Damage Evolution of Ballastless Track Concrete Exposed to Flexural Fatigue Loads:The Application of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity,Impact-echo and Surface Electrical Resistance Method

In order to clarify the fatigue damage evolution of concrete exposed to flexural fatigue loads,ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV),impact-echo technology and surface electrical resistance(SR) method were used.Damage variable based on the change of velocity of ultrasonic pulse(Du) and impact elastic wave(Di)were defined according to the classical damage theory.The influences of stress level,loading frequency and concrete strength on damage variable were measured.The experimental results show that Du and Di both present a three-stages trend for concrete exposed to fatigue loads.Since impact elastic wave is more sensitive to the microstructure damage in stage Ⅲ,the critical damage variable,i e,the damage variable before the final fracture of concrete of Di is slightly higher than that of Du.Meanwhile,the evolution of SR of concrete exposed to fatigue loads were analyzed and the relationship between SR and Du,SR and Di of concrete exposed to fatigue loads were established.It is found that the SR of concrete was decreased with the increasing fatigue cycles,indicating that surface electrical resistance method can also be applied to describe the damage of ballastless track concrete exposed to fatigue loads.

Fuzzy control on automatic frequency tracking of ultrasonic vibration system with high power and high quality factor Q

In order to realize automatic tracking drift of resonance frequency of ultrasonic vibration system with high power and high quality factor Q, adaptive fuzzy control was studied with a self-fabricated ultrasonic plastic welding machine. At first, relations between amplitude of vibration and frequency as well as main loop current and amplitude of vibration were analyzed. From this analysis, we deduced that frequency tracking process of the vibration system can be concluded as an optimizing problem of one dimensional fluctuant extremum of main loop current in vibration system. Then a method of self-optimizing fuzzy control, used for the realization of automatic frequency tracking in vibration system, is presented on the basis of serf-optimizing adaptive control approach and fuzzy control approach. The result of experiments shows that the fuzzy self-optimizing method can solve the problem of tracking frequency drift very well. Response time of tracking in the system is less than 50 ms, which basically meets the requirements of frequency tracking in ultrasonic plastic welding machine.

Study on contactless ultrasonic sensor and seam tracking

The sensitivity of contactless ultrasonic sensor is improved from 3.3% to 26% through acoustic and electric matching technique in this paper.Along dual crest lines auto seam tracking is firstly realized with contactless ultrasonic sensing.The focused acoustic lens is accurately designed, and a sonic beam with 0.5 mm in diameter is achieved. By means of software and hardware technique the accuracy of seam tracking with ultrasonic sensing is 0.5 mm in lateral direction and 0.2 mm in longitudinal direction respectively.

Development of seam tracking system with ultrasonic sensor using self-tuning fuzzy control

One kind of the SAW seam tracking system with contactless ultrasonic sensor is presented in this paper. The new contactless ultrasonic sensor for seam tracking and the working principle of the seam tracking with the sensor are introduced. Based on the experiments, the optimal values of the fuzzy control parameters α and k 3 are defined by means of the off line adjusting method. Because the self tuning fuzzy control is adopted in the seam tracking system, the overshoot of the system is restrained, the steady state error is reduced, and the system's response speed is improved effectively. The results of the SAW seam tracking experiments show that this system's tracking accuracy is up to ±0.5 mm and the system can satisfy the requirements of the engineering application.

Object-tracking robot using ultrasonic sensor and servo motor

This paper proposes a method that rotation angle of servo motor and distance values of ultrasonic sensor are used for tracking an object in real-time while the robot keeps regular distance.Object detection distance widens by using ultrasonic sensors and object recognition,and movement of robot is controlled by angle of servo motor and distance of ultrasonic sensors.Not adopting the existing tracking methods:camera,laser-infrared(LRF)and many ultrasonic sensors,the proposed method proves that it is possible to track object using ultrasonic sensor and servo motor.Trajectory of robot is represented and analysed according to movement of object in limited conditions.

