分支的残差网络(residual network,ResNet)和长短期记忆网络(long short term memory network,LSTM)模型,提取数据的时间特征和波动特征,合并后输入到门控循环单元网络(gated recurrent unit network,GRU)中,建立历史特征和未来光伏输出功率的联系,得到预测结果。实验结果表明,所提出的多模型组合预测方法在光伏功率波动较缓天气情况下,能够保持较高的预测精度;在波动剧烈天气情况下,能够较大地提升预测精度。

基于注意力机制的IWOA-BiGRU超短期风电功率预测

超短期风电功率预测对电力系统调度及大规模风电并网具有重要作用。为得到准确可靠的风电功率预测结果,针对风电功率数据非线性和时序性的特点,提出一种基于IWOA-AT-BiGRU的超短期风电功率预测方法。首先,提出改进鲸鱼优化算法(improved whale optimization algorithm,IWOA)来优化风电功率预测模型的超参数,加速模型收敛,提高预测准确度;然后,在BiGRU中加入注意力机制(AT),AT用来加强重要信息对风功率的影响,BiGRU同时考虑数据的正反向信息,充分挖掘数据的时序特征;最后,通过某风电场实测数据进行实验,结果表明提出的方法预测准确度均高于其他对比模型,具有良好的预测性能。

基于自适应时序表征和多级注意力的超短期风电功率预测

针对风电功率数据包含的多尺度时间信息难以描述、现有方法未充分考虑气象因素对于风电功率动态耦合的影响而导致的预测性能下降等问题,提出了一种基于自适应时序表征和多级注意力的超短期风电功率预测方法。采用时序嵌入层对风电功率序列进行表征以获取其周期、非周期模式,并引入自注意力捕捉高维风电功率序列的自相关性;利用交叉注意力重构风电功率与气象因素,形成包含两者耦合关系的多维特征序列;利用一维卷积神经网络沿时间、特征方向分别挖掘多维特征序列的时间相关性和空间相关性,进而利用长短期记忆网络提取相应的时序特征,并将所得时序特征经全局注意力去噪和门控机制融合后输入全连接层,分别进行点预测和区间预测。实验结果表明,所提方法能够获得准确的点预测值和可靠的预测区间。

基于TCN-Wpsformer混合模型的超短期风电功率预测

针对基于梯度下降的递归神经网络难以捕获时间跨度较长的风电功率长期依赖关系的问题,提出一种基于时间卷积网络(TCN)和窗口概率稀疏Transformer(Wpsformer)混合模型的超短期风电功率预测方法。将包含时间季节性特征的时间编码与包含原始数据位置信息的绝对位置编码进行拼接,引入TCN提取时间片段特征,将时间片段特征融入自注意力机制,以时间片段的相关性联系替代时间点的相关性联系。通过Wpsformer模型多步输出超短期风电功率预测值,与原始Transformer模型相比,Wpsformer模型使用窗口概率稀疏自注意力机制,在捕获长期依赖关系的同时筛选出重要程度相对较高的时间片段特征进行计算,提高了预测精度且降低了计算成本。曹店风电场的算例结果表明,所提模型在预测精度方面具有明显优势。消融实验证明了所提模型各模块的必要性。

基于混合特征双重衍生和误差修正的风电功率超短期预测

随着风电渗透率的不断提高,对风电功率进行精准、可靠的预测是提升风电消纳水平的有效措施。针对功率预测时风电数据种类不足和特征数量稀缺的问题,提出基于混合特征双重衍生和误差修正的风电功率超短期预测模型。首先,在原始功率特征中施加混沌噪声,构造出多条混沌扰动特征,改善原始功率特征分布过于单一的状况。其次,提出基于免疫算法的特征衍生算法,挖掘风电功率数据的潜在信息,增加优质特征数量,进而构建误差预测模型,通过预测风电功率预测误差修正风电功率预测结果,进一步提升预测准确率。最后,基于比利时风电场实际运行数据进行算例分析。所提模型预测效果较好,且相较其他传统预测模型精确度更高,验证了所提模型的有效性。

基于数据集蒸馏的光伏发电功率超短期预测

云是影响太阳直接辐射变化的主要因素,由于各类云的透光率不同,导致到达光伏电站的太阳辐射会随之产生波动。为解决各类云遮挡下的光伏发电功率波动大、预测模型个数多的问题,提出一种基于卫星云图和数据集蒸馏的光伏发电功率超短期预测模型。首先,基于待测场站上方的历史云图,采用Farneback光流法预测出云图;然后,根据卫星云分类标签数据建立各类云的样本库,利用数据集蒸馏算法训练样本库得到云类判别图,将预测云图与云类判别图匹配计算,获得云类聚合匹配特征;最后,利用上述特征、云量特征以及数值天气预报数据建立长短期记忆网络模型,对光伏发电功率进行超短期预测。利用某光伏电站数据进行验证,结果显示,该文所提模型能准确描述云层的各项特征,有效提升光伏功率预测精度。

