Recent Progress of the Solar Wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) Mission

The SMILE(Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer)mission is a joint space science mission between the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and the European Space Agency(ESA),aiming to understand the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth’s magnetosphere in a global manner.As of May 2024,the SMILE mission is in phase-D with an expected launch date of September 2025.This report summarizes developments in the mission during the past two years.

Material Properties and Mold Folded Core Based on Ultra-violet Cured Resins

Ultra-violet(UV)curing is an efficient method for composite molding.Firstly,thermophysical properties of UV cured glass-fiber reinforced plastics are conducted.Material properties are studied for various kinds of postcuring modes.Then the UV curing method is suggested in manufacturing V-crimp folded core for sandwich panels.Two kinds of processing schemes for V-crimp folded core manufacturing using UV curing are presented.Finally,the effect of post-curing on the mechanical properties of folded core sandwiches is experimentally studied,and optimum modes of post-curing are determined.The experimental results show that the ultimate compressive strength of the folded sandwiches is increased by 60% after post-curing with the optimum post-curing mode.

A spectroscopic study on the effect of ultra-violet solar radiation in Antarctica on the human skin fbroblast cells

A study on the effect of the solar ultra-violet radiation on the human skin fibroblast cells revealed that the production of matrix metalloproteinase-2 was inhibited by the radiation.A CO2 incubator connected by optical fibers to a reflector telescope for collecting the solar light was built at Syowa station by the 49th Japanese Antarctica Research Expedition.The direction of the telescope was continuously controlled by a sun-tracker to follow the movement of the Sun automatically.The intensity of the collected light was monitored by a portable spectrophotometer housed inside.The human skin fibroblast cells were incubated in the CO2 chamber to investigate the effect of the solar radiation at Syowa station and were compared with those reference experiments at a laboratory in Japan.The results showed cell damage by strong UV radiation.The production of matrix metalloproteinase-2 was prompted by the moderate UV-B,but was inhibited by the strong UV-B radiation,as studied under laboratory conditions in Japan.The effect of strong solar radiation at Syowa station involving the radiation of UV-B region was estimated to be of the same extent of the radiation caused by an artificial UV-B light with the intensity more than 50 mJ/cm2.

Photocatalytic Activity of Titanium Dioxide Powder Fabricated from an Anodized Titanium Sheet under Ultra-Violet and Visible Light Irradiation

A commercially pure titanium sheet with titanium carbide (TiC) precipitated in its surface layer was anodized in NH4NO3 aqueous solution and heat treated in air. The photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide powder collected from the surface of the anodized titanium sheet was evaluated under ultra-violet and visible light irradiation. It showed relatively high photocatalytic activity in 0.1 mol/l potassium iodide solution, which was almost equal to the activity level of TiO2 powder (P-25) manufactured by Degussa Corporation. The better photocatalytic activity under ultra-violet irradiation is considered to be related to the formation of anatase type titanium dioxide. Photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation was also observed, which was considered to be attributable to impurity doping, (carbon), in the titanium dioxide powder.

Detecting Ultra-Violet Radiation by Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

In this paper sensitivity of chemically synthesized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles to ultra-violet (UV) radiation is investigated. For this purpose three types of ultra-violet photodetectors were fabricated, one with as-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles, another one with TiO2 nanoparticles annealed at 600℃, and the third one with TiO2 nanoparticles annealed at 800℃. In each case the annealing time duration was one hour. The photodetectors were fabricated on glass slides where on them a thin layer of fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) was deposited by spray pyrolysis. The results show that all photodetectors are sensitive to UV radiation where the photodetectors fabricated from annealed TiO2 nanoparticles are more sensitive than the photodetectors fabricated from as-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles.

Biological Defenses against Ultra-Violet, Visible Light, and Near-Infrared Exposure

Objective: Humans are increasingly exposed to artificial light and electromagnetic wave radiation, in addition to solar radiation. Many studies have shown the biological effects of ultra-violet and near-infrared exposure, but few have extensively investigated the innate biological defenses within human tissues against visible light and near-infrared exposure. Herein, we investigated spectral properties of endogenous human biological defenses against ultra-violet to near-infrared. Methods: A double-beam spectrophotometer (190 - 2700 nm) was used to measure the transmission spectra of a saline solution used to imitate perspiration, and oil to imitate sebum, as well as human skin, blood, adipose tissue, and muscle. Results: Saline (thickness, 0.5 mm) blocked 27.5% - 98.6% of ultra-violet, 13.2% - 34.3% of visible light, and 10.7% - 99.8% of near-infrared. Oil (thickness, 0.5 mm) blocked 50.5% - 100% of ultra-violet, 28.7% - 54.8% of visible light, and 19.0% - 98.3% of near-infrared. Blood thicknesses of 0.05 and 0.5 mm blocked over 97.8%, 100% of ultra-violet, over 94.6%, 99.7% of visible light, and over 75.8%, 99.4% of near-infrared, respectively. Skin thicknesses of 0.25 and 0.5 mm blocked over 99.4%, 100% of ultra-violet and over 94.3%, 99.7% of visible light, and over 74.7%, 93.5% of near-infrared, respectively. Adipose tissue thickness of 0.25 and0.5 mm blocked over 98.3%, 100% of ultra-violet, over 94.7%, 99.7% of visible light, and over 88.1%, 98.6% of near-infrared, respectively. Muscle thickness of 0.25 and0.5 mm blocked over 95.4%, 99.8% of ultra-violet, over 93.1%, 99.5% of visible light, and over 86.9%, 98.3% of near-infrared, respectively. Conclusions: Humans possess endogenous biological protection against ultra-violet, visible light and near-infrared exposure on multiple levels, including through perspiration, sebum, blood, skin, adipose tissue, and muscle. Since solar and artificial radiation affects human tissues, biological defenses made of biological materials may be induced to protect subcutaneous tissues against these wavelengths.