Internal Defects Detection Method of the Railway Track Based on Generalization Features Cluster Under Ultrasonic Images

There may be several internal defects in railway track work that have different shapes and distribution rules,and these defects affect the safety of high-speed trains.Establishing reliable detection models and methods for these internal defects remains a challenging task.To address this challenge,in this study,an intelligent detection method based on a generalization feature cluster is proposed for internal defects of railway tracks.First,the defects are classified and counted according to their shape and location features.Then,generalized features of the internal defects are extracted and formulated based on the maximum difference between different types of defects and the maximum tolerance among same defects’types.Finally,the extracted generalized features are expressed by function constraints,and formulated as generalization feature clusters to classify and identify internal defects in the railway track.Furthermore,to improve the detection reliability and speed,a reduced-dimension method of the generalization feature clusters is presented in this paper.Based on this reduced-dimension feature and strongly constrained generalized features,the K-means clustering algorithm is developed for defect clustering,and good clustering results are achieved.Regarding the defects in the rail head region,the clustering accuracy is over 95%,and the Davies-Bouldin index(DBI)index is negligible,which indicates the validation of the proposed generalization features with strong constraints.Experimental results prove that the accuracy of the proposed method based on generalization feature clusters is up to 97.55%,and the average detection time is 0.12 s/frame,which indicates that it performs well in adaptability,high accuracy,and detection speed under complex working environments.The proposed algorithm can effectively detect internal defects in railway tracks using an established generalization feature cluster model.

Formation and stability of ultrasonic generated bulk nanobubbles

Although various and unique properties of bulk nanobubbles have drawn researchers'attention over the last few years,their formation and stabilization mechanism has remained unsolved.In this paper,we use ultrasonic methods to produce bulk nanobubbles in the pure water and give a comprehensive study on the bulk nanobubbles properties and generation.The ultrasonic wave gives rise to constant oscillation in water where positive and negative pressure appears alternately.With the induced cavitation and presence of dissolved air,the bulk nanobubbles formed."Nanosight"(which is a special instrument that combines dynamic light scattering with nanoparticle tracking analysis)was used to analyze the track and concentration of nanobubbles.Our results show that in our experiment,sufficient bulk nanobubbles were generated and we have proven they are not contaminations.We also found nanobubbles in the ultrasonic water change in both size and concentration with ultrasonic time.

Laser ultrasonic testing for near-surface defects inspection of 316L stainless steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion

The laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)method of additive manufacturing(AM)is increasingly used in various industrial manufacturing fields due to its high material utilization and design freedom of parts.However,the parts produced by L-PBF usually contain such defects as crack and porosity because of the technological characteristics of L-PBF,which affect the quality of the product.Laser ultrasonic testing(LUT)is a potential technology for on-line testing of the L-PBF process.It is a non-contact and non-destructive approach based on signals from abundant waveforms with a wide frequency-band.In this study,a method of LUT for on-line inspection of L-PBF process was proposed,and a system of LUT was established approaching the actual environment of on-line detection to evaluate the method applicability for defects detection of L-PBF parts.The detection results of near-surface defects in L-PBF 316L stainless steel parts show that the crack-type defects with a sub-millimeter level within 0.5 mm depth can be identified,and accordingly,the positions and dimensions information can be acquired.The results were verified by X-ray computed tomography,which indicates that the present method exhibits great potential for on-line inspection of AM processes.

Automatic stabilization of velocity for ultrasonic vibration system

Describes the structure of a current feedback ultrasonic generation system with such characteristic as velocity stabilization and automatic frequency tracking, discusses the velocity stabilization principle, and points out that successful frequency tracking is precondition for velocity stabilization.

