Adenosine cyclic phosphate with ultrasonic-assisted pectinase extraction alleviated allergic reactions in RBL-2H3 through inhibiting the influx of intracellular Ca^(2+)

Jujube contains abundant cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)and the ultrasonic-assisted pectinase extraction(UAPE)conditions for obtaining the maximum cAMP yield from jujube were optimized.Orthogonal array design was applied to evaluate the effects of 4 variables by UAPE on cAMP yield.The results showed that the optimal cAMP yield(783.0μg/g)was derived at ratio of liquid to solid 5 mL/g,ratio of pectinase to raw material 1.5%,time 60 min and temperature 40℃.Moreover,the effect of cAMP on the anti-allergic function of action induced by immunoglobulin E(IgE)and its meschanism was investigated through establishing the sensitized cell model in rat basophilic leukemia(RBL-2 H3)cells using dinitrophenylated(DNP)-bovine serum albumin(BSA)-IgE.The results showed that cAMP interfered with sensitized cells,effectively inhibited the occurrence of basophil degranulation in dose dependence,and significantly reduced the activity ofβ-hexosamindase(β-hex),at the optimal concentration of 50μg/mL.The level of anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10(IL-10)was promoted and the content of pro-inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)was suppressed by cAMP.In addition,influx of intracellular Ca^(2+) was repressed effectively.Our results demonstrate that jujube cAMP regulated the cytokine balance in the allergy pathway through blocking the influx of extracellular Ca^(2+),with the prevention of allergy symptoms.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from American Ginseng and Evaluation of Its Immunostimulating Activity

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction （UAE） of American ginseng polysaccharides （AGP） was investigated using response surface methodology. Three-factor-three-level Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the ultrasonic power, extraction time and ratio of water to raw material to obtain a high AGP yield. The analysis of variance and response surface plots indicated that ultrasonic power was the most important factor affecting the extraction yield. The optimal conditions were ultrasonic power 400 W, extraction time 71 min, and ratio of water to raw material 33 mL g-1. Under these conditions, the yield of AGP was 8.09%, which was agreed closely to the predicted value. Gas chromatography （GC） analysis showed that AGP was composed of arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, and galacturonic acid. Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed the general characteristic absorption peaks of AGP. In addition, AGP exhibited good immunostimulating activities by up-regulating the production of nitric oxide and cytokines. Compared with hot water extraction, UAE required shorter extraction time and gave a higher extraction yield, without changing the structure and immunostimulating activity of AGP. The results indicated that UAE could be an effective and advisable technique for the large scale production of plant polysaccharides.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Ajuga nipponensis extract by ultrasonic-assisted extraction

Objective: To investigate suitable condition for extraction of the active components from Ajuga nipponensis(A. nipponensis). Methods: Orthogonal experimental design was used to determine the optimal extraction parameters for ecdysterones and flavonoids. Finally, the hepatoprotective abilities of A. nipponensis extracts were evaluated by CCl_4-induced animal models. Results:Maximum yields of flavonoids(7.87±0.10) mg/g and ecdysterones(0.73±0.02) mg/g could be obtained when the extraction time was 50 min, the extraction temperature was 60 ℃, and the ratio of sample to 70%(v/v) ethanol was 1:20(w/w). The antioxidant property of A. nipponensis was correlated to the concentration of its extracts. At 5 mg/m L, A. nipponensisextract scavenged 84.8% of DPPH radical and had absorbance values of 2.43±0.04 reducing power. Upon CCl_4-induced liver injury, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase decreased significantly after the mice were treated with A. nipponensis. Histological researches also explained that A. nipponensis reduced the extent of liver lesions induced by CCl_4. Conclusions: A. nipponensis exhibited potent antioxidant activity in chemical experimental models and hepatoprotective effect against CCl_4-induced liver damage.

Optimization of Response Surface of Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Rizhao Black Tea

[ Objectivel The aim was to determine the optimal technology for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of black tea was determined. [ Methed] Taking Black Tea as materials, the Box-Behnken response surface design method of tea polyphenols ultrasonic-assisted extraction process optimi- zation was applied. The regression optimization model of the ethanol volume fraction, ultrasonic time, and ultrasonic temperature, ethyl acetate extract stalling time and tea polyphenols was established. [ Result] The influence of four factors on the black tea polyphenol solvents affecting size was as follows： ultrasonic time 〉 ethanol volume fraction 〉 stalling extraction time 〉 ultrasound temperature. The best extraction process was ultrasonic time 80 min, volume fraction of 88.99% ethanol, extraction time 89.97 min, ultrasonic temperature of 80℃. At the optimized technical parameters, the black tea phenolic extraction yield can be as high as 73.50%. [ Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the development of tea leaves and black tea.

