Formation damage mechanism and control strategy of the compound function of drilling fluid and fracturing fluid in shale reservoirs

For the analysis of the formation damage caused by the compound function of drilling fluid and fracturing fluid,the prediction method for dynamic invasion depth of drilling fluid is developed considering the fracture extension due to shale minerals erosion by oil-based drilling fluid.With the evaluation for the damage of natural and hydraulic fractures caused by mechanical properties weakening of shale fracture surface,fracture closure and rock powder blocking,the formation damage pattern is proposed with consideration of the compound effect of drilling fluid and fracturing fluid.The formation damage mechanism during drilling and completion process in shale reservoir is revealed,and the protection measures are raised.The drilling fluid can deeply invade into the shale formation through natural and induced fractures,erode shale minerals and weaken the mechanical properties of shale during the drilling process.In the process of hydraulic fracturing,the compound effect of drilling fluid and fracturing fluid further weakens the mechanical properties of shale,results in fracture closure and rock powder shedding,and thus induces stress-sensitive damage and solid blocking damage of natural/hydraulic fractures.The damage can yield significant conductivity decrease of fractures,and restrict the high and stable production of shale oil and gas wells.The measures of anti-collapse and anti-blocking to accelerate the drilling of reservoir section,forming chemical membrane to prevent the weakening of the mechanical properties of shale fracture surface,strengthening the plugging of shale fracture and reducing the invasion range of drilling fluid,optimizing fracturing fluid system to protect fracture conductivity are put forward for reservoir protection.

Rheological property of low-damage,ideal packing,film-forming amphoteric/sulfonation polymer drilling fluids

Low-permeability dense reservoirs,including micro-fractured reservoirs,are commonly characterized by high content of clay substances,high original water saturation,high sensitivity to invasive fluids,high capillary pressure,complicated structure and anisotropic,high flow-resistance and micro pore throats etc,.Generally they also have lots of natural micro fractures,probably leading to stress sensibility.Main damaging factors in such reservoirs are water-sensibility and water-blocking caused by invasive fluids during drilling and production operations.Once damaged,formation permeability can rarely recovered.Numerous studies have shown that damaging extent of water-blocking ranges from 70% to 90%.Main damaging mechanisms and influencing factors of water-blocking were systematically analyzed.Also some feasible precaution or treating approaches of water-blocking were put forward.In a laboratory setting,a new multi-functional drilling fluid composed mainly of amphion polymer,sulfonation polymer,high effectively preventive water-blocking surfactants,ideal packing temporary bridging agents(TBA) and film-forming agents,etc.,were developed.New low-damage drilling fluids has many advantages,such as good rheological properties,excellent effectiveness of water-blocking prevention,good temporary plugging effect,low filtration and ultra-low permeability(API filtration≤5 mL,HTHP filtration≤10 mL,mud cake frictional coefficient≤0.14,permeability recovery>81%),can efficiently prevent or minimize damage,preserve natural formation and enhance comprehensive development-investment effect in TUHA Jurassic dense sandstone reservoir formation with low-permeability,the only one developing integrated condense gas field.Some references can be provided to similar reservoir formations.

Coupled effects of stress damage and drilling fluid on strength of hard brittle shale

During well drilling process,original stress state of hard brittle shale will be changed due to stress redistribution and concentration,which leads to stress damage phenomenon around the borehole.Consequently,drilling fluid will invade into formation along the tiny cracks induced by stress damage,and then weaken the strength of hard brittle shale.Based on this problem,a theoretical model was set up to discuss damage level of shale under uniaxial compression tests using acoustic velocity data.And specifically,considering the coupled effect of stress damage and drilling fluid,the relationship between hard brittle shale strength and elapsed time was analyzed.

Research and application of non-clay low damage temporary bridging drilling/completion fluids system

Following the basic theory of protecting gas-reservoirs from damage with the temporary bridging technology,inert calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles,whose diameter is consistent with the size of pores or apertures in the reservoir,were selected as the bridging agent,and modified resolvable starch was selected as filtration loss reducing particles to form the non-clay low damage temporary bridging drilling/completion fluids system (NLTDFS). Under the simulated condition of the well bottom during real drilling,NLTDFS was used to conduct dynamic and static damage experiments of cores for 48 hours,respectively,and then the experimented cores were permeated with pure nitrogen from the undamaged end to the damaged one to measure their recovery of permeability. The results showed that the permeability recovery rate of the core reached 90% or so,and the damaged depth was less than 1 cm,which demonstrates that NLTDFS has higher temporary bridging effectiveness and lower damage to the gas-reservoir than other drilling fluids system. NLTDFS has been used to drill many horizontal wells,and four of them have obtained high yield of natural gas. The yield of natural gas of LP1 well reached 85×104 m3/day after completion with the rump pipe. The formation of the stable well wall and smooth drilling led to an API loss less than 4 mL and an HTHP loss less than 15 mL.