基于STM32的频率和功率可调非接触供电超声电源设计

为解决接触式供电中漏电、磨损、电能传输不良以及超声电源在加工中谐振频率漂移、跟踪速度慢、输出功率不稳定等问题,文章以STM32单片机作为主控系统,设计了一种频率和功率可调的非接触供电超声电源。根据采样反馈电路采集的电压电流相位差和有效值信号,采用锁相环和模糊比例积分(Proportional Integral,PI)控制相结合的方法对频率进行跟踪,并用传统PI控制法控制输出功率。在Matlab软件中搭建电源仿真模型,利用附加电阻、附加电感和附加电容模拟加工过程中负载参数的突变,对有频率调节和功率控制子系统以及没有子系统的电源模型分别进行仿真。仿真结果表明,电源输出功率稳定在248 W。当负载参数发生改变时,电源的谐振频率发生漂移,经过频率自动跟踪子系统的调节后,电源在0.01 s后重新回到谐振状态。此控制算法实现了频率快速跟踪和功率控制。

超声焊接全状态频率跟踪算法

超声金属焊接负载重且变化剧烈,易导致换能器出现无阻性点和电源频率误跟踪。基于梅森等效模型,提出一种能同时计算出谐振频率与反谐振频率,避免误跟踪的全状态频率跟踪算法。存在阻性点时,利用3个不同发波频率及其对应的相位差,算出跟踪目标频率;当换能器处于无阻性点状态时,把跟踪目标变为相位差最小点,从而实现全状态频率跟踪。通过仿真软件对算法进行仿真,算法能有效避免误跟踪。焊接试验结果表明,能较易实现谐振频率和反谐振频率的频率跟踪,在无阻性点的工况下焊接过程平稳。

难加工材料纵扭超声振动辅助铣削加工研究进展

纵扭复合超声振动辅助铣削(LTUVAM)是在刀具轴向与扭转方向上施加高频微幅振动的一种辅助铣削技术,具有降低切削力与切削热、提高工件表面质量、提高表面残余压应力、减少刀具磨损等诸多优点。本文围绕难加工材料的铣削加工进行了系统综述。在设备制造方面,阐述了纵扭复合超声振动系统的结构设计方法与工作原理;在工艺开发方面,从LTUVAM的切削刃运动轨迹及切削特性入手,分析各类材料的切削加工性能,并总结了LTUVAM的优势及应用。最后,本文对LTUVAM的未来发展趋势进行展望。

基于STM32的小车跟随行驶系统设计

跟随行驶系统是一种连续性跟踪并检测运动目标轨迹参数的系统。小车的跟随行驶系统可以提供跟随目标的空间定位运动轨迹,不需要过多的人为控制,实现了自动化、智能化。该系统由跟随小车和循迹小车两部分组成,主要包括红外传感模块、超声波距离检测模块、电机驱动模块、电源模块。采用STM32F103单片机作为小车主要控制芯片,通过PWM技术对运动速度以及舵机的方向进行控制。超声波测距模块用于感应跟随物体的位置,控制跟随小车与物体之间的距离,使小车可以在检测到物体停下时停止运动,防止发生碰撞。

超磁致伸缩旋转超声加工系统研究进展

旋转超声加工是集传统旋转机加工方式和超声振动于一体的新型特种加工方法,在加工硬脆材料时具有切削力小、切削效率高、工件表面质量高、刀具寿命增长等优势。超磁致伸缩旋转超声加工系统具有相同功率条件下伸缩系数大、能量密度高等优点,在大功率、大振幅研究方面的前景广阔,是目前广受关注的一种新型旋转超声系统。因此,总结了超磁致伸缩旋转超声加工系统的核心功能部件和关键设计技术,综述了当下的超磁致伸缩旋转超声加工系统振幅控制研究现状,并展望其未来发展趋势。

不同负载下液化换能器动态电阻特性研究

针对液化超声中超声振子在不同负载下工作导致的换能器发热不同,进而影响换能器工作效率和使用寿命问题,从理论和实验方面研究了工作在串联谐振点的换能器在不同负载环境下的动态电阻变化和发热特性。研究获得了不同液体负载条件如不同液体温度、液体黏稠度、浸入深度、液体密度等下,换能器的动态电阻变化与换能器发热量的映射关系。针对串联谐振频率下的换能器,通过理论计算得到了动态电阻与电压电流关系。针对阻抗分析仪驱动功率较低,不能准确测试换能器有载时的动态电阻变化趋势的缺点,设计了一种测试换能器有载时的动态电阻变化趋势的方案。基于频率追踪芯片实现了频率追踪电路,保证了超声换能器工作频率始终处于换能器串联谐振点。本研究可为提升工作在复杂负载环境下的超声电源可靠性提供参考。

