Recent Progress in Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(SPIONs)have immeasurable potentials in many fields such as nanobiotechnology and biomedical engineering because of their superparamagnetic properties and small particle size.This review introduces the methods for SPIONs synthesis,including co-precipitation,thermal decomposition,microemulsion and hydrothermal reaction,and surface modification of SPIONs with organometallic and inorganic metals,surface modification for targeted drug delivery,and the use of SPIONs as a contrast agent.In addition,this article also provides an overview of recent progress in SPIONs for the treatment of glioma,lung cancer and breast cancer.

Biodistribution and Toxicity Assessment of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles In Vitro and In Vivo

Biodistribution and toxicity assessment are critical for safe clinical use of newly developed medicines.Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION)are effective carriers for targeted drug delivery.This study aimed to examine the toxicity and biodistribution of SPION coated with polyethylenimine (PEI)(SPION-PEI)designed for small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery both in vitro and in vivo.SPION-PEI/siRNA complexes were prepared at different weight ratios.Cytotoxic effects of SPION-PEI/siRNA on HSC-T6 cell viability were determined by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT).Rats were divided into three groups:a control group,a normal-saline group and a SPION-PEI/siRNA group.After a single intravenous injection,in vivo nanoparticle biodistribution and accumulation were evaluated by Prussian blue staining in the heart,liver,spleen,lung and kidney 8 h,24 h,and 7 days after the injection.Their distribution was histologically studied at the three time points by measuring ironpositive areas (μm2)in organ sections stained with Prussian blue.The same organs were analyzed by H&E staining for any possible histopathological changes.Furthermore,biochemical indexes such as alanine amino transaminase (ALT),aspartate transaminase (AST),blood urea nitrogen (BUN)and creatinine (CREA)were also assessed at all experimental time points.Electrophoresis exhibited that the SPION-PEI could retard siRNA altogether at weight ratios above 4.MTT assay showed that SPION-PEI loaded with siRNA had low cytotoxicity.In vivo study revealed that the liver and spleen were the major sites of SPION-PEI/siRNA deposition.The iron content was significantly increased in the liver and spleen,peaking 24 h after intravenous injection and then declining gradually.No evidence was found of irreversible histopathological damage to any of the organs tested.These results suggested that most SPION-PEI/siRNA complexes were distributed in the liver and spleen,which might be the target organs of SPION-PEI/siRNA complexes.SPION- PEI/siRNA may serve as in vivo carrier for biomedical medicines.

Toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Research strategies and implications for nanomedicine

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(SPIONs) are one of the most versatile and safe nanoparticles in a wide variety of biomedical applications. In the past decades, considerable efforts have been made to investigate the potential adverse biological effects and safety issues associated with SPIONs, which is essential for the development of next-generation SPIONs and for continued progress in translational research. In this mini review, we summarize recent developments in toxicity studies on SPIONs, focusing on the relationship between the physicochemical properties of SPIONs and their induced toxic biological responses for a better toxicological understanding of SPIONs.

Magnetic labeling of primary murine monocytes using very small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

Due to their very small size,nanoparticles can interact with all cells in the central nervous system.One of the most promising nanoparticle subgroups are very small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(VSOP)that are citrate coated for electrostatic stabilization.To determine their influence on murine blood-derived monocytes,which easily enter the injured central nervous system,we applied VSOP and carboxydextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(Resovist).We assessed their impact on the viability,cytokine,and chemokine secretion,as well as iron uptake of murine blood-derived monocytes.We found that(1)the monocytes accumulated VSOP and Resovist,(2)this uptake seemed to be nanoparticle-and time-dependent,(3)the decrease of monocytes viability was treatment-related,(4)VSOP and Resovist incubation did not alter cytokine homeostasis,and(5)overall a 6-hour treatment with 0.75 mM VSOP-R1 was probably sufficient to effectively label monocytes for future experiments.Since homeostasis is not altered,it is safe to label blood-derived monocles with VSOP.VSOP labeled monocytes can be used to study injured central nervous system sites further,for example with drug-carrying VSOP.