Application of micro-foam drilling fluid technology in Haita area

In recent years, a new kind of drilling fluid system with unique structure micro-foam has been developed. Compared with other drilling fluid systems, it possesses many advantages. And it has been successfully applied in hundreds of wells to drill depleted reservoirs in the world wide. The geological structure is very complex in Haita area, it is difficult to achieve the requirement of increasing drilling rate by conventional drilling methods, even can’t make footage. The micro-foam drilling fluid can apply to Haita area, and solve the drilling problems commendably, which is comprehended by studying the structure and plugging, prevent caving, speed mechanism of the micro-foam drilling fluid. Field practice indicates that micro-foam drilling fluid technology can resolve the drilling problem effectively in Haita basin. It has the extremely vital significance to improve drilling speed, discover and protect reservoir stratum, decrease the risk of circulation loss and save the drilling cost.

Laboratory Evaluation Procedures of Formation Damage Induced by Completion Fluids in Horizontal Wells

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Development of Film Forming Agent HN-1 and Its Application in Drilling Fluid

Borehole instability and reservoir damage had become the international technical problems of petroleum exploration and development of complicated area, and the water of drilling fluid invading borehole wall and petroleum reservoir was the main cause of borehole instability and reservoir damage. In order to prevent the water of drilling fluid invading borehole wall and petroleum reservoir, domestic and foreign scholars recently put forward the technology of ultra-low permeable drilling fluid. Film forming agent was the key treating agent of ultra-low permeable drilling fluid, the film forming agent (HN-1) was developed, which did not affect properties of the drilling fluid and could decrease the filter loss of drilling fluid applied in Enping 24-2 oil field. Based on this research, ultra-low permeable drilling fluid could be applied to Enping 24-2 oil field. By the methods of testing ultra-low permeable drilling fluid properties, the drilling fluid invasion sand-bed depth, drilling fluid high temperature/high pressure (HTHP) sand-bed filter loss, the pressure-bearing ability of rock core and the ability of reservoir protection were studied. By synergistic effect, HN-1 containing the organic silicate and natural fiber polymer modified by organic amine prevented the liquid and solids in drilling fluid invading reservoir, decreased drilling fluid invasion sand-bed depth and drilling fluid HTHP sand-bed filter loss, improved the pressure-bearing ability of rock core and the ability of reservoir protection. The drilling fluid could decrease reservoir damage to the maximal degree, and it offered efficiency guarantee for exploitation Enping 24-2 oil field.

Analysis of Reservoir Sensitivity and Optimization of Drilling Fluid System in Block H9 of Tarim Oilfield

针对塔里木油田H9区块钻井过程中存在的储层损害问题,采用黏土矿物分析、扫描电镜及压汞法等方法,分析掌握了目标区块储层地质特征,并结合储层敏感性试验评价,明确了储层潜在敏感性损害因素,揭示了储层损害机理。结果表明,H9区块储层黏土矿物含量为10%~20%,具有中高孔渗特征,非均质性较好,且存在潜在的强速敏和强水敏性损害。针对现场用钻井液体系存在的抑制性、润滑性及储层保护效果存在的不足,室内优化了一套综合性能优良的KCl-聚合醇储层保护钻井液体系。通过模拟储层动态损害试验评价可知,储层岩心渗透率恢复值可达85%以上。现场试验结果表明,KCl-聚合醇钻井液体系可较好地抑制泥页岩水化膨胀分散,有效避免了井眼缩径、起下钻遇阻等井下复杂情况发生,保障了钻井施工高效、安全,且储层保护效果良好。

Characterization and prevention of formation damage for fractured carbonate reservoir formations with low permeability