Photo-responsive droplet manipulation slippery lubricant-infused porous surface with ultra-high durability

Photo-responsive slippery lubricant-infused porous surface(SLIPS) for droplet manipulation is flexible, noncontact and non-destructive in droplet manipulation, which has promising applications in flexible robotics, microfluidics,biomedicine, and chemical analysis. However, the repeated manipulations for droplets of SLIPSs are quite limited in the works reported so far, the poor durability of droplet manipulation severely limits the practical application of the surfaces. In this paper, an Fe3O4-doped polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-based SLIPS is proposed and implemented to achieve ultra-high repeated droplet manipulation numbers under near-infrared ray(NIR) laser irradiation. Firstly, a micron columnar array structure with micro-pits on the top side, as well as, a wall structure out of the array is designed on SLIPS to reserve the lubricant. Secondly, the prototype of the SLIPS is fabricated by a 3-step ultraviolet(UV) lithography, and subsequently immersed in silicone oil for more than 96 h to obtain the ultra-high durability slippery lubricant-infused porous surface(UD-SLIPS). With a power of 25 m W–85 m W NIR laser, the repeated manipulation of microdroplets(≤ 5 μL) in the scale of 1 cm can exceed more than 3000 times which is far beyond that in previous reports. Finally, the droplet manipulation performance of this photo-responsive UD-SLIPS and the influence of infusion time on durability are investigated. The mechanism of the PDMS swelling effect is found to be the key factor in improving the droplet manipulation durability of SLIPS. The findings of this work would be of great significance for the development of highly durable photo-responsive functional surfaces for droplet manipulation.

Photoionization Mass Spectrometric and Kinetic Modeling of Low-pressure Pyrolysis of Benzene

Pyrolysis of benzene at 30 Torr was studied from 1360 K to 1820 K in this work. Synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry was employed to detect the pyroly- sis products such as radicals, isomers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and measure their mole fraction profiles versus temperature. A low-pressure pyrolysis model of benzene was developed and validated by the experimental results. Rate of production analysis was performed to reveal the major reaction networks in both fuel decomposition and aromatic growth processes. It is concluded that benzene is mainly decomposed via H-abstraction reaction to produce phenyl and partly decomposed via unimolecular decomposition reac- tions to produce propargyl or phenyl. The decomposition process stops at the formation of acetylene and polyyne species like diacetylene and 1,3,5-hexatriyne due to their high thermal stabilities. Besides, the aromatic growth process in the low-pressure pyrolysis of benzene is concluded to initiate from benzene and phenyl, and is controlled by the even carbon growth mechanism due to the inhibited formation of C5 and C7 species which play important roles in the odd carbon growth mechanism.

IMPROVEMENT OF DIMENSIONAL ACCURACY FOR GOLD MICROPART PREPARED BY UV-LIGA

The swelling of SU-8 mold is one of the most important factors influencing the dimensional accuracy of a metal mieropart produced by ultra-violet lithography galvanik abformung（UV-LIGA）. The isolation belt struc- ture is usually employed to enhance the dimensional accuracy of electroformed metal mieropart. However, noble metal is wasted because the isolation belt is filled with metal when noble metal mieroparts are fabricated. There- fore, a semi-isolation belt structure is presented to save noble metal. Furthermore, a high current density is also introduced to shorten the eleetroforming time, and thus the dimensional accuracy of electroformed gold micropart is improved by using the electrolyte jet. The experimental results indicate that both the semi-isolation belt and the high current density can help to enhance the dimensional accuracy of electroformed gold micropart. Its dimen- sional error is only 5 μm at the current density of 0. 6 A/dm2 while the semi-isolation belt structure is used.

应用增爬群改善大雨条件下800 kV叠锥型支柱绝缘子的雨闪性能(英文)

Studies based on AC high voltage tests have been done at Cepel to investigate the performance of 800 kV busbar insulators under heavy wetting conditions.Insulators were tested which are now used on site and also with different configurations of booster sheds.Images recorded by ultra-violet(UV) camera were used to help the investigations on the effectiveness of booster sheds.By comparing UV images of the insulator being stressed with high voltage under heavy artificial rain,with and without booster sheds,it was possible to observe how significant the reduction on the flashover formation process was when booster sheds were used.The effectiveness of booster sheds was also quantified by determining the disruptive discharge of the insulator with and without them.The results of these studies can also be considered as contribution to national and international standard technical committees to improving the standardized procedure for tests on ultra high voltage(UHV) insulators under heavy rain.Subjects such as the clear definition of relevant UHV test procedure and test arrangements,including the use of UV camera,have to be taken into account.