Self-assembled superparamagnetic nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents — A review

Recent progress of the preparation and applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide(SPIO) clusters as magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) probes is reviewed with regard to their applications in labeling and tracking cells in vivo, in diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and tumors, and in drug delivery systems. Magnetic nanoparticles(NPs), especially SPIO nanoparticles, have long been used as MRI contrast agents and as an advantageous nanoplatform for drug delivery,taking advantage of their unique magnetic properties and ability to function at the molecular and cellular levels. Due to advances in nanotechnology, various means to control SPIO NPs' size, composition, magnetization and relaxivity have been developed, as well as ways to usefully modify their surface. Recently, self-assembly of SPIO NP clusters in particulate carriers — such as polymeric micelles, vesicles, liposomes, and layer-by-layer(Lb L) capsules — have been widely studied for application as ultrasensitive MRI probes, owing to their remarkably high spin–spin(T2) relaxivity and convenience for further functionalization.

Magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with “RPE cell-MCP-1 antibody-VEGF antibody” compounds for the targeted therapy of age-related macular degeneration: a hypothesis

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly throughout the world. Treatment of AMD utilizing retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) transplantation represents a promising therapy. However, simplex RPE transplantation can only replace the diseased RPE cells, but has no abilities to stop the development of AMD. It has been indicated that oxidization triggers the development of AMD by inducing the dysfunction and degeneration of RPE cells, which results in the upregulation of local monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1) expression. MCP-1 induces macrophage recruiment which triggers local inflammation. As a result, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) is upregulated by MCP-1mediated inflammation and results in the formation of choroidal neovascularization(CNV). We accordingly propose a targeted therapy of AMD by subretinal transplanting the compound of RPE cell, MCP-1 antibody, and VEGF antibody and using a magnetic system to guide RPE cell compounds conjugated with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(SPIONs). Furthermore, SPION-labelled RPE cells can be tracked and detected in vivo by non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). This novel RPE cell transplantation methodology seems very promising to provide a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of AMD.

Synthesis and application of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in targeted therapy and imaging of cancer

Superparamagnetic iron oxide(SPIO)nanoparticles have become a popular strategy of cancer treatment and molecular imaging because of their versatile properties and biocompatibility.A variety of studies have shown the exciting potential of functionalized SPIO nanoparticles,such as surface-coated,targeted ligandconjugated,and/or drug-loaded SPIO nanoparticles,as powerful tools for targeted imaging and therapy.Moreover,the applications of SPIO nanoparticles that integrate diagnosis and therapy in SPIO nanoparticles facilitate the monitoring of therapeutic efficacy during treatment.In the present review,we primarily concentrate on the recent advancements in the field of SPIO nanoparticles in terms of synthesis,targeted therapy,and cancer imaging.

MRI tracking of human Wharton’s jelly stem cells seeded onto acellular dermal matrix labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in burn wounds

Background:In vivo cell tracking after transplantation in regenerative medicine remains an unmet challenge and limits current understanding of the wound healing mechanism through cell-based therapies.This study investigated tracking of human Wharton’s jelly stem cells(hWJSCs)seeded onto an acellular dermal matrix(ADM)and labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparti-cles(SPIONs)by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)in burn injury.Method:The hWJSCs were characterized and assessed for growth kinetics.A total of 30 rats were enrolled in three equal groups.Group 1 underwent scald burn injury left without treatment,the group 2 was treated by an ADM that was prepared from cosmetic surgery skin samples and the group 3 received hWJSCs labeled with SPIONs seeded onto an ADM.Tensile strength was evaluated before and after interventions,real time PCR assessed apoptosis,and Prussian blue staining,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and MRI were used for the tracking of labeled cells.Results:The hWJSCs exhibited mesenchymal stem cell properties.Population doubling time was 40.1 hours.SPIONs did not show any toxic effect.The hWJSCs seeded onto an ADM decreased Bax and increased Bcl-2 gene expression.Internalization of SPIONs within hWJSCs was confirmed by Prussian blue staining,SEM and MRI until day 21.There was a significant difference between the Young’s moduli of normal skin and the group receiving hWJSCs seeded onto an ADM.Histological observations and SEM imaging confirmed that MRI is an accurate method to track SPION-labeled hWJSCs in vivo.Conclusions:This study showed that SPION labeling coupled with MRI can be used to further understand the fate of stem cells after transplantation in a burn model.

