Method Verification and Validation of Hydralazine Hydrochloride: Spectrophotometric Analysis in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations

The new method proposed is based on the formation of hydralazine-Bromophenol blue ion pair simply and without further extraction or heating. The ion pair was prepared in the presence of pH 3 citrate buffer forming a yellow-colored chromogen. A new maximum UV-visible band formed at 416 nm. The color was stable for more than 10 hours and obeyed Beer’s Law over the concentration range of 10 - 50 µg/mL. The calculated molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity were 1.01 × 104 L∙mol−1∙cm−1 and 0.0514 µg/mL, respectively. The elements of method validation stipulated by The International Conference on Harmonization [Q2 (R1)] were applied for hydralazine hydrochloride assay in pure and pharmaceutical tablet formulation. The average recoveries of the pure solution and the pharmaceutical formulation were 98.94% and 99.50%, respectively. The results were statistically compared by F-test, which indicates that the method can be precise and repeatable for both pure and pharmaceutical solutions. The method was found to be accurate, reproducible, and cost-effective, and validated for the assay of hydralazine in terms of the routine quality control.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Water-Soluble Hexavalent Chromium and Determination of Total Hexavalent Chromium Content of Portland Cement in the Presence of Iron (III) and Titanium (IV) Using Derivative Ratio Spectrophotometry

A rapid, reliable and accurate method for the determination of hexavalent chromium in Portland cement is developed. The proposed method includes direct spectrophotometric determination of Cr (VI) in Portland cement with 1, 2, 5, 8 Tetrahydroxyanthraquinone, (Quinalizarin, QINZ) at pH 1.5. The European Directive (2003/53/EC) limits the use of cements so that it contains no more than 2 mg.Kg-1 of water-soluble Cr (VI). The absorbance at 565 nm due to Cr (VI)-QINZ complex is recommended for the determination of water-soluble Cr (VI) in Portland cement. The quantification of Cr (VI) released from cement when mixed with water is performed according to TRGS 613 (Technical Rules of Hazardous Substances). The validity of the method is thoroughly examined and the proposed method gives satisfactory results. A derivative spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of total Cr (VI) in Portland cement in the presence of Fe (III) and Ti (IV). The hexavalent chromium complex formed at pH 1.5 allows precise and accurate determination of chromium (VI) over the concentration range 0.05 to 3.0 mg.L-1of chromium (VI). The validity of the method was examined by analyzing several Standard Reference Material (SRM) Portland cement samples. The MDL (at 95% confidence level) was found to be 25 ng/mL for chromium (VI) in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) cement samples using the proposed method.

The thermal and storage stability of bovine haemoglobin by ultraviolet-visible and circular dichroism spectroscopies

The effects of temperature,pH and long-term storage on the secondary structure and conformation changes of bovine haemoglobin（bHb） were studied using circular dichroism（CD） and ultraviolet-visible（UV-vis） spectroscopies.Neural network software was used to deconvolute the CD data to obtain the fractional content of the five secondary structures.The storage stability of bHb solutions in pH 6,7 and8 buffers was significantly higher at 4 ℃ than at 23 ℃ for the first 3 days.A complete denaturation of bHb was observed after 40 days irrespective of storage temperature or pH.The bHb solutions were also exposed to heating and cooling cycles between 25 and 65 ℃ and structural changes were followed by UVvis and CD spectroscopies.These experiments demonstrated that α-helix content of bHb decreased steadily with the increasing temperature above 35 ℃ at all pH values.The loss in a-helicity and gain in random coil conformations was pH-dependent and the greatest under alkaline conditions.Furthermore,there was minimal recovery of the secondary structure content upon cooling to 25 ℃.The use of bHb as a model drug is very common and this study elucidates the significance of storage and processing conditions on its stability.

Study on the ultraviolet-visible spectral feature of tobacco leaves by pattern recognition

In order to differentiate regions, varieties, and parts of tobacco leaves, two pattern recognition methods through pattern classification modeling were developed based on the comprehensive information of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy （UV-VIS） by employing one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA1） and wave range random combination （WRRC） technology from MATLAB. This proposed classification method has never been reported previously and the instrument and operation for this method is much more convenient and efficient than previous reported classification methods. The result of this paper demonstrated that the spectral features extracted by ANOVAI and WRRC methods could be used to differentiate tobacco leaves with different patterns. The ANOVAI method had a training recognition rate range of 75.00-87.50%,4 and a validation recognition rate range of 57.14-100%. The WRRC method had a training recognition rate range of 75.00-94.12% and a validation recognition rate range of 66.67-100%. The ANOVAI method is more convenient and efficient in model developing, while the WRRC method utilizes fewer model variables and is more robust.

A Comparative Analysis of Caffeine Extraction Efficiency from Different Tea Varieties and Its Effect on Human Physiology: A Spectrophotometric Investigation

The current work imitates the trivial method which intricates the abstraction along with classification of caffeine accessible in variability of decoction shrubberies which are expended in two different states of India (Telengana & Uttar Pradesh). As per observation individuals of both the states are identical tender of consumption of tea. Abstraction progression tangled variability of stages which are discoursed in the work. In addition, the outcome of drinking of caffeine or the permitted ingestion of caffeine over tea has also been conferred through the work and linked the data with the literature data. In this study, we used a UV-visible spectrophotometer as well as liquid-liquid extraction method to determine the caffeine content in various tea samples. The significance of this study lies in the fact that accurate determination of caffeine content is essential for quality control and labeling of tea products. The UV-visible spectrophotometer method was found to be simple, reliable, and sensitive for the detection of caffeine in tea samples.