Stress sensitivity and water blocking in fractured carbonate reservoir formations with low permeability were determined as the main potential damage mechanisms during drilling and completion operations in the ancient buried hill Ordovician reservoirs in the Tarim Basin. Geological structure, lithology, porosity, permeability and mineral components all affect the potential for formation damage. The experimental results showed that the permeability loss was 83.8%-98.6% caused by stress sensitivity, and was 27.9%-48.1% caused by water blocking. Based on the experimental results, several main conclusions concerning stress sensitivity can be drawn as follows： the lower the core permeability and the smaller the core fracture width, the higher the stress sensitivity. Also, stress sensitivity results in lag effect for both permeability recovery and fracture closure. Aimed at the mechanisms of formation damage, a modified low-damage mixed metal hydroxide （MMH） drilling fluid system was developed, which was mainly composed of low-fluorescence shale control agent, filtration control agent, lowfluorescence lubricant and surfactant. The results of experimental evaluation and field test showed that the newly-developed drilling fluid and engineering techniques provided could dramatically increase the return permeability （over 85%） of core samples. This drilling fluid had such advantages as good rheological and lubricating properties, high temperature stability, and low filtration rate （API filtration less than 5 ml after aging at 120 ℃ for 4 hours）. Therefore, fractured carbonate formations with low permeability could be protected effectively when drilling with the newly-developed drilling fluid. Meanwhile, field test showed that both penetration rate and bore stability were improved and the soaking time of the drilling fluid with formation was sharply shortened, indicating that the modified MMH drilling fluid could meet the requirements of drilling engineering and geology.

Experimental study on the degree and damage-control mechanisms of fuzzy-ball-induced damage in single and multi-layer commingled tight reservoirs

Fuzzy-ball working fluids(FBWFs)have been successfully applied in different development phases of tight reservoirs.Field reports revealed that FBWFs satisfactorily met all the operational and reservoir damage control requirements during their application.However,the damage-control mechanisms and degree of formation damage caused by fuzzy-ball fluids have not been investigated in lab-scale studies so far.In this study,the degree of fuzzy-ball-induced damage in single-and double-layer reservoirs was evaluated through core flooding experiments that were based on permeability and flow rate indexes.Additionally,its damage mechanisms were observed via scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectroscopy tests.The results show that:(1)For single-layer reservoirs,the FBWF induced weak damage on coals and medium-to-weak damage on sandstones,and the difference of the damage in permeability or flow rate index on coals and sandstones is below 1%.Moreover,the minimum permeability recovery rate was above 66%.(2)For double-layer commingled reservoirs,the flow rate index revealed weak damage and the overall damage in double-layer was lower than the single-layer reservoirs.(3)There is no significant alteration in the microscopic structure of fuzzy-ball saturated cores with no evidence of fines migration.The dissolution of lead and sulfur occurred in coal samples,while tellurium in sandstone,aluminum,and magnesium in carbonate.However,the precipitation of aluminum,magnesium,and sodium occurred in sandstone but no precipitates found in coal and carbonate.The temporal plugging and dispersion characteristics of the FBWFs enable the generation of reservoir protection layers that will minimize formation damage due to solid and fluid invasion.

Designing Drill-in Fluids by Using Ideal Packing Technique

Selecting bridging agents properly is a critical factor in designing non-damaging or low-damaging drill-in fluids. Historically, Abrams＇ rule has been used for this purpose. However, Abrams＇ rule only addresses the size of particle required to initiate a bridge. The rule does not give an optimum size nor an ideal packing sequence for minimizing fluid invasion and optimizing sealing. This paper elaborates an ideal packing approach to solving the sealing problem by sealing pores with different sizes, especially those large pores which usually make dominant contribution to permeability and thereby effectively preventing the solids and filtrate of drill-in fluids from invading into formations, compared with the conventionally used techniques. Practical software has been developed to optimize the blending proportion of several bridging agents, so as to achieve ideal packing effectiveness. The method and its use in selecting the best blending proportion of several bridging agents are also discussed in this paper. A carefully designed drill-in fluid by using the ideal packing technique （named the IPT fluid） for offshore drilling operations at the Weizhou Oilfield, Nanhai West Company, CNOOC is presented. The near 100% return permeabilities from the dynamic damage tests using reservoir cores demonstrated the excellent bridging effect provided by this drill-in fluid.

Drill-in钻井液在苏丹37区水平井中的应用

Palouge油田位于苏丹37区上尼罗州的Melut盆地,属典型的高渗油层,储层压力已降低,易被污染和损害,同时储层上部的Adar和Yabus泥岩水敏性强,易发生缩径坍塌。开发出了Drill-in钻井液,利用KCl和聚合醇保证钻井液的强抑制性和防塌性,利用聚合醇和QS-2的屏蔽暂堵作用减少油气层伤害;采用碳酸钙和可降解的有机处理剂作主要成分,使泥饼得到有效的化学和生物降解,以提高储层的渗透率恢复率。Drill-in钻井液在该油田水平井的使用收到了良好的效果,基本满足了钻井施工的需要,使该油田水平井产能平均增加了12.4%。

