Research on casing deformation prevention technology based on cementing slurry system optimization

The casing deformation prevention technology based on the optimization of cement slurry is proposed to reduce the casing deformation of shale oil and gas wells during hydraulic fracturing. In this paper, the fracture mechanism of hollow particles in cement sheath was firstly analyzed by discrete element method, and the effect of hollow particles in cement on casing deformation was investigated by laboratory experiment method. Finally, field test was carried out to verify the improvement effect of the casing deformation based on cement slurry modification. The results show that the formation displacement can be absorbed effectively by hollow particles inside the cement transferring the excessive deformation away from casing. The particles in the uncemented state provide deformation space during formation slipping. The casing with diameter of 139.7 mm could be passed through by bridge plug with the diameter of 99 mm when the mass ratio of particle/cement reaches 1:4. According to the field test feedback, the method based on optimization of cement slurry can effectively reduce the risk of casing deformation, and the recommended range of hollow microbeads content in the cement slurry is between 15% and 25%.

Physical model investigation on effects of drainage condition and cement addition on consolidation behavior of tailings slurry within backfilled stopes

Estimation of stressses within the tailings slurry during self-weight consolidation is a critical issue for cost-effective barricade design and efficient backfill planning in underground mine stopes.This process requires a good understanding of self-weight consolidation behaviors of the tailings slurry within practical stopes,where many factors can have significant effects on the consolidation,including drainage condition and cement addition.In this paper,the prepared tailings slurry with different cement contents(0,4.76wt%,and 6.25wt%)was poured into1.2 m-high columns,which allowed three drainage scenarios(undrained,partial lateral drainage near the bottom part,and full lateral drainage boundaries)to investigate the effects of drainage condition and cement addition on the consolidation behavior of the tailings slurry.The consolidation behavior was analyzed in terms of pore water pressure(PWP),settlement,volume of drainage water,and residual water content.The results indicate that increasing the length of the drainage boundary or cement content aids in PWP dissipation.In addition,constructing an efficient drainage boundary was more favorable to PWP dissipation than increasing cement addition.The final stable PWP on the column floor was not sensitive to cement addition.The final settlement of uncemented tailings slurry was independent of drainage conditions,and that of cemented tailings slurry decreased with the increase in cement addition.Notably,more pore water can drain out from the cemented tailings slurry than the uncemented tailings slurry during consolidation.

Development of a High-Temperature Thixotropic Cement Slurry System

Cementing carbonate reservoirs is generally a difficult task.The so-called thixotropic cement slurry has gained considerable attention in this regard as it can help tofix some notable problems.More precisely,it can easilyfill the leakage layer;moreover,its gelling strength can grow rapidly when pumping stops,thereby increasing the resistance to gas channeling,effectively preventing this undesired phenomenon in many cases.High-temperature thixotropic cement slurry systems,however,are still in an early stage of development and additional research is needed to make them a viable option.In the present study,using a self-developed composite high-temperature thixotropic additive as a basis,it is shown that the compressive strength can be adjusted by tuning the proportion of silica sand,the high-temperature retarder,fluid loss additive and dispersant(compatible with the thixotropic additive).According to the tests,the developed high-temperature thixotropic cement slurry system has a 14 d compressive strength of 29.73 MPa at 150°C,and a thickening time of 330 min when the dosage of retarder is 2%.At the same time,the rheological property,water loss,permeability,water separation rate,and settlement stability of the cement slurry system meet the requirements of cementing construction.

A Comprehensive Method for the Optimization of Cement Slurry and to Avoid Air Channeling in High Temperature and High-Pressure Conditions

Air channeling in the annulus between the casing and the cement sheath and/or between the cement sheath and formation is the main factor affecting the safe operation of natural gas wells at high temperatures and pressures.Prevention of this problem requires,in general,excellent anti-channeling performances of the cement sheath.Three methods to predict such anti-channeling performances are proposed here,which use the weightless pressure of cement slurry,the permeability of cement stone and the volume expansion rate of cement sheath as input parameters.Guided by this approach,the anti-channeling performances of the cement slurry are evaluated by means of indoor experiments,and the cement slurry is optimized accordingly.The results show that the dangerous transition time of the cement slurry with optimized dosage of admixture is only 76 min,the permeability of cement stone is 0.005 md,the volume shrinkage at final setting is only 0.72%,and the anti-channeling performances are therefore maximized.The effective utilization of the optimized cement slurry in some representative wells(LD10–1-A1 and LD10–1-A2 in LD10–1 gas field)is also discussed.

