How to promote cooperative innovation in environmentally friendly technology:a case of agricultural biotechnology in China

This study explored the factors influencing cooperative innovation in environmentally friendly agricultural biotechnology in China.First,we constructed an evolutionary game model comprising the factors of net income of cooperative innovation,net income of independent innovation,market constraints,and government subsidies.Using MATLAB simulation,we assigned different values to the aforementioned variables to explore the evolutionary trend of innovators’willingness to cooperate.Results showed that when the values of net income of cooperative innovation,net income of independent innovation,market constraints,and government subsidies exceeded the threshold,innovators’willingness to cooperate was significantly enhanced.Furthermore,the proportion of innovators who cooperated with others gradually increased to 100%;otherwise,it gradually decreased to 0%.Comparing the simulation curve with the real evolution curve of cooperative innovation in agricultural biotechnology in China,we found that the gradual decline in the willingness to cooperate could be due to insufficient subsidies for cooperative innovation,low income from cooperative innovation,weak profitability of innovators,and weak market constraints.

Notoginsenoside as an environmentally friendly shale inhibitor in water-based drilling fluid

The demand for non-toxic and biodegradable shale inhibitors is growing in the drilling industry.In this paper,the effect of notoginsenoside(NS)as a new,environmentally friendly inhibitor of shale hydration is systematically studied for the first time.The inhibition performance of NS was evaluated via inhibition evaluation tests,including mud ball immersion tests,linear expansion tests,shale rolling recovery tests,and compressive strength tests.The inhibition mechanism of NS was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),contact angle measurements,particle size distribution determination,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The experimental results demonstrate that NS is able to adhere to the clay surface,forming a hydrophobic film that prevents the entry of water molecules and inhibiting the hydration dispersion of the clay.Because of this,NS can maintain the original state of bentonite pellets in water,which can effectively reduce the swelling rate of bentonite,increase the recovery rate of shale drill cuttings,maintain the strength of the shale,and therefore maintain the stability of the borehole wall during drilling.In addition,NS is non-toxic,degradable,and compatible with water-based drilling fluids.The above advantages make NS a promising candidate for use as an environmentally friendly shale inhibitor.

Synthesis of propylene glycol ethers from propylene oxide catalyzed by environmentally friendly ionic liquids

A series of acetate ionic liquids were synthesized using a typical two‐step method.The ionic liquids were used as environmentally benign catalysts in the production of propylene glycol ethers from propylene oxide and alcohols under mild conditions.The basic strengths of the ionic liquids were evaluated by determination of their Hammett functions,obtained using ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy,and the relationship between their catalytic activities and basicities was established.The catalytic efficiencies of the ionic liquids were higher than that of the traditional basic catalyst NaOH.This can be attributed to the involvement of a novel reaction mechanism when these ionic liquids are used.A possible electrophilic‐nucleophilic dual activation mechanism was proposed and confirmed using electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry.In addition,the effects of significant reaction parameters such as concentration of catalyst,molar ratio of alcohol to propylene oxide,reaction temperature,and steric hindrance of the alcohol were investigated in detail.

Synthesis and Kinetics of Hydrogenated Rosin Dodecyl Ester as an Environmentally Friendly Plasticizer

The plasticizer is an important polymer material additive.Non-toxic and environmentally friendly plasticizers are developed recently in order to decrease fossil fuel reserves,serious environmental pollution and the toxicity of phthalate esters.In this study,a new,efficient and environmentally friendly plasticizer of hydrogenated rosin dodecyl ester was prepared by an esterification reaction of hydrogenated rosin and dodecanol.The influences of different reaction conditions(including different catalysts,the catalyst concentration,the ratio of the reactants,reaction temperature,and reaction time)on the esterification yield are examined and discussed.Hydrogenated rosin dodecyl ester with 71.8%yield was synthesized under the optimized reaction conditions(1:0.8 molar ratio of rosin to dodecanol,1 mol%tetrabutyl titanate concentration,and 210℃for 6 h).The esterification reaction is a second-order reaction,and kinetic calculations showed that the activation energy is 39.77 KJ·mol^(−1).The structure of the hydrogenated rosin dodecyl ester was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and^(13)C NMR spectrum.Besides,the thermal stability of target product(hydrogenated rosin dodecyl ester)was also tested by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA),which showed a good thermal stability.