渤海C油田馆陶组储层堵塞实验评价研究

为了分析明确渤海C油田导管架期间预钻井的12口生产井,在组块安装后投产产量达不到配产目标的原因,针对有机质沉积、原油乳化堵塞、流体配伍性、钻完井液漏失与返排等潜在储层伤害因素,开展了储层堵塞实验评价研究。实验结果表明:1)免破胶无固相钻开液(EZFLOW)漏失量越高渗透率伤害程度越大,同时考虑钻完井液漏失时,天然岩心的渗透率伤害程度为37%,伤害程度中等;2)有机质沉积对储层伤害较为明显,注入0.4 PV原油后渗透率伤害程度达到98%,且随有机质沉积量的增加,储层伤害越大;3)油包水型乳状液(W/O型)驱替对岩心渗透率伤害程度高达75.01%,水包油型乳状液(O/W型)驱替对岩心渗透率伤害程度为25.21%,低含水层受原油乳化堵塞影响较明显。综合分析认为,渤海C油田12口预钻井低产原因为导管架预钻井后待组块安装期间关井静置过程中有机质沉积和原油乳化伤害。同时,渤海C油田12口预钻井目的层馆陶组储层物性因子较小,产液指数较低是导致低产的原因之一。研究结论为后续增产措施以及方案提供了依据。

煤层气储层保护钻井液技术研究进展

中国煤层气储层具有物性复杂、非均质性强、易发生损害等特征,因此增加了煤层气钻完井过程中储层保护的难度,在一定程度上影响煤层气产能的发挥及采收率的提高。为系统总结煤层气钻井液储层保护技术的发展现状,从敏感性损害、固相侵入损害、表面活性剂损害3个方面对煤层气井储层损害原因进行了分析,总结了近年来煤层气储层保护钻井液技术的研究进展及适用性,最后从深层煤岩储层应力敏感损害防治、长水平段固相堵塞防治、多类型可降解处理剂研发、钻井液参数优化与维护工艺4个方面对储层保护钻井液及处理剂的发展进行了展望。研究结果表明:①中国煤岩储层具有“三低”特性,主要存在敏感性损害(应力敏感、水敏)、固相侵入损害和表面活性剂损害;②为减少煤层气储层敏感性造成的损伤,可采用增强钻井液的封堵能力、优化钻井液的抑制能力、调节钻井液密度等方式;③固相侵入损害可通过减少钻井液中固相颗粒含量、阻止固相颗粒进入地层、增强钻井液的携带能力、应用可降解处理剂等方式解决;④表面活性剂对储层的伤害不容忽视,可以使用阳离子/非离子表面活性剂防止损害发生。结论认为,钻井液储层保护技术是深层煤岩气长水平井储层损害防治的关键技术,对煤层气经济化、清洁化开发及全流程绿色高效开发具有重要意义。

碳酸盐岩储层高酸溶多级架桥暂堵型钻井完井液体系

以顺北二区碳酸盐岩储层为研究对象,通过岩心裂缝稳定性校正评价了储层敏感性,开展了现用钻井液伤害评价,明确了储层损害主控因素为应力敏感伤害和固相伤害,2种伤害因素累计占比达78.07%。采取“钻井可暂堵、完井可解堵”理念和保护微裂缝为主的储层保护思路,根据裂缝架桥封堵理论,研选了高酸溶固相封堵材料耦合可降解纤维关键材料。通过抗温、抗盐抗钙、沉降稳定性、配伍性及储层保护性能评价,形成了耐高温180℃多级架桥储层保护钻井完井液体系,其承压超过10 MPa,酸化后渗透率恢复率均值可达96.86%,相对常规不含酸溶暂堵材料体系提高了16.23%,具有强封堵、高返排的特点,有望减轻顺北二区碳酸盐岩储层的损害。

页岩储层钻井液-压裂液复合损害机理及保护对策

为了分析钻井液与压裂液复合作用导致的储层损害,考虑油基钻井液侵蚀页岩矿物诱发的裂缝延伸,建立钻井液动态侵入深度预测方法,评价页岩裂缝面力学性质弱化、裂缝闭合与岩粉堵塞导致的天然/水力裂缝损害,提出钻井液-压裂液复合作用储层损害模式,揭示页岩油气层钻完井损害机理并提出保护对策。研究表明,钻开储层过程中,钻井液通过页岩诱导裂缝和天然裂缝深度侵入储层,侵蚀页岩矿物并导致侵入带页岩力学性质普遍弱化;水力压裂过程中,钻井液-压裂液复合作用进一步弱化页岩力学性质,导致生产过程裂缝更易闭合并发生岩粉脱落,诱发天然/水力裂缝应力敏感损害和固相堵塞损害,造成钻井液-压裂液复合作用带裂缝导流能力大幅降低,制约页岩油气井高产稳产。提出了防塌防漏加速储层段钻进、化学成膜防止页岩裂缝面力学性质弱化、强化页岩裂缝封堵减少钻井液侵入范围、优化压裂液体系保护裂缝导流能力的页岩储层保护对策。

