Financial Calculation Problems and Countermeasure Analysis of Large-Scale Engineering Construction Projects

The financial aspects of large-scale engineering construction projects profoundly influence their success.Strengthening cost control and establishing a scientific financial evaluation system can enhance the project’s economic benefits,minimize unnecessary costs,and provide decision-makers with a robust financial foundation.Additionally,implementing an effective cash flow control mechanism and conducting a comprehensive assessment of potential project risks can ensure financial stability and mitigate the risk of fund shortages.Developing a practical and feasible fundraising plan,along with stringent fund management practices,can prevent fund wastage and optimize fund utilization efficiency.These measures not only facilitate smooth project progression and improve project management efficiency but also enhance the project’s economic and social outcomes.

Modular Extremely Large-Scale Array Communication:Near-Field Modelling and Performance Analysis

This paper investigates the wireless communication with a novel architecture of antenna arrays,termed modular extremely large-scale array(XLarray),where array elements of an extremely large number/size are regularly mounted on a shared platform with both horizontally and vertically interlaced modules.Each module consists of a moderate/flexible number of array elements with the inter-element distance typically in the order of the signal wavelength,while different modules are separated by the relatively large inter-module distance for convenience of practical deployment.By accurately modelling the signal amplitudes and phases,as well as projected apertures across all modular elements,we analyse the near-field signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)performance for modular XL-array communications.Based on the non-uniform spherical wave(NUSW)modelling,the closed-form SNR expression is derived in terms of key system parameters,such as the overall modular array size,distances of adjacent modules along all dimensions,and the user's three-dimensional(3D)location.In addition,with the number of modules in different dimensions increasing infinitely,the asymptotic SNR scaling laws are revealed.Furthermore,we show that our proposed near-field modelling and performance analysis include the results for existing array architectures/modelling as special cases,e.g.,the collocated XL-array architecture,the uniform plane wave(UPW)based far-field modelling,and the modular extremely large-scale uniform linear array(XL-ULA)of onedimension.Extensive simulation results are presented to validate our findings.

Design of High Precision Horizontal Control Network for Large-Scale Hydropower Project

A new solution of combination network of GPS and high precise distance measurements with EDM is proposed. Meanwhile, it’s inadvisable only using GPS network without distance measurements. Three schemes: terrestrial network, GPS network and combination network are discussed for horizontal control network design of Xiangjiaba Dam in view of precision, reliability, coordinate and outlay in detail.

Comparison of life cycle assessment of large-scale biogas projects with different raw materials in China

The anaerobic digestion(AD)disposal of stover and cattle manure is of great significance to the development of low-carbon economy and green energy in China,but it will also have an impact on the environment,and the degree of influence is different for various raw materials.In this study,life cycle assessment(LCA)methods were applied to analyze and compare the impact of corn stovers biogas projects(CSBP)and dairy manure biogas projects(DMBP)on the environment during the whole operation stage.The results of inventory analysis were evaluated by ReCiPe2016 Hierarchy(H)mid-point(problem-oriented)and end-point(destruction-oriented)method,respectively.The results showed that the net energy efficiency of CSBP was higher(763.903 kW·h/FU)and the greenhouse gas(GHG)emission reduction of DMBP was more(5541.418 kg CO_(2)-eq/FU).The anaerobic digestion(AD)units have the greatest environmental impacts,and human carcinogenic toxicity is the largest environmental impact category(1.16-1.43 PE).The key to reducing environmental impact is reducing the input of chemical substances and the waste of electric energy.Both CSBP and DMBP have a favorable impact on ecosystem quality and resources,and CSBP is more beneficial to the environment(-10.297 Pt).Co-digestion is an important measure to reduce the environmental damage from biogas projects.These research results provide theoretical support for the selection of raw materials for large-scale biogas projects in China,provide technical basis for reducing the impact of actual operation on the environment,and promote the resource utilization of agricultural waste and carbon dioxide emission reduction and sequestration.

Practice and experience of engineering culture development in the Sutong Bridge project

To keep up with the time,culture is integrated to large-scale construction project management in China,which will absolutely add more vitality into construction project management in our country.Engineering culture is an integration of project construction and engineering culture.However,engineering culture development enjoys its own particularity as a project is constructed once only within a limited period of time.This paper gives affirmative opinion that engineering culture development in large-scale projects backs project management on the basis of thorough investigation of engineering culture development in Sutong Bridge Project and after deepened analysis,proposes new thinking pattern of engineering culture development in large-scale projects in a systematic manner,including thorough understanding of the essence of engineering culture,principle and contents of engineering culture development as well as efficient method in respect of establishment and implementation of engineering culture,and therefore provides a standard reference and systematic thinking pattern for engineering culture development in future large-scale projects.