Fertigation for Environmentally Friendly Fertilizers Application: Constraints and Opportunities for Its Application in Developing Countries

There is an increasing concern about agriculture’s role in polluting the environment which makes farmers feel guilty about using fertilizers. Fertigation is proposed as a panacea to this dilemma, which by this practice reaffirms the principles of 4Rs which are the right source, at the right rate, right time and right place. The aim of this study was to explore constraints and opportunities for its application in developing countries for environmentally friendly fertilizers application. It is a review of literature from government reports, legislature and published material on fertilization and irrigation initiatives of developing countries which include Rwanda, Nepal, Suriname, Zambia, Panama, Tanzania, Sri Lanka and South Sudan in addition to the case presented of China during the “2016 Environmentally Friendly Fertilizer Production, Application and Demonstration from Developing Countries” training course. The study found that in developing countries there is potential to apply fertigation as a way of environmentally friendly fertilizers application as it has been adopted in China. These opportunities include the following: Abundant natural resources like land and water, less polluted environment, conducive agricultural policies, zero duties levied on imported irrigation equipment. However, a number of limitations also are highlighted including: Lack of investment, lack of infrastructure, lack of information, requires expertise on plant nutrition and management of fertigation system, require soil analysis and proper interpretation which is done by experts. This study provides relevant information for fertigation planning and application in respective developing countries.

Preparation of Phase Change Concrete Using Environmentally FriendlyMaterials and Its Performance Study

The control of carbon emissions and energy conservation,and environmental protection are hot spots of global concern.In this paper,phase change paraffin wax is applied to porous materials for adsorption and storage,and nature’s eco-friendly materials are selected as the porous matrix to propose an eco-friendly phase change concrete using eco-friendly materials as raw materials.It was obtained that the strength of the phase change concrete utilizing environmentally friendly materials was 25.4%to 36.8%lower than that of ordinary concrete,while some of the phase change light aggregates were found to produce slip damage with the cement paste in the damage study.By constructing a small-sized test room for thermal properties,we obtained a phase change concrete that utilizes environmentally friendly materials to control the temperature better than the commonly studied phase change concrete,with a peak temperature drop of up to 2.6℃ in the phase change test room compared to the normal test room and a delay in the peak temperature.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Environmentally Friendly Calcium Isostearate Detergent with Excellent Oil Solubility

This article describes a method for synthesizing an excellent oil soluble calcium isostearate detergent using isostearic acid and calcium hydroxide as main starting materials. Reaction conditions, including the molar ratios of calcium hydroxide to isostearic acid, methanol to calcium hydroxide and water to calcium hydroxide, the carbonation temperature, the CO_2 flow rate, and the volume of injected CO_2, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, a high alkalinity calcium isostearate detergent with a total base number(TBN) of 358 mg KOH/g and an overbased calcium isostearate detergent with a value of TBN equating to 406 mg KOH/g could be obtained. Finally, the properties of the calcium isostearate detergent were evaluated by the size distribution analysis, the thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and the coking tendency tester.

Synthesis and mechanism of environmentally friendly high temperature and high salt resistant lubricants