磁响应水凝胶在骨组织工程中的作用与优势

背景:磁响应水凝胶在骨组织工程中具有极大的优势,有利于微创、高效地促进成骨。目的:阐述磁响应水凝胶在骨组织工程领域的应用进展。方法:检索PubMed、Web of Science、万方和中国知网数据库检索相关文献,英文检索词为“Magnetic Hydrogels,Magnetic Nanoparticles,Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles,Fe3O4,SPIONs,Magnetic Fields,Bone Regeneration,Bone Repair,Bone Tissue Engineering”;中文检索词为“磁性水凝胶、磁性纳米粒子、超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒、磁场、氧化铁纳米粒、骨再生、骨重建、骨修复、骨组织工程”,根据纳入与排除标准对所有文章进行初筛后,最终纳入60篇文章进行综述。结果与结论:①近年来由于磁性纳米粒子的出现,大量的磁响应支架材料被开发出来,其中,含有氧化铁纳米粒子和超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子的磁响应水凝胶力学性能突出、生物相容性良好,能够快速响应外部磁场,为种子细胞提供成骨所需的磁机械信号。②磁响应水凝胶可以作为载体精准调控生长因子的释放时机。③基于磁响应水凝胶的三维微环境培养平台下,磁响应水凝胶与细胞之间的界面磁力能够激活细胞表面敏感受体、增强细胞活性、促进新生骨质与宿主骨的整合。④可注射磁响应水凝胶能够应用于骨肿瘤的磁热疗以及生物成像领域。⑤目前,磁响应水凝胶有望模拟出天然骨组织中观察到的各向异性分层结构,然而关于磁响应水凝胶的研究大多集中于体外研究,与体内的局部微环境作用机制仍然不充分。⑥因此,目前基于磁性纳米粒子已经成功地应用于磁共振成像的示踪,未来有望在磁性纳米粒子的性能上优化,构建具有合适降解性能、机械性能和血管功能化的能够实时监测体内变化的磁响应水凝胶。

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle targeting of adipose tissue-derived stem cells in diabetes-associated erectile dysfunction

可勃起的机能障碍(编辑) 是糖尿病的主要复杂并发症，并且有编辑的许多糖尿病的人对普通编辑治疗倔强。脂肪质的导出织物的干细胞(ADSC ) 被显示了在糖尿病的动物模型改进可勃起的功能。然而，到损坏地点的不适当的房间 homing 限制了他们的功效。因此，我们探索了在与一个外部磁场改进导致 streptozotocin 的糖尿病的老鼠的可勃起的功能上用 superparamagnetic 氧化铁 nanoparticles (SPION ) 标记的 ADSC 的效果。我们发现那 SPION 有效地合并了到 ADSC 并且没在干细胞性质上施加任何否定效果。ADSC 的磁性的指向在阴茎海绵体贡献了长期的细胞保留并且独自与 ADSC 注射相比改进了糖尿病的老鼠的可勃起的功能。另外， ADSC 的 paracrine 效果看起来在功能、结构的恢复起主要作用。因此，磁性的指导地的 ADSC 治疗是为联系糖尿病的编辑治疗的一条有效途径。

基于频率筛选的磁粒子成像量化分析研究

为实现磁粒子成像(magnetic particle imaging,MPI)中示踪剂铁量化,本研究基于仿真程序,采集二维扫描图像,筛选信号频率并重建图像,以聚类结果作为先验信息,约束水平集函数的演化,对示踪剂图像进行分割,并借助Dice系数、IoU等参数定量评估分割效果。通过计算分割区域的信号强度总和,建立MPI信号与已知示踪剂铁含量的校正曲线。结果显示,频率筛选后显著缩短了信号重建时间;基于先验的水平集方法Dice系数和IoU均大于0.90,实现了肿瘤区域较精准的分割;通过本研究建立的MPI信号强度与铁含量的校正曲线,实现了示踪剂铁量化,平均误差为3.11%,最小误差0.03%。结果表明,基于先验的水平集方法可实现较精确的图像分割和铁量化,为MPI临床前定量研究提供参考。