基于BP神经网络算法的超声电源频率追踪技术

超声振动系统主要由超声换能器和超声复合加工电源组成。其中超声换能器在加工过程中受到多种因素影响,会发生谐振频率漂移现象;超声复合加工电源需要输出对应频率的电信号,保证超声振动系统的稳定工作。为避免超声换能器损坏,设计一种基于BP神经网络算法的控制模型,通过分析超声电源运行历史数据来实现对超声电源输出频率的控制。利用Multisim对电路进行仿真,并通过试验采集理论谐振频率在25 kHz的超声换能器稳定工作时超声复合加工电源的输出信号,通过Matlab建模仿真来验证BP神经网络模型的控制精度和可靠性。结果表明,产生的模拟输出与实际输出频率最大误差不超过5%,有助于超声复合加工电源的稳定工作。

用于超声散斑跟踪血流测速的多角度平面波局部运动补偿

血流速度剖面用于计算壁面剪切率等血流动力学指标,与动脉粥样硬化病程发展密切相关。超快超声散斑跟踪广泛用于血流速度剖面估计,然而多角度平面波复合成像存在血流散射体的运动伪影,不利于流速估计。提出了一种多角度平面波复合成像的局部运动补偿法,对射频信号时间序列的相邻帧进行局部运动补偿来消除不同径向位置的运动伪影,从而提高流速测量准确性。相比直接相干复合,B-MoCo法将仿真、仿体实验中流速测量结果的归一化均方根误差平均减小了10.37%、37.82%,说明了B-MoCo法的有效性。基于兔骼动脉的实测实验进一步证明了B-MoCo法的临床可行性。综上,B-MoCo法能够有效提高血流速度剖面的测量精度,有助于相关心血管疾病的早期诊断与病程监测。

频率跟踪的超声波电源研究与设计

为了解决换能器在工作过程中谐振频率漂移的问题,对换能器的等效电路模型以及匹配网络进行了研究,分析了换能器谐振点的特性,提出了一种基于双路电流信号的谐振频率跟踪的控制方法。该方法通过采样两路电流信号的有效值以及相位,计算出系统状态,并通过变步长控制对电源输出电压频率进行调整。利用示波器检测系统的追踪效果,实验结果表明,基于该方法设计的超声波电源能够在负载动态变化时快速对频率跟踪,且跟踪精度达到1 Hz。

课堂录播系统中的行为检测与目标跟踪研究

文章详细介绍了课堂录播系统中行为检测与目标追踪的对象类型,通过专业的研究与分析,对行为检测与目标追踪进行了科学设计,包含明确行为检测标准、更新目标追踪技术、设置行为检测与目标追踪模型、预测目标行为状态、监测课堂录播行为等。根据行为状态与课堂表现,通过严格监督课堂师生行为的具体变化,文章提出了改进课堂教授状态的针对性建议,保障了课堂教授效果。

基于改进粒子群算法的超声雾化电源频率跟踪

超声波雾化技术由于其良好的雾化效果获得了广泛关注,具有极大的研究价值和应用前景。但是在超声雾化的过程中,由于换能器的温度变化、刚度变化以及在水中的负载变化等因素,会产生谐振频率漂移的现象。当工作频率偏移谐振频率时,将造成换能器的工作效率降低和元器件损坏等问题。针对此问题,设计了基于改进粒子群算法优化PID参数的超声雾化电源频率跟踪算法,并对该算法进行频率跟踪的仿真验证和实验对比,在频率跟踪上实现了更好的效果,使换能器能够稳定工作在谐振状态,提高了电源的利用率。