With the exploration and development of deep and ultra-deep oil and gas,high torque and high friction during the drilling of deep and ultra-deep wells become one of the key issues affecting drilling safety and drilling speed.Meanwhile,the high temperature and high salt problem in deep formations is prominent,which poses a major challenge to the lubricity of drilling fluids under high temperature and high salt.This paper reports an organic borate ester SOP as an environmentally friendly drilling fluid lubricant.The performance evaluation results show that when 1%lubricant SOP is added to the fresh water-based mud,the lubrication coefficient decreases from 0.631 to 0.046,and the reduction rate of lubrication coefficient is 92.7%.Under the conditions of 210℃ and 30%NaCl,the reduction rate of lubricating coefficient of the base slurry with 1%SOP was still remain 81.5%.After adding 1%SOP,the wear volume decreased by 94.11%compared with the base slurry.The contact resistance experiment during the friction process shows that SOP can form a thick adsorption film on the friction surface under high temperature and high salt conditions,thus effectively reducing the friction resistance.Molecular dynamics simulation shows that lubricant SOP can be physically adsorbed on the surface of drilling tool and borehole wall through hydrogen bond and van der Waals force.XPS analysis further shows that SOP adsorbs on the friction surface and reacts with metal atoms on the friction surface to form a chemically reactive film.Therefore,under high temperature and high salt conditions,the synergistic effect of physical adsorption film and chemical reaction film effectively reduces the frictional resistance and wear of the friction surface.In addition,SOP is non-toxic and easy to degrade.Therefore,SOP is a highly effective and environmentally friendly lubricant in high temperature and high salt drilling fluid.

Development of Environmentally Friendly and Energy Efficient Refrigerants for Refrigeration Systems

This paper presents the improvement of eco-friendly and power consumption saving refrigerants for refrigeration systems.The novel azeotropic refrigerant mixtures of HFCs and HCs can replace refrigeration systems,and using the R134,R32,R125,and R1270 refrigerants in several compositions found using the decision tree function of the RapidMiner software(which camefirst in the KDnuggets annual software poll).All refrigerant results are mixed of POE,which is A1 classification refrigerant,non-flammable,and innocuous refrigerant,and using REFPROP software and CYCLE_D-HX software are under the CAN/ANSI/AHRI540 standards.The boiling point of the new refrigerant mix R-No.595 is 4.58%,lower than that of R404A,with a higher refrigerant effect and 50.34%lower GWP value than R404A.The proposed mix R-No.595 can be operated in hot environmental country and has high critical temperature and heat-rejection effects,due to the presence of R32 and R1270.The COPc of R463A is 13.49%,higher than R404A in freeze condition.The novel refrigerant mixes provide alternate refrig-erant options mixed of 1%R1270,and which are related with the development of current refrigerants,containing a compose of HFOs and eco refrigerants for producing low-GWP,zero ODP,high-refrigerant effect,low-operating pressure,and innocuous refrigerants.

Water-Based Environmentally Friendly Pesticide Formulations Based on Cyclodextrin/Pesticide Loading System

Difenoconazole(DIF)is a representative variety of broad-spectrum triazole fungicides and liposoluble pesticides.However,the water solubility of DIF is so poor that its application is limited in plant protection.In addition,the conventional formulations of DIF always contain abundant organic solvents,which may cause pollution of the environment.In this study,two DIF/cyclodextrins(CDs)inclusion complexes(ICs)were successfully prepared,which were DIF/β-CD IC and DIF/hydroxypropyl-β-CD IC(DIF/HP-β-CD IC).The effect of cyclodextrins on the water solubility and the antifungal effect of liposoluble DIF pesticide were investigated.According to the phase solubility test,the molar ratio and apparent stability constant of ICs were obtained.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,thermal gravity analysis,X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used systematically to characterize the formation and characteristics of ICs.The results noted that DIF successfully entered the cavities of two CDs.In addition,the antifungal effect test proved the better performance of DIF/HP-β-CD IC,which exceeded that of DIF emulsifiable concentrate.Therefore,our study provides informative direction for the intelligent use of liposoluble pesticides with cyclodextrins to develop water-based environmentally friendly formulations.

Synthesis of 3-(1-Cyclohexenyl)-2-butanone via Environmentally Friendly Catalysts

We substituted several environmentally friendly catalysts which included HY and H- β zeolites, various cation-exchanged β zeolites, and solid-supported ferric chloride for conventional catalysts for the synthesis of 3-(1-cyclohexenyl)-2-butanone from the reaction of ethylidenecyclohexane with acetic anhydride at room temperature. HY zeolite was found to be the most effective for this reaction, and gave the acylated product in a 72% yield under the conditions of n (ethylidenecyclohexane)/ n (acetic anhydride)/ m (HY zeolite)=1 mmol/10 mmol/0 100 g, reaction temperature 25 ℃ and reaction time 2 h. The used HY zeolite can be recovered, regenerated and gave almost the same yield as the fresh one. The lifetime of the HY zeolite is over 80 h. The effect of different factors on the reaction has also been investigated.