Effects of slurry pack cementation temperature on microstructure and wear resistance of Ti-Al co-deposited coating on copper plated nickel layer

In order to improve the wear resistance properties of copper substrate, a layer of electroplated nickel was firstly deposited on copper substrate, subsequently these electroplated specimens were treated by slurry pack cementation process with a slurry pack cementation mixture composed of TiO2 as titanizing source, pure Al powder as aluminzing source and also a reducer for titanizing, an activator of NH4Cl and albumen （egg white） as cohesive agent. The Ti-Al coating was fabricated on the surface of electro-deposited nickel layer on copper matrix followed by the slurry pack cementation process. The effects of slurry pack cementation temperature on the microstructures and wear resistance of Ti-Al coating were studied. The results show that the microstructure of the coating changed from NiAl＋Ni3（Ti,Al） to NiAl ＋Ni3（Ti,Al）＋Ni4Ti3 to Ni4Ti3＋NiAl, and to NiAl＋Ni3（Ti,Al）＋NiTi with slurry pack cementation temperature ranging from 800 ℃ to 950 ℃ in 12 h. The friction coefficient of Ti-Al coating decreased and the hardness increased with increasing the slurry pack cementation temperature. The minimum friction coefficient was 1/3 and the minimum hardness was 5 times larger than that of pure copper.

Performance of Fiber Cement Slurry in the Oil and Gas Well Cementation

Based on a carbon fiber cement slurry system developed in the previous work, the relationship between the carbon fiber and the performance of the cement slurry was experimentally investigated. Results show that the use of fiber has no effect on the slurry rheological mode, but influences its rheological behavior. When the fiber proportion ranges from 0.12% to 0.19% and the fiber length from 400 to 1,400 μm, the slurry rheological behavior can be improved. Under the normal pressure, the use of fiber can shorten the thickening time of the cement slurry. When the proportion of the constant-length fiber increases, the water loss of the cement slurry decreases first and then increases, and when the fiber length increases (the fiber proportion being kept constant), the water loss shows the same trend. This indicates that there are optimal values for the fiber length and proportion, which vary under the experimental conditions in the following respective ranges: 0.12%-0.37% and 700-1,400 μm .

Analysis of the Weight Loss of High Temperature Cement Slurry

The weight loss of cement slurry is the main cause of early annular air channeling and accurate experimental evaluation of the law of loss change is the key to achieve compression stability and prevent this undesired phenomenon.Typically,tests on the pressure loss of cement slurry are carried out for temperature smaller than 120°C,and this condition cannot simulate effectively the situation occurring in high temperature wells.For this reason,in this study a series of experimental tests have been conducted considering a larger range of temperatures,different retarders and fluid loss additives.The results show that with an increase in the temperature,the weight loss curve of cement slurry changes from a“two-stage”to a“three-stage”behavior,and the risk of channeling increases accordingly.On increasing the amount of retarder and fluid loss additive,the transition time of cement slurry displays a non-monotonic behavior(it decreases first and then increases).It is found that the optimized retarder and fluid loss additive dosage are 0.2%and 2.5%,respectively.

A Cementing Technology for Shale Oil Horizontal Wells

Organic rich dark shale of Q Formation can be found in many areas(e.g.,in the North of S Basin).The shale target stratum is easy to hydrate and often undergoes spallation.Therefore,centering the casing in the horizontal section of the irregular borehole is relatively difficult.Similarly,achieving a good cementflushing efficiency under complex borehole conditions is a complex task.Through technologies such as centralizer,efficient preflushing,multi-stageflushing and ductile cement slurry,better performances can be achieved.In this study,it is shown that the cementing rate in the DY2H horizontal section is 97.8%,which is more than 34%higher than that of adjacent wells.This cementing matching technology for sidetracking horizontal wells can be used to improve the cementing quality of continental shale and provides a reference for future applications in thisfield.