Copula分位数回归方法在风电超短期出力预测上的应用

风电出力具有较强的随机性和波动性,相比于传统预测,分位数预测方法能够提供全面的风电功率概率分布信息,可实现更可靠的风电出力预报,对电网系统的安全和稳定运行具有重要意义.以甘肃某风电站为案例,将数据按6∶2∶2划分为训练集、验证集和测试集,采用基于Copula的分位数回归方法(QCopula)进行功率区间预测,并与三个传统的分位数回归方法进行比较.结果显示,在不同置信区间下QCopula的修正预测区间精度范围在0.701~0.773之间,预测精度平均值比传统分位数回归(QR)、随机森林分位数回归(QRF)和长短期记忆神经网络分位数回归(QLSTM)分别高出15%、9%和13%,优于其他三种分位数预测方法.分位数交叉验证中,QCopula未出现分位数交叉,每个样本点的功率预测值均随概率值单调递增,而QR、QRF、QLSTM均出现不同程度的分位数交叉现象.综上所述,QCopula可以表征更小的区间宽度和更高的区间覆盖率,且分位数曲线不存在交叉,可信度较高.

基于小波变换与优化BP神经网络的超短期光伏发电功率预测

光伏发电功率的精确预测可以帮助电网实现更精细的管理,提高能源利用率;但光伏发电功率受到多种环境因素的影响,且具有较大的随机波动性,故挖掘光伏发电的效率特性非常困难。该文提出一种新方法,通过使用小波变换和优化BP神经网络来预测超短期光伏发电功率。该方法基于皮尔逊系数,可以获得与气象因素相关的预测结果;基于离散小波变换(discrete wavelet transform,DWT),将原始功率一阶差分序列分解为若干个不同频段的分量,提取光伏出力波动的频域特性;利用K-means聚类方法对功率一阶差分值进行聚类,并建立相应的神经网络预测模型,通过重组所得预测结果,得到初始预测功率差分值;利用气象因素通过GAACO-BP神经网络修正预测所得功率差分值,得到最终预测功率序列。利用某光伏电站所记录的实际功率数据进行验证,结果表明:DWT-GA-ACO-BP预测模型能提供较为精确的预测结果。

面向光伏功率预测的残差深度学习模型

为保证光伏功率预测模型在气象突变时具有较高的精度,提出用残差量化气象突变,并将其构造为一种新特征。应用最大信息系数(MIC)剔除无关的气象特征后,引入XGBoost模型得到残差序列。利用残差的自相关性,将上一时刻的残差作为当前时刻的新特征,构建面向光伏功率预测的残差深度学习模型。实验结果表明,在气象突变下,该模型能取得更高的精确度。

Transportation robot battery power forecasting based on bidirectional deep-learning method

This paper proposes a data-driven hybrid model for forecasting the battery power voltage of transportation robots by combining a wavelet method and a bidirectional deep-learning technique.In the proposed model,the on-board battery power data is measured and transmitted.A WPD(wavelet packet decomposition)algorithm is employed to decompose the original collected non-stationary series into several relatively more stable subseries.For each subseries,a deep learning–based predictor–bidirectional long short-term memory(BiLSTM)–is constructed to forecast the battery power voltage from one step to three steps ahead.Two experiments verify the effectiveness and generalization ability of the proposed hybrid forecasting model,which shows the highest forecasting accuracy.The obtained forecasting results can be used to decide whether the robot can complete the given task or needs to be recharged,providing effective support for the safe use of transportation robots.

一种适用于单/多光伏电站的迁移超短期光伏预测建模框架

针对新建电站的历史数据量有限,且不同时段光伏数据的分布存在较大差异的问题,构建一种适用于单/多光伏电站的迁移超短期光伏预测建模框架。首先,为充分考量光伏序列的不确定性及数值天气预报的固有偏差,提出一种基于加权滚动时间窗聚类方法,同时为避免维度过高问题并强化天气类型与光伏发电功率之间的映射关系,提出类内外特征加权结构保持降维算法;其次,通过采用测地线流式核积分完成数据分布对齐,减小样本分布差异对单/多电站模型鲁棒性的影响;最后,采用梯度增强决策树建立光伏功率预测模型,实现光伏功率预测精度的提升。采用公开数据集PVOD验证了所提算法的有效性。