超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子在肿瘤诊断及治疗方面的应用

超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子(superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle, SPION)由于其独特的性质,如低毒、生物相容性、强大的磁性,以及在多功能模式中的优越作用,在肿瘤诊断、构建多模态肿瘤分子影像探针及治疗方面展现出巨大的潜力,今后可以在临床上提高肿瘤诊断的特异性、敏感性,实现诊疗一体化,本文从SPION的成像机制、合成方法出发,阐述近年来SPION在肿瘤的各种靶向成像、多模态成像和治疗方面的研究进展,展望未来SPION在肿瘤诊断及治疗中的发展前景,旨在为更好地构建基于SPION的新型诊疗一体化肿瘤探针提供参考。

A biotechnological perspective on the application of iron oxide nanoparticles

在最近的十年，磁性的铁 nanoparticles (NP ) 在外部磁场下面由于象 superparamagnetism，高表面区域，大 surface-to-volume 比率，和容易的分离那样的性质吸引了许多注意。因此，磁性的氧化铁在众多的应用，包括的磁性的回声成像对比改进，织物修理，免疫分析，生物液体的 detoxification，药交货，过高热，和房间为使用有潜力分离。这评论提供一更新并且为 biotechnological 应用的合适的磁性的铁 NP 的制造和描述的综合焦点。在这些 NP 的进一步的发展的可能的观点和一些挑战也被讨论。

超顺磁性葡聚糖氧化铁纳米颗粒的制备及其作为基因载体的可行性研究

背景与目的:磁性纳米颗粒作为基因载体在肿瘤基因治疗中的应用得到了迅速发展。为了能获得驱动目的基因高效稳定表达、安全无害、靶向性高、简便的新型非病毒型基因导入和治疗系统,本研究探讨超顺磁性葡聚糖氧化铁纳米颗粒(superparamagneticdextranironoxidenanoparticles,SDION)的制备及其作为体外基因载体的可行性。方法:采用化学共沉淀法制作SDION,通过丙烯葡聚糖凝胶S-300HR色谱和离心法分离SDION,用透射电镜、粒度分析仪和磁力计对SDION进行分析。以绿色荧光蛋白(GFP-C2)质粒为靶基因,通过氧化还原法构建SDION-GFP-C2复合物,用紫外分光光度计和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测两者的结合率。以脂质体转染作为对照,荧光显微镜分别观察SDION和脂质体体外转染GFP-C2入膀胱癌细胞BIU-87的转染效率。结果:SDION直径在3～8nm之间,有效粒径为59.2nm,比饱和磁化强度为0.23emu/g。分别经10mmol/L的高碘酸钠氧化、0.5mol/L的硼氢化钠还原作用后的SDION和GFP的结合比例最大,SDION对GFPDNA的转染效率为45%左右,明显高于脂质体的转染效率(30%左右)。结论:SDION可通过氧化还原反应与GFP质粒相连,在体外可将GFP基因成功转染入人膀胱癌BIU-87细胞。

超顺磁性葡聚糖氧化铁纳米颗粒的研制及表征

目的制备葡聚糖包被的超顺磁氧化铁(SPIO)纳米粒子,并对其主要物理性质和磁学性质进行研究,探讨它作为磁共振造影剂的可能性。方法通过共沉淀法获得SPIO纳米粒子,分别采用透射电镜和光子相关光谱仪测定其粒径大小,利用邻苯二氮菲比色法测定铁的浓度,同时用核磁共振仪测定弛豫率等参数。结果X-射线衍射分析确定所制备的葡聚糖磁性粒子主要为Fe3O4晶体,粒子体均粒径为85.9 nm,氧化铁核心大小为15 nm左右,具有超顺磁性,其弛豫率和质量磁饱和度分别达到0.1567 mmol/ms和80 emu/g Fe。结论所制备的SPIO粒子稳定,其物理性质表明其具有作为磁共振造影剂的特性。