Mathematical modeling for of arctigenin from acidultrasonic-assisted extractionhydrolyzed FructusArctii

A mathematical model based on Fick's first lawwas established to describe the process of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of arctigenin from acid hydrolyzed FructusArctii.Acid hydrolization with hydrochloric acid promotes the conversion of arctiin to arctigenin in the arctiin-rich active pharmaceutical ingredient, and the hydrolyzed products were further examined to investigate the process setup. By considering the mechanism of the extraction process and experimental data, the effects of parameters including solven to solid ratio, particle size of hydrolyzed samples, ethano volume fraction, ultrasound power, extraction temperature and extraction time on concentration of arctigenin were analyzed in detail. The model was suitable for simulating the process of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of arctigenin. The simulation results of the model agree well with experimental data with the deviation below13%, indicating that the mathematical mode can provide valuable guidance for the extraction of arctigenin from acid hydrolyzed FructusArctii.

Effects of ultrasonic-assisted extraction on bioactive compounds,volatile flavors and antioxidant activities of vine tea water extracts

Background:Ampelopsis grossedentata,vine tea,which is the tea alternative beverages in China.In vine tea processing,a large amount of broken tea is produced,which has low commercial value.Methods:This study investigates the influence of different extraction methods(room temperature water extraction,boiling water extraction,ultrasonic-assisted room temperature water extraction,and ultrasonic-assisted boiling water extraction,referred to as room temperature water extraction(RE),boiling water extraction(BE),ultrasonic assistance at room temperature water extraction(URE),and ultrasonic assistance in boiling water extraction(UBE))on the yield,dihydromyricetin(DMY)content,free amino acid composition,volatile aroma components,and antioxidant properties of vine tea extracts.Results:A notable influence of extraction temperature on the yield of vine tea extracts(P<0.05),with BE yielding the highest at 43.13±0.26%,higher than that of RE(34.29±0.81%).Ultrasound-assisted extraction significantly increased the DMY content of the extracts(P<0.05),whereas DMY content in the RE extracts was 59.94±1.70%,that of URE reached 66.14±2.78%.Analysis revealed 17 amino acids,with L-serine and aspartic acid being the most abundant in the extracts,nevertheless ultrasound-assisted extraction reduced total free amino acid content.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated an increase in the diversity and quantity of compounds in the vine tea water extracts obtained through ultrasonic-assisted extraction.Specifically,69 and 68 volatile compounds were found in URE and UBE extracts,which were higher than the number found in RE and BE extracts.In vitro,antioxidant activity assessments revealed varying antioxidant capacities among different extraction methods,with RE exhibiting the highest DPPH scavenging rate,URE leading in ABTS•+free radical scavenging,and BE demonstrating superior ferric ion reducing antioxidant activity.Conclusion:The findings suggest that extraction methods significantly influence the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of vine tea extracts.Ultrasonic-assisted extraction proved instrumental in elevating the DMY content in vine tea extracts,thereby enriching its flavor profile while maintaining its antioxidant properties.

Isolation and purification of carbazole contained in anthracene slag by extraction combined with medium pressure liquid chromatography

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction(UAE)combined with medium pressure liquid chromatography(MPLC)was designed for carbazole separation from anthracene slag(AS).The effects of liquid/solid ratio,temperature,and extraction times on carbazole separation were investigated.When using CC14 and ethyl acetate as extraction solvents and combining with MPLC,carbazole recovery and purity are 75.1%and 95.4%,respectively.The mechanism for carbazole separation were presumed by examining intermolecular interactions such as N-H…π,π-π,and C-Cl…πinteractions.These results demonstrate that UAE/MPLC has a considerable potential as a green and promising strategy for separating and purifying carbazole and other chemicals from AS.

Optimization of Extraction Process of Quercetin from Flos Sophorae Immaturus Using Orthogonal Design

[Objectives]This study aimed to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of quercetin from Flos Sophorae Immaturus.[Methods]The natural product quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was extracted by ultrasonic-assisted method,and the content of quercetin in the extract was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.The effect of ethanol concentration,solid/liquid ratio,temperature,time and ultrasonic power on the yield of quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was investigated by using single-factor experiments.Based on the results of single-factor experiments,an orthogonal experiment was designed to optimize the extraction process.The experimental data obtained were subjected to range analysis,analysis of variance and SSR test using SPSS 20.0 software to obtain the optimal extraction process.The results concluded were verified.[Results]The optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction process for quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was as follows:temperature of 85℃,time of 30 min,solid/liquid ratio of 1∶20 g/mL,ethanol concentration of 50%.Under the optimal extraction conditions,the yield of quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was the highest.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus.