宁东油田致密油储层损害机理与对策

鄂尔多斯盆地宁东油田致密油储层岩性复杂、低孔低渗、非均质性强,钻井过程中钻井液漏失情况多发,固相、液相侵入极易造成储层损害。为明确宁东油田致密油储层的微观特征与损害机理,降低钻完井对储层的损害,进行了SEM扫描、固液伤害性测试等试验研究,证实该油田致密油储层损害的主要原因为固相侵入、水锁及伴有的水敏感性和盐敏感性;明晰了该油田致密油储层的损害机理,发现钻井所用钾铵基聚合物钻井液对致密油储层的损害较大,采用隐形酸对储层进行处理时渗透率恢复率较低。针对该油田致密油储层损害机理和钻井所用钻井液的缺点,构建了低损害无固相钻井液,其黏度为45.5 mPa·s,API滤失量为3.5 mL,对储层损害较低,渗透率恢复率达85%以上,可满足宁东致密油储层保护需求。研究结果为鄂尔多斯盆地致密油储层保护技术措施的制定提供了依据。

琼东南盆地所在区块系列井钻井液侵入损害综合分析及优化

琼东南盆地属于中孔低渗储层,储层易发生水化、水锁等伤害。当前区块系列井所用深水钻井液侵入损害类型、机理不明,且传统的钻井液伤害评价方法误差大,不能直观地量化损害程度。因此设计了以钻井液污染实验、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)分析、计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)结合的方式分析钻井液固相以及液相侵入损害储层的方法。结果表明,深水钻井液与地层水配伍性良好,储层水锁损害率处于19.8%~31.4%,液相侵入损害主要为水锁损害;岩心SEM扫描结果显示其孔隙连通性差,EDS测试结果中Ba^(2+)、Ca^(2+)含量较高,分析固相侵入损害主要由加重剂引起,且蒸馏水返排后岩心CT扫描结果显示孔隙度微幅上升表明固相堵塞很难通过自然返排的方式清除。于是通过研发降滤失剂和优选加重剂粒径配比的手段优化深水钻井液储层保护性能。根据理想充填理论,确定最佳配比为1000目CaCO_(3)、600目CaCO_(3)和200目CaCO_(3)的比例为5∶11∶9。优化后体系滤失量显著降低,固相颗粒中径在90μm左右,滤饼致密程度明显提高;渗透率恢复值提高12.1%~19.68%,对该区块钻井液储层保护性能优化具有指导意义。

渤中凹陷裂缝性致密储层钻开液伤害研究

储层伤害程度的评价对储层保护以及提高油气产率具有重要意义。位于渤海湾盆地的渤中凹陷地区储层属于裂缝性致密储层,取心困难且缺乏合适统一的伤害评价方法,导致储层保护难度较大。为此,结合储层的现场实际情况,设计制作了内部透明可视的3D打印裂缝岩心及相应的储层伤害评价装置,使用流量损害率评价法代替渗透率损害率评价法对渤中凹陷地区储层钻开液伤害进行研究。实验结果表明,现场在用EZFLOW钻开液体系流变性能稳定,滤失性能良好;EZFLOW钻开液对储层的伤害程度小于3%膨润土浆对储层的伤害程度,对岩心的伤害率在11.7%~26.2%之间,属于弱伤害程度;岩心的伤害率具有随岩心开度升高而降低的特点;对于不同规格的裂缝岩心而言,岩心越长,裂缝越宽,伤害率就会越大。

惠州26-6区块低渗储层保护钻井液技术研究

针对惠州26-6区块古近系低渗储层保护技术难题,采用储层岩心矿物组成、微观结构、理化性能及敏感性评价实验,探讨了其储层损害机理,提出了相应的储层保护钻井液技术对策,构建了适合惠州26-6区块的储层保护钻井液体系。结果表明:储层岩石矿物组成以石英为主,黏土矿物含量较低,储层岩心为强速敏损害,临界流速0.1 cm^(3)/min;弱水敏损害,最大水敏损害率为21.29%,临界矿化度为120 g/L;中等偏弱碱敏损害,临界pH值为9,无酸敏损害。提高钻井液封堵性以减小滤液侵入、优选高效防水锁剂是保护储层的主要技术措施。所构建的储层保护钻井液热滚前后黏度、切力适中,且滤失性及润滑性能较好,单一钻井液静态和动态污染后岩心渗透率恢复值分别为84.06%和85.39%,钻井液具有较好的储层保护性能。