超顺磁性氧化铁(SPIO)与多聚赖氨酸(PLL)纳米粒的制备、结构验证及其空间结构表征

目的 探讨葡聚糖修饰的超顺磁性氧化铁（super-paramagnetic iron oxide,SPIO）与多聚赖氨酸（polylysine,PLL）纳米粒的制备及其结构验证和空间结构表征。方法 在共沉淀法制备葡聚糖修饰的SPIO基础上,加入PLL制备出一种新的SPIO-PLL纳米粒,利用粒度电位分析仪、透射电镜（transmission electron microscopy,TEM）对SPIO-PLL的粒径、电位、形貌学进行检测;高效液相凝胶色谱法（gel permeation chromatography,GPC）、红外光谱（fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR）及核磁共振氢谱法（1HNMR）对SPIOPLL连接成功与否进行验证;高精度的原子力显微镜（atomic force microscope,AFM）对SPIO-PLL的结构、形态及连接状态进行空间结构表征。结果 粒度电位分析和TEM结果显示SPIO-PLL的平均粒径为7.37 nm,平均电位为13.6 mV;GPC、FTIR及1HNMR结果显示SPIO及PLL之间已经成功连接;高精度AFM清楚显示出SPIO与PLL之间以亚胺键形式稳定相连。 结论 成功制备出一种性质稳定、粒径较小的新型SPIO-PLL纳米粒,这将对随后的肿瘤特异性探针制备奠定一定的基础。

超顺磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子化学合成及生物医学应用进展

综述了超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子合成方法和在生物医学领域中的研究进展,重点讨论了目前比较常用的化学合成方法对Fe3O4纳米粒子性能的影响,比较了各种方法的优劣,在此基础上,概述了超顺磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子在核磁共振成像、磁性靶向给药、磁性分离等方面的应用。通过综述,可望获得对Fe3O4纳米粒子的化学合成方法和生物医学应用的全面了解。

油酸改性超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子的制备

以氯化亚铁和氯化铁为原料,通过共沉淀法制备了亲水性的超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子(SPION),然后对油酸的羧基进行活化,采用化学方法制备油酸改性超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子(O-SPION)。用XRD、FTIR、DLS、TEM对产物结构进行了表征,并通过MTT法检测了O-SPION对人肝癌细胞HepG2的毒性作用,普鲁士蓝染色法检测了其细胞摄取能力。结果表明:合成的O-SPION形态规则,其核心粒径为(12±1.5)nm,Zeta电位为(36±1.5)m V,可在有机溶剂中形成稳定的磁流体。体外细胞实验显示,当O-SPION质量浓度最高为800 mg/L时,O-SPION对HepG2细胞无明显毒性。普鲁士蓝染色图可见,O-SPION较未改性的SPION细胞摄取量明显增多。

超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子SPION-dopa-PEG-DOTA/RGD的^(64)Cu标记、纯化及生物分布

对64 Cu标记超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子SPION-dopa-PEG-DOTA/RGD的标记及纯化条件进行探索,并根据其在小鼠体内的生物分布研究结果,揭示其主要的代谢方式。通过对标记过程中配体浓度、温度、时间等条件的改变,探究64 Cu标记SPION-dopa-PEG-DOTA/RGD的最优条件;并采用二乙基三胺五乙酸(DTPA)螯合标记混合物中游离的64 Cu,经PD-10柱纯化后得到放化纯较高的标记物;采用快速薄层层析法测定标记物的标记率和放化纯;分别测定了标记物的体外稳定性和脂水分配系数;将64 Cu标记的氧化铁纳米粒子经尾静脉注射到正常鼠的体内,分别于注射后不同时间点取各脏器,称重、测定放射性计数率,计算每克组织的百分注射剂量率(%ID/g)。经条件优化后得到的64 Cu-SPION-dopa-PEG-DOTA/RGD的标记率为63%,PD-10柱纯化后放化纯大于95%,水溶性良好,且放化纯在标记后12h内在磷酸盐缓冲液和人血清白蛋白中表现出了较高的稳定性;动物体内生物分布实验显示,该标记物在小鼠体内主要经肝脏代谢,肾脏排泄,血液中放射性清除较快。该标记物可用于后续的PET/MRI双模态显像的研究。

超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子在肝癌诊断与治疗中的研究进展

超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子(SPION)作为MR负性对比剂被广泛认知,通过对其进行表面修饰,可明显提高其生物相容性与作用效果。利用外加磁场及交变电流,SPION还可具有靶向传递和磁热疗的作用。本文旨在对SPION在肝癌诊断和治疗方面的研究进展进行综述。