Optimization of the Extraction Technology of Chlorogenic Acid from Sunflower Meal Using Response Surface Methodology

[ Objective] To optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of chlorogenic acid from sunflower meal. [ Method] Based on the sin-gle-factor test, the extraction factors of ethanol concentration, extraction temperature and extraction time were optimized using the response surface methodology with the extraction rate of chlorogenic acid as the response value. [ Result] The optimum extraction conditions of chlorogenic acid from sunflower meal were 57% of ethanol concentration, 39 min of extraction time, 53 ~C of extraction temperature, 100 W of ultrasonic power, 1 ： 14 （ g/ ml） of solid-liquid ratio and one time of extraction. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of chlorogenic acid was 2.25%. [ Conclusion] Ultra-sonic assisted extraction method has high extraction rate but short time, the study provides a theoretical basis for the industrialized production of chlorogenic acid in sunflower meal.

Extraction Hydrolysates from Larimichthys Polyactis Swim Bladder Using Enzymatic Hydrolysis

As a kind of biopolymer,hydrolysates of fish swim bladder,safer than those of land mammals,are widely used in food,cosmetics as well as pharmaceutical and biomedical fields for their biocompatibility,biodegradability,and weak antigenicity.To enhance hydrolysate production,in this paper,the papain and alcalase hydrolysis processes of larimichthys polyactis swim bladder were optimized with orthogonal experiments.With 89.5%hydrolysate yield,the optimal processing conditions for alcalase were solid-liquid ratio of 1:30,enzyme concentration of 0.7%,and extraction time of 6 h.As for papain,under the optimal processing conditions:solid-liquid ratio of 1:20,enzyme concentration of 0.5%,and extraction time of 8 h,the hydrolysate yield was 65.1%.To obtain higher hydrolysate yields,the ultrasonic pretreatments were implemented before the optimal enzyme hydrolysis processes.With ultrasonic waves of 100 W for 50 min,the hydrolysate yields were increased 2.1%(alcalase)and 4.5%(papain),respectively.The Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR)spectroscopic analysis revealed that the hydrolysates extracted by papain exist in triple-helical forms.The Ultra-Violet(UV)absorption spectra indicated that the aromatic amino acids in the hydrolysates had strong absorptions in the wavelength range of 240 nm–300 nm.The results of this research demonstrate that the alcalase hydrolysates have better solubility in water and the solution is more stable under ambient temperature.However,the hydrolysates extracted by papain have a gel property and are insoluble in weak acid at room temperature,which is more suitable for applications in feedstock of biomedical.

Determination of Total Flavonoids in Acanthopanax senticosus(Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms by Enzymolysis and Its Technological Optimization

In order to optimize the ultrasonic extraction technique for the total flavonoid of leaf yellows plus, the contents of 21 leaf yellows plus total flavonoid from four regions in Heilongjiang Province were comparatively analyzed. The ultrasonic extraction technology was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface method, and the total flavonoid content of 21 kinds of Acanthopanax senticosus(Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms from different producing areas were analyzed by cluster analysis. The optimal process conditions were determined as ultrasonic time 30 min, solid-liquid ratio 1 : 12 and ultrasonic power 250 W, and the average yield of the total flavonoid was 1.453 mg·g^ (-1). By optimizing the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method, the total flavonoid content from different producing areas was compared in the experiment, which provided certain data support for the optimization of the extraction process in the future and laid a certain theoretical foundation for the quality analysis of Chinese medicinal materials.

Analysis of volatile components in saffron from Tibet and Henan by ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction and GC-MS

To determine the chemical constituents of volatile components in saffron from the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Henan Province of China and to compare the chemical composition difference in the saffron,the total volatile components were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction（USE）,using five different solvents：diethyl ether,ethanol,ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and acetone,analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）and compared to the standard MS data,and their relative contents were calculated by area normalization.The results showed both that USE was an efficient and rapid method for the extraction of the volatile components from saffron and that the components extracted from the same sample using different solvents were different.Comparison of the experimental results of saffron from the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Henan Province of China showed that their volatile components were different in their chemical composition and in their relative percentages.USE/GC-MS is a simple,rapid,and effective method for the analysis of volatile oil components in saffron.