Monotone projected gradient methods for large-scale box-constrained quadratic programming

Inspired by the success of the projected Barzilai-Borwein (PBB) method for largescale box-constrained quadratic programming, we propose and analyze the monotone projected gradient methods in this paper. We show by experiments and analyses that for the new methods,it is generally a bad option to compute steplengths based on the negative gradients. Thus in our algorithms, some continuous or discontinuous projected gradients are used instead to compute the steplengths. Numerical experiments on a wide variety of test problems are presented, indicating that the new methods usually outperform the PBB method.

Variations in tidal currents and suspended sediment concentration of the upper part of the North Channel of Changjiang Estuary over the past 10 years

The tidal current duration （TCD） and velocity （TCV） and suspended sediment concentration （SSC） were measured in the dry season in December, 2011 and in the flood season in June, 2012 at the upper part of the North Channel of Changjiang Estuary. They were assimilated with the measured data in 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2007, using the tidal range＇s proportion conversion. Variations in TCD and TCV, preferential flow and SSC have been calculated. Influences of typical engineering projects such as Qingcaosha fresh water reservoir, Yangtze River Bridge, and land reclamation on the ebb and flood TCD, TCV and SSC in the North Channel for the last 10 years are discussed. The results show that： （1） currently, in the upper part of North Channel, the ebb tide dominates; after the construction of the typical projects, ebb TCD and TCV tends to be larger and the vertical average ebb and flood SSC decrease during the flood season while SSC increases during the dry season; （2） changes in the vertical average TCV are mainly contributed by seasonal runoff variation during the flood season, which is larger in the flood season than that in the dry season; the controlling parameters of increasing ebb TCD and TCV are those large-scale engineering projects in the North Channel; variation in SSC may result mainly from the reduction of basin annual sediment loads, large-scale nearshore projects and so on.

Economical Requirements Elicitation Techniques During COVID-19: A Systematic Literature Review

Requirements elicitation is a fundamental phase of software development in which an analyst discovers the needs of different stakeholders and transforms them into requirements.This phase is cost-and time-intensive,and a project may fail if there are excessive costs and schedule overruns.COVID-19 has affected the software industry by reducing interactions between developers and customers.Such a lack of interaction is a key reason for the failure of software projects.Projects can also fail when customers do not know precisely what they want.Furthermore,selecting the unsuitable elicitation technique can also cause project failure.The present study,therefore,aimed to identify which requirements elicitation technique is the most cost-effective for large-scale projects when time to market is a critical issue or when the customer is not available.To that end,we conducted a systematic literature review on requirements elicitation techniques.Most primary studies identified introspection as the best technique,followed by survey and brainstorming.This finding suggests that introspection should be the first choice of elicitation technique,especially when the customer is not available or the project has strict time and cost constraints.Moreover,introspection should also be used as the starting point in the elicitation process of a large-scale project,and all known requirements should be elicited using this technique.

Strategic Height of Standards Arena

The article explains the meaning and its extreme importance of the strategic heights for the standardization field, deliberates over the challenges for traditional standardization, and proposes the urgency of the transformation towards modernized standardization. Affirming the limited role of existing methods like modularization and comprehensive standardization, the author insists on the necessity of accelerating the development of modernized standardization to meet the increasing demand of modern society towards standardization. It is a historical mission for current standardizers to focus on theories, methodologies and innovations in the modern standardization arena.

Terrestrial Near-Surface Wind Speed Variations in China:Research Progress and Prospects

Changes in terrestrial near-surface wind speed(NSWS)are indicative of the concentrated net effect of climate change and anthropogenic activities.Investigating change mechanisms of NSWS not only furthers the understanding of how the atmosphere changes and improves the climate analysis and projection,but also aids the evaluation and application of wind energy resources.Recent advances in studies of the changes and associated mechanisms of the NSWS over China are reviewed in this paper.Some new results have been achieved in understanding the behaviors of the NSWS changes.The NSWS over China has experienced a decrease in the past 40 years and a recovery in the recent decade,exhibiting large regional and seasonal differences.Understanding of the mechanisms of the NSWS changes has been improved in several aspects;for example,it is found that the reduced NSWS over China is due to the weakening of the pressure-gradient force(PGF)attributed to variations in large-scale ocean–atmosphere circulations(LOACs)as well as the increase of surface roughness due to the land use and cover change(LUCC).The main methods used to analyze the NSWS changes and corresponding mechanisms are also elucidated and discussed.However,studies are still lacking on the mechanisms for multi-timescale(seasonal,interannual,decadal,multidecadal)variations in the NSWS over China,and it remains unknown about the contributions of different forcing factors to the NSWS changes.Finally,key scientific issues regarding our understanding of the NSWS changes are proposed for future investigation.