Activity test and mechanism study of an environmentally friendly wheat seed coating agent

This novel environmentally friendly wheat seed coating agent which has been made with natural polymer as the primary material could increase yield by about 9% compared with the conventionally virulent wheat seed coating agent. In the premise of this production, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and peroxidase (POD) was determined. The results show that, after treated by the self-made wheat seed coating agent, the contents of the MDA were less than traditional group and the blank control group and POD contents were higher than traditional group and blank control group, this provides a good foundation on the further research of self-control wheat seed coating agent.

Development of an Environmentally Friendly in-situ Pack-Cyaniding Technique

A safe and environmentally friendly cyaniding method has been developed to mitigate the toxic impacts of cyanide salts on the environment during conventional cyaniding. The method entails in-situ diffusion of nascent cyanide from mature cassava leaves into the surface of mild steel components via pack-cyaniding. Both high-temperature in-situ diffusion into austenite and low-temperature in-situ diffusion into ferrite were explored. Results from light and scanning electron microscopic studies showed that surface hardness of the steel components was substantially increased. The waste product was a harmless biodegradable organic compound that posed no disposal threats. This study is important for increasing the wear resistance of ferrous parts for a longer service life in application without polluting the environment.

Anodizing of AZ91D magnesium alloy using environmental friendly alkaline borate-biphthalate electrolyte

A kind of environmental friendly anodizing routine for AZ91D magnesium alloy,based on an alkaline borate-potassium acid phthalate（KAP） electrolyte,was studied.The effect of KAP on the properties of the anodized film was investigated by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,X-ray diffraction（XRD）,energy dispersive spectrometry（EDS）,potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS）,respectively.The results showed that the anodizing process,surface morphology,thickness,phase structure and corrosion resistance of the anodized film were strongly dependent on the concentration of KAP.In the presence of adequate KAP,a compact and smooth anodized film with excellent corrosion resistance was obtained.

AZ91 Magnesium Alloys: Anodizing of Using Environmental Friendly Electrolytes

An anodizing process, based on environmental friendly electrolyte solutions has been studied on AZ 91 magnesium alloys by using three types of electrolytes: the first is based on sodium silicate, the second on sodium hydroxide-boric acid-borax and the third on sodium silicate- potassium hydroxide-sodium carbonate-sodium tetra borate. A pretreatment including fluoride activation was applied before the anodizing process. It was found that the anodic film thickness increases as current density or anodizing voltage increases. It is also increased with deposition time until the deposition stops due to the formation of a thick anodic film. Optimization of the anodizing conditions - current density and deposition time- was made for each electrolyte. Characterization of anodizing layer was achieved by determination of surface morphology, microstructure, phase analysis, coat thickness, adhesion and corrosion resistance. In all cases, excellent adhesion and corrosion resistance was obtained. A corrosion efficiency ranging from 94% to 97% was reached;the highest value corresponding to the third electrolyte.

Numerical Investigations on Supercritical Heat Transfer Characteristics of Environmental Friendly Refrigerants