Preparation of Fine Cement Slurries by Wet-Ground Using a Pneumatic Colloid Mill

This study aims to investigate the preparation of fine cement slurries by wet-ground using a pneumatic colloid mill. A pneumatic colloid mill was designed and produced. Furthermore,ordinary Portland cement slurries were ground using the pneumatic colloid mill. Moreover,the fineness of ground cement slurries was studied. The particle sizes of ground cement slurries with various cumulated percent were all better than those of cement slurries before grinding. When water was used as the dispersant,the best average diameter of cement slurries was obtained by grinding for 10,and 15 min for cement slurries with water / cement ratio of 1∶ 1,and0. 9∶ 1,respectively. When ethanol was used as the dispersant,the particle sizes of all cumulated percent decreased gradually with the increasing grinding time,and the particle sizes of cumulated percent of D97 decreased rapidly with the increasing grinding time. The grinding effect of big particle sizes of cement slurries is better than that of small particle sizes.

海上窄压力窗口控压固井浆柱结构设计方法

针对海上油气井窄压力窗口固井顶替效率低下的技术难题,通过轻钻井液的施加以优化浆柱结构以及施加环空回压的方法实现安全高效固井的目标。考虑停泵压胶塞环空回压值≯5 MPa、冲洗液环空紊流接触时间>10min以及注替结束井筒自压稳3个关键技术要求,合理优化固井浆柱结构,计算控压固井全过程井筒当量循环密度(ECD),使井筒ECD在安全密度窗口内,形成了海上窄压力窗口控压固井浆柱结构设计方法。以乐东10-1气田某高温高压井为例,优化设计了该井的浆柱结构,并模拟计算了控压固井全过程井筒ECD及紊流接触时间。结果表明:轻钻井液用量为14~50 m^(3)且密度在1.822~2.142 g/cm^(3)之间、冲洗液用量>13 m^(3)且密度在2.36~2.45 g/cm^(3)之间、水泥浆密度在2.4~2.51 g/cm^(3)之间,可实现冲洗液紊流接触时间>10 min且满足压稳不漏的固井要求。该设计方法可实现海上窄压力窗口井安全施工和提高固井顶替效率的要求。

糯米浆灰土无侧限压缩和三轴剪切离散元分析

糯米浆灰土是一种常见的遗址保护建筑材料,为研究糯米浆灰土压缩加载过程中的糯米-石灰胶结破坏和接触组构演化情况,采用离散单元法开展了糯米浆灰土无侧限压缩和三轴剪切离散元模拟。首先基于软胶结模型考虑糯米浆-石灰的强度特征,制备了糯米浆灰土离散元试样;然后通过参数敏感性分析为试样赋予合理的接触模型等效模量和胶结强度参数,最后对试样开展无侧限和三轴压缩模拟。结果表明:离散元模拟能再现糯米浆灰土加载试验的主要特征;加载过程中胶结破坏数量先缓后快增加,最终趋于平缓,胶结破坏呈现一定的聚集效应;无侧限压缩下胶结接触主要发生拉伸破坏,随着围压增加,剪切破坏接触数量增加;试样偏组构快速增加段为胶结破坏诱发。

防漏堵漏低密度水泥浆技术

跃进3-3XC井完钻井深达9432 m,水平钻进距离超过3400 m,刷新了亚洲最深和超深水平大位移井的纪录。该井地质结构复杂,施工难度大,对水泥浆性能要求高,除了高温、高压外,地层承压能力低,极易发生漏失。针对此类问题,通过研发新型功能性材料,构建了C-Lo PSD(1.30 g/cm^(3))、C-Lite STONE(1.60 g/cm^(3))与C-Hi PSD(1.40 g/cm^(3))三套低密度水泥浆体系,涵盖了中低温、高温等应用条件,并在跃进3-3XC井中成功应用,水泥浆性能满足固井需求。与之前用水泥浆体系相比,混浆效率、流变性、悬浮稳定性、水泥石抗压强度等明显提升。其中,C-Lite STONE(T_(BHC)=75℃/T_(TOC)=30℃)与C-Hi PSD(T_(BHC)=145℃/T_(TOC)=105℃)水泥浆体系在温差分别为45℃和40℃下,顶部48 h抗压强度达到8.1 MPa和14.3 MPa。跃进3-3XC井在施工期间多次遭遇漏失,通过使用自研的新型堵漏材料C-B62和C-B66,成功封堵裂缝,保证了固井施工的顺利进行。