Determination of Lignans in Schisandra sphenanthera and Schisandra chinensis Using Ionic Liquid-based Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction and High-performance Liquid Chromatography

A green, rapid and precise sample pretreatment technique, IL-based UAE（ionic liquid-based ultrasonic- assisted extraction）, was coupled with high-performance liquid chromatographic separation to identify the main effective components in Schisandra sphenanthera（S, sphenanthera） and Schisandra chinensis（S, ehinensis） including schisantherin A, schisandrin A, and deoxyschizandrin. Four different types of ionic liquids have been investigated, finally [C6MIM][BF4] was used as the extraction solvent. A powder form of S. sphenanthera and S. chinensis was mixed with the [C6MIM][BF4] to produce a suspension. This suspension was ultrasonically extracted in a water bath at room temperature. Several of the process parameters were optimized, including the type of ionic liquid used and its volume, the sample amount, the size of the sample particle, the extraction time, etc. HPLC calibration curves were estab-lished for all the analytes and proved to be linear（r〉0.9999）. The lowest detection level for schisandrin A was 0.12μg/mL, for schisantherin A was 0.08 μg/mL, and for deoxyschizandfin was 0.10μg/mL. The recoveries of the target compounds were from 74.19% to 109.33%. The standard deviations for detection were generally no more than 6.31%. In contrast to conventional extraction methods, the IL-based UAE did not involve volatile organic volatile solvents, and the analysis time, required sample and solvent vohtrnes were also lower than those of the conventional techniques.

Optimization of Conditions for Extracting Luteolin from Ternate Grape Fern Herb by an Orthogonal Experiment

[Objectives] This study was conducted to optimize the extraction process of luteolin, a natural product of Ternate Grape Fern Herb, so as to provide a theoretical research basis for the chemical composition, pharmacological research and preparation development of Ternate Grape Fern Herb. [Methods] The effects of four factors including ultrasonic extraction time, liquid-to-material ratio, ultrasonic extraction temperature and ethanol concentration on extraction yield of luteolin from Ternate Grape Fern Herb were investigated by the ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology, through a single-factor experiment and an orthogonal experiment based on the single-factor experiment, and the experimental data was subjected to variance analysis and SSR analysis of the significance of differences between groups by SPSS20.0 software to select the optimal extraction process conditions. [Results] The optimal extraction process conditions were as follows: ultrasonic extraction time 25 min, liquid-to-material ratio 25∶1 ml/g, ethanol volume fraction 60%, ultrasonic extraction temperature 85 ℃. [Conclusions] The results were verified, and it was determined that the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process established in this study is reasonable and reliable, and can be used for the extraction of luteolin.

超声波协同半仿生法提取金银花-连翘药对中4种成分的工艺研究

目的:优选金银花-连翘(1∶1)药对的超声波协同半仿生法提取工艺。方法:采用正交试验设计法,以金银花-连翘(1∶1)药对中绿原酸、连翘脂苷A、木犀草苷及连翘苷的含量为综合评分指标,考察料液比、提取时间、提取温度3个因素对提取效果的影响,进行验证试验。结果:3种因素对有效成分提取率的影响大小顺序为料液比>提取时间>提取温度,其中料液比具有显著性影响;超声波协同半仿生法提取的最优工艺参数为料液比1∶50、提取温度60℃、超声波时间60 min。结论:优选的超声波协同半仿生法提取工艺操作简单、结果稳定可行,可用于金银花-连翘(1∶1)药对的提取。

GC-MS Analysis of Seeds from Different Pomegranate Varieties

[Objectives]This study aimed to study and analyze the main components of the oil from seeds of 8 different pomegranate varieties.[Methods]The oil in sour and sweet pomegranate seeds was extracted by ultrasonic-assisted method,and the composition of the soil after methyl esterification was identified by GC-MS.[Results]The oil yield of the four sweet pomegranate varieties and the four sour pomegranate varieties ranged from 9.43%-16.97%.A total of 6 compounds were identified in the methyl esterified pomegranate seed oil by GC-MS.[Conclusions]There were no significant differences in oil yield between sweet and sour pomegranate varieties(P>0.05).The content of methyl punicate in the four sweet pomegranate varieties was 52.18%-78.06%,and that in the four sour pomegranate varieties was 78.25%-84.55%.The content of methyl punicate in sour pomegranate was slightly higher than that in sweet pomegranate.