The heat transfer of supercritical fluids is a vastly growing field, specifically to find suitable alternatives to replace conventional R134a, which can be beneficial for climate change. Most of the experimental and numerical investigations have been conducted to explore supercritical water, carbon dioxide and R134a as heat transfer working fluids. Hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) and refrigerants blends have been considered the most environment-friendly refrigerants to replace Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Hydrochlorofluoro-carbons (HCFCs) and Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Their main advantage of zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and comparatively lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) have attracted growing amount of attention to mitigate environmental issues. This work adopts the computational method and takes the environmentally friendly refrigerants to investigate the heat transfer characteristics under widely used shear-stress transport (SST) model. A comprehensive comparison was performed at reduced pressure of 1.10 for supercritical fluids R515A, R1234ze(E) and R134a. The peaks of heat transfer coefficient occurred in the vicinity of pseudo critical temperature for all of these considered fluids;however, R134a resulted in higher heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds number and Prandtl number in comparison with R515A and R1234ze(E). The higher heat transfer coefficient of supercritical fluid R134a is owing to its thermophysical properties and the specific heat plays crucial role in the heat transfer of supercritical fluids. Owing to environmental issues, R515A can be a considerable replacement of R134a. R1234ze(E) is also promising alternative to R134a;however, safety issues should thoroughly concern its mild flammable characteristics.

Research and Application of an Environmental-Friendly Low-Damage and High Salt-Resistance Slick Water Fracturing Fluid System

The Sulige gas field is a typical low-pressure low-permeability tight sandstone gas reservoir. The reservoir has poor seepage capacity, strong heterogeneity, high mineralization of formation water and extremely scarce water resources on the site. These unfavorable factors have brought great difficulties to the on-site mining process. Now, a nano-composite green environmental protection slick water fracturing fluid system CQFR can be quickly dissolved because of the larger specific surface area, and the small molecular size makes the damage to the reservoir less than 5%, and the average drag reduction effect can reach more than 73%. It can quickly and well dissolve and maintain performance under high salinity conditions and fracturing flowback fluids. It responds well to the complex reservoir conditions on the construction site and makes the flowback fluid recyable, which greatly reduces the consumption of water resources on the construction site and effectively improves the construction efficiency and economic benefits.

Analysis of the Environment-friendly Synthesis Approach and Technology Based on CO_2 Instead of the Organic Carbon Sources in Coal and Oil

The ways and technology of synthesis of alcohol, ether, ester, amine ester, lactone, polyester, carbamide and diamond based on CO2 were explored. Using CO2 as potential organic carbon resources not only solves environmental problem, but also eases shortage of resources.

Sustainable Development of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Tibet Based on "Resource Saving and Environment Friendly"

During the ＂13th five-year＂ period,Tibet is building a well-off society in an all-round way and constructing a harmonious socialist new countryside. The pace of economic construction in the west is advanced step by step,and all kinds of economic construction subjects show obvious increasing trend. As one of the regions with rich agriculture and animal husbandry resources,it is inevitable to face the problems that wild resources are gradually consumed,and environmental pollution is severe in Tibet. While developing the economy,it must not damage the environment. To a certain extent,the resource and environment infrastructure is the material basis for economic development. With the gradual progress of economic construction,improvement of residents＇ living standards,and updating of consumption structure,it needs to build,produce and live in the environment of ＂ beautiful Tibet with clean water,blue sky and green＂. In this paper,based on resource-saving and environment-friendly angle,it sufficiently understands the importance and urgency of accelerating sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry in Tibet from the global and strategic heights. It should accelerate Tibet agriculture and animal husbandry taking ＂ resource-saving and environment-friendly＂,put the sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry in an important historical development opportunity,and impel large economic development of plateau agriculture and animal husbandry.

Research on the development of resource of zinc leaching residue process and the implementation of the environment friendly system

In this paper, we conduct research on the development trend of Zinc leaching residue and the construction of environment friendly system. To further strengthen concentration degree of the chemical industry, improve the production efficiency and utilization rate of emissions, realize the comprehensive utilization of energy development and the green development. In China＇ s zinc smelting industry, the use of most of the zinc smelting raw materials contain a small amount of the cobalt, zinc in the process of leaching into the zinc sulfate solution, as a harmful effect of the zinc impurities. For zinc sulfate leaching solution cobalt purification, most of the factories are using zinc powder replacement purification method, the output of the purification of zinc slag in the vast majority of zinc with small part of cadmium and a small amount of nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese and so on. This paper proposes the novel systematic method of the Zinc leaching residue re-use that will promote the further development of the green industry.