浅谈固井水泥浆配方数据库的目的与意义

随着海油勘探开发工作量的不断攀升,油服固井作业量随之增加,固井化验室工作量相应迅猛增加。鉴于此现状,以前靠经验,看个人能力就会使化验室人员应接不暇,陷于疲惫状态。为了跟上现场作业步伐,改善现有状况,固井化验室建立了自己的数据库。一是按照水泥浆体系分门别类进行命名,二是在各水泥浆体系下面再细化命名方式,进而依据水泥浆配方关键影响因素确定固井水泥浆配方数据库的命名原则。水泥浆配方数据库的建立有利于后续作业配方的快速查找、翻阅以及设计,提高了化验室配方构建能力,有效指导了今后水泥浆配方的设计与施工。

基于RSM的超细水泥注浆材料配比及性能优化模型

注浆堵水技术已成为水害措施防范向工程治理不可缺少的技术之一,超细材料的研究也成为了目前注浆材料发展的新方向。为了解决矿井水害注浆治理工程中注浆材料优选和配比优化问题,采用单因素试验与响应曲面法(RSM)相结合的方法进行超细水泥注浆材料优化配比研究。首先通过单因素试验对不同水灰比、硅灰(SF)掺量及高效聚羧酸减水剂(PCS)掺量条件下浆液黏度、泌水率及7 d单轴抗压强度进行分析,以确定RSM最佳基准水平,其次构建以浆液黏度、泌水率及7 d单轴抗压强度为响应目标的二次多项式预测模型,结合方差、残差及响应曲面分析各响应变量对响应目标的影响规律,确定注浆材料最优配比。通过单因素试验结果对比分析,发现最优水灰比、SF掺量及PCS掺量分别为1∶1、35%及0.3%。通过RSM研究发现,浆液黏度、泌水率及7 d单轴抗压强度不仅受单一因素影响,且存在多因素交互作用。根据建立的二次多项式响应面回归预测模型可知,当水灰比、SF掺量及PCS掺量分别为0.7∶1、38%及0.2%时,注浆材料性能最优,其回归模拟预测浆液黏度、泌水率及7 d单轴抗压强度分别为210.82 mPa·s、1.0%及12.22 MPa。通过室内试验,其结果与预测模型结果吻合度较高,进一步验证了模型的可靠性,证明了该模型能够用于注浆材料优化配比设计研究。

丁苯胶粉固井水泥浆的研究

本文对市售丁苯胶粉(SB)理化性能分析,并对其用于固井水泥浆进行探讨。红外光谱分析表明其是以高岭土为隔离剂的羧基丁苯胶粉,其水溶液粒度分布呈现纳米级颗粒并表明其具有良好可再分析特性;在水泥浆中单独使用丁苯胶粉存在破乳现象,若添加以十二烷基二甲胺羟丙基磺基甜菜碱LHSB与壬基酚聚醚TX-15组合物(质量比4∶1)为稳定剂时,可消除破乳现象,90℃和140℃稠化曲线均正常;水泥浆中引入丁苯胶粉,水泥浆略有增稠,失水和SPN值均变小,说明胶粉起到辅助降失水和提高水泥浆抗窜性能;胶粉影响水泥石24 h早期强度,但对于6 d后水泥石起到降模量和增加泊松比的作用,水泥石弹韧性得到了改善。

疏松砂岩多层气藏钻井难点及优化对策

涩北气田是典型的疏松砂岩气藏,具有纵向气层多、储层疏松非均质性强、敏感性矿物多等地质特征。利用大量的气藏地质、动态监测和钻录测资料,剖析钻井施工中存在的问题和技术难点,开展优化对策研究。结果表明:1)储层疏松、薄互层多、矿化度高和开发后期纵向压力系统紊乱是影响优快钻井施工的主要因素;2)针对钻井施工中井控风险大、井身结构确定困难的问题,通过优化研究确定了不同气藏、不同深度、不同部位井的井身结构;3)针对比较突出的井漏问题,研发适宜的低伤害、能有效抑制黏土膨胀的MEG (甲基葡萄糖苷)钻井液体系;4)针对固井质量难以保证的问题,采用纳米基低密度水泥浆、工艺改进和精细施工等措施得以解决。认为,优化技术对策应用效果明显,解决了钻井技术难点,实现了疏松砂岩多层气藏快速安全钻井。