Depletion of the Ozone Layer and Its Consequences: A Review

Ozone (O3) is a stratospheric layer that plays important role in providing support to humans for their survival. It is an essential factor for many global, biological and environmental phenomena. The ultra-violet (UV) rays emitted from sun are captured by ozone and thereby provide a stable ontological structure in the biosphere. Various anthropogenic activities such as emissions of CFCs, HCFCs and other organo-halogens lead to the depletion of ozone. The ozone depletion resulted in secondary production of an ozone layer near the ground (terrestrial ozone layer), which is responsible for adverse effects on plants, humans and environment with increased number of bronchial diseases in humans. The mutations caused by UV rays result in variation in morphogenic traits of plants which ultimately decreases crop productivity. However, UV radiation is required in optimum intensity for both plants and animals. This review takes into an account the wide ranging effects of ozone depletion with a majority of them being detrimental to the plant system.

Experimental study and kinetic analysis of oxidant-free thermal-assisted UV digestion utilizing supported nano-TiO_2 photocatalyst for detection of total phosphorous

A novel thermal-assisted ultra-violet(UV) photocatalysis digestion method for the determination of total phosphorus(TP) in water samples was introduced in this work. The photocatalytic experiments for TP digestion were conducted using a 365 nm wavelength UV light and Ti O2 particles as the photocatalyst. Sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium glycerophosphate were used as the typical components of TP and the digested samples were then determined by spectrophotometry after phosphomolybdenum blue reaction. The effects of operational parameters such as reaction time and temperature were studied for the digestion of TP and the kinetic analysis of two typical components was performed in this paper. The pseudo-first-order rate constants k of two phosphorus compounds at different temperatures were obtained and the Arrhenius equation was employed to explain the effect of temperature on rate constant k. Compared with the conventional thermal digestion method for TP detection, it was found that the temperature was decreased from 120 °C to 60 °C with same conversion rate and time in this thermal-assisted UV digestion method, which enabled the digestion process work at normal pressure. Compared with the individual ultra-violet(UV) photocatalysis process, the digestion time was also decreased from several hours to half an hour using the thermal-assisted UV digestion method. This method will not lead to secondary pollution since no oxidant was needed in the thermal-assisted UV photocatalysis digestion process, which made it more compatible with electrochemical detection of TP.

Update on the ESA-CAS Joint Solar Wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)Mission

The SMILE(Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer)mission aims at deepening our understanding of the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth magnetosphere.It is the first time that ESA and CAS jointly select,design,implement,launch,and operate a space mission.The mission was adopted by CAS in November 2016 and by ESA in March 2019 with a target launch date by the end of 2023.

Recent Advance in the Solar Wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)Mission

The SMILE(Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer)mission is a joint space science mission between the European Space Agency(ESA)and the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),aiming to understand the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth’s magnetosphere in a global manner.The mission was adopted by CAS in November 2016 and by ESA in March 2019 with a target launch date in the year 2024-2025.We report the recent progress of SMILE mission by May,2022.

Enhanced localized and uniform corrosion resistances of bulk nanocrystalline 304 stainless steel in high-concentration hydrochloric acid solutions at room temperature

The localized and uniform corrosion resistances of bulk nanocrystalline 304 stainless steel（NC-304 SS）produced by severe rolling technique, and its conventional polycrystalline 304 stainless steel（CC-304 SS）counterpart, were investigated in high-concentration hydrochloric acid solutions at room temperature.NC-304 SS can scarcely suffer from localized corrosion in 4 mol/L and 5 mol/L HCl solutions during 5-day immersion tests, and in 1-3 mol/L HCl solutions during thirty-five-day immersion tests. The corrosion rate of NC-304 SS was also less than that of CC-304 SS during these immersion tests. The improved localized and uniform corrosion resistances of NC-304 SS were explained in terms of the adsorption and chemical activity of Cl;on NC-304 SS and CC-304 SS characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and the valence electron configurations of NC-304 SS and CC-304 SS were characterized by ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy rather than conventional electrochemical results.

Studies of Electrochemical Catalytic Reduction Reactions of Tetraphenylporphinatocobalt/1,2-Dibromoethane and 1,2-Dichloroethane Systems in Nonaqueous Media

Electrochemical catalytic reactions of tetraphenylporphmatocobalt were studied in DMF and EtCl2 solutions in the presence of 1,2 dibroraoethane and 1,2-dichloroethane utilizing cyclic voltamme-try, thin-layer electrochemistry, in situ UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry and computer digital simulation methods. Homogeneous rate constants for reactions of electrogenerated Co(Ⅰ)TPP species with 1,2-dibro-moethane and 1,2-dichloroethane were determined as 1. 2×103 and 5 mol-1 · dm3 × s-1, respectively. Neither alkylation nor degradation of CoTPP was observed.