海域天然气水合物地层微生物自修复固井水泥浆的水化控热作用机理

随着深海天然气水合物资源开发的深入,固井技术成为保障开采安全的关键环节。固井水泥浆的水化热控制对于防止水合物分解、确保井筒稳定性具有重要意义。目前,微生物技术在固井水泥浆中的应用已取得初步进展,尤其是在提高水泥浆力学性能方面,但是在调控水化热方面的研究仍相对较少。本研究旨在探索微生物固井水泥浆在深水水合物地层中的应用前景。通过开展水泥浆水化热测试、热重分析(TGA)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)与能谱仪(EDS)测试,探究了微生物矿化作用对水泥浆水化热及水化过程的影响机理。本文研究表明,微生物自修复固井水泥浆在降低水化热方面具有显著优势,尤其是在水化中后期,其累积水化放热量较对照组降低了13.19%。微生物矿化反应生成的碳酸钙有效抑制了水泥水化反应,导致水化放热峰值滞后,且在水化过程中持续降低水泥浆的水化速率。此外,微生物自修复固井水泥浆中游离水和水化硅酸钙凝胶的含量均高于对照组,而氢氧化钙含量较低。碳酸钙含量与水泥浆水化放热量之间存在最优值,超过3.0%后,水化热开始降低。本研究为解决深水水合物地层固井水泥浆水化放热导致水合物分解的问题提供了新的技术途径,对于开发适应极端海洋环境的固井水泥浆体系具有重要的参考价值。

转体PC斜拉桥混凝土构件的力学性能研究

为了提高PC斜拉桥混凝土构件的力学性能,共设计了18组替代率及水灰比不尽相同再生砖粉浆体的混凝土试件,研究了水灰比和再生砖粉浆体替代率对混凝土试件破坏特征、应力-应变曲线和单轴抗压强度的影响。结果表明,再生砖粉主要由SiO_(2)、Al_(2)O_(3)、Fe_(2)O_(3)和CaO组成,经过过筛后呈不规则形状。低水灰比条件下,再生砖粉混凝土试件呈现脆性破坏特征,在较高的水灰比条件下,再生砖粉混凝土试件呈韧性断裂特征。在相同水灰比条件下,再生砖粉浆体替代率的升高会增加28 d单轴抗压强度。再生砖粉浆体的添加,可以在混凝土制备过程中与水泥等发生水化反应而形成C-S-H等用于填充混凝土的间隙,且再生砖粉浆体替代率的增加,密实度提高的同时可以抵抗更大的外加应力。

基于泥水盾构废浆的新型同步注浆浆液性能及影响因素初探

为响应我国生态文明建设要求,遵从绿色发展理念以及推进“双碳”战略目标的实现,针对泥水平衡盾构施工过程中产生的废弃浆液的处理及外运的高成本、易污染环境等问题,提出将废弃泥浆用作制备同步注浆浆液的解决办法。依托成都环线紫瑞隧道建设项目,通过室内试验方法研究浆灰比、灰砂比、粉灰比对基于砂卵石土地层泥水盾构废浆制备的新型同步注浆浆液的泌水率、流动度、凝结时间以及3,7,28 d抗压强度的影响规律,得出以下研究结论。(1)基于砂卵石土地层废浆制备的新型同步注浆浆液稳定性良好。(2)新型同步注浆浆液的凝结时间随着浆灰比、灰砂比的增加而增长,随着粉灰比的增加而减小;流动度随着浆灰比、灰砂比的增加而增加,随着粉灰比的增加而减小。(3)新型同步注浆浆液的3,7,28 d抗压强度随着浆灰比的增加而减小,随着粉灰比的增加而增加,随灰砂比的增大呈先增大后减小的变化规律,在灰砂比为0.8时,达到最大值。(4)经试验研究得出使用废浆以浆灰比2.5、灰砂比1.25、粉灰比0.75制备的新型同步注浆浆液3 h泌水率为0,凝结时间为7.25 h,流动度为23.3 cm,3,7,28 d抗压强度分别为1.2,1.5,2.7 MPa,各项性能均满足试验指标要求,将此配比方案应用于依托工程实际施工,能够满足施工现场的要求。此研究为泥水平衡盾构废弃泥浆再利用于同步注浆提供了有效支撑。