Rapid accuracy determining DNA purity and concentration in heavy oils by spectrophotometry methods

DNA analysis is the core of biotechnology applied in petroleum resources and engineering. Traditionally accurate determination of DNA purity and concentration by spectrometer is the first and critical step for downstream molecular biology research. In this study, three different spectrophotometry methods, BPM, NDTT and NPMTTZ were compared for their performance in determining DNA concentration and purity in 32 oil samples, and molecule methods like quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and high-throughput sequence were also performed to help assess the accuracy of the three methods in determining DNA concentration and purity. For ordinary heavy oil (OHO), extra heavy oil (EHO) and super heavy oil (SHO), the characteristics of high viscosity (η), density (ρ) and resin plus asphaltene content will affect the DNA extraction and UV determination. The DNA concentration was decreased as density increased: OHO (11.46 ± 18.34 ng/μL), EHO (6.68 ± 9.67 ng/μL) and SHO (6.20 ± 7.83 ng/μL), and the DNA purity was on the reverse: OHO (1.31 ± 0.27), EHO (1.54 ± 0.20), and SHO (1.83 ± 0.32). The results suggest that spectrophotometry such as BPM and NPMTTZ are qualitatively favorite methods as the quick non-consumable methods in determining DNA concentration and purity of medium oil and heavy oil.

Determination of Total Lignanoids in Tangjiangshenkang Granules by Two-Wavelength Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry

[Objectives] To establish a determination method for the content of total lignanoids in Tangjiangshenkang granules. [Methods] Two-wavelength ultraviolet spectrophotometry (TWBS) was used to scan arctiin control solution, chlorogenic acid control solution and Tangjiangshenkang granule test solution in the range of 200-400 nm. In the ultraviolet scanning diagram of arctiin reference solution, the maximum absorption wavelength of 280 nm was determined as the determination wavelength λ 1, the detection wavelength in the ultraviolet scanning diagram of chlorogenic acid reference solution ( λ 1=280 nm) was determined, and 350 nm was the reference wavelength λ 2;the content of total lignosides in Tangjiangshenkang granules was determined with arctiin as the reference substance. [Results] The precision, accuracy, and durability of this method were fine. The concentration of arctiin was linearly correlated with the absorbance difference in the range of 0.007 95-0.071 55 mg/mL ( r =0. 999 9). The average recovery of arctiin was 100.8%, and the RSD value was 1.04% ( n =6). Calculated as arctiin, three batches of Tangjiangshenkang granules contain no less than 20% of total lignosides. [Conclusions] The method has the advantages of simple operation, good accuracy, precision and reliable stability. It can be used as the content determination and quality control method of total lignosides in Tangjiangshenkang granules.

水基炭黑-胶原蛋白纳米流体制备及稳定性实验

纳米流体由于其优异的光热转换性能,已成为新型太阳能集热介质的研究重点;但因其稳定性差、制备工艺复杂,未能在实际应用中得到推广。本文以去离子水为基液,通过两步法制备炭黑-胶原蛋白纳米流体。探究了材料添加顺序、胶原蛋白种类、超声时间、材料配比以及溶液pH等对纳米流体稳定性的影响。结果表明,制备水基炭黑-胶原蛋白纳米流体时,先分散炭黑再加入胶原蛋白可以提高其稳定性;猪皮胶原蛋白更适用于炭黑-胶原蛋白纳米流体的制备;超声45min,炭黑胶原蛋白质量配比为1/20,悬浮液pH在6.5~7.5之间制备得到的纳米流体稳定性较好。本研究有助于今后水基炭黑-胶原蛋白纳米流体产业化应用于太阳能光热转换领域。

亚甲蓝分光光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂含量的方法改进

对亚甲蓝分光光度法(GB 7494—1987)测定水中阴离子表面活性剂含量进行了方法改进。以毒性相对较小的二氯甲烷取代三氯甲烷作为萃取剂,试管取代分液漏斗,利用振荡器进行萃取。结果表明:改进方法的最佳萃取时间为1.5 min,单个样品的分析时间在10 min以内;十二烷基苯磺酸钠标准曲线的线性范围在2.0 mg·L^(-1)以内,检出限(3s/k)为0.0297 mg·L^(-1);对十二烷基苯磺酸钠标准溶液重复测定6次,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于9.0%;对空白样品进行加标回收试验,回收率为95.0%~99.1%。

双波长光度法测定热处理橡胶木中支链淀粉和直链淀粉的含量

橡胶木中直链淀粉和支链淀粉的组成比例直接影响淀粉的化学特性,橡胶木热处理过程中,淀粉发生不同程度热降解影响其比例发生变化,分析其含量变化将为热处理橡胶木热解机制研究提供理论基础.研究采用单因素法优化了提取方法参数,并建立了双波长光度法检测橡胶木中直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量的定量分析方法,检验了该分析方法的精密度、稳定性和加标回收率.结果表明,直链淀粉和支链淀粉的标准曲线方程分别为y=0.02499x-0.1136和y=0.00159x-0.0005,其回归系数R^(2)均为0.998,方法前处理样品简便、快速,分析方法稳定性好、灵敏度高,回收率稳定,适用于橡胶木中直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量的定量分析.分析比较了橡胶木素材及不同温度(125、155、185℃)热处理橡胶木中直链淀粉和支链淀粉的含量,橡胶木素材中支链淀粉含量远高于直链淀粉,质量比约为8∶1.随着热处理温度升高至155℃,直链淀粉含量出现明显下降,而温度升高至185℃,支链淀粉含量出现明显下降趋势.

三氯化钒还原-分光光度法测定海水中硝酸盐的含量

为解决铜镉柱还原法在测定海水中硝酸盐时的操作繁琐、耗时、毒性大、难以适应大批量样品的快速测定等问题,提出了题示方法。取5 mL样品(海水样品用水稀释至盐度不大于7)和1 mL还原剂(体积比5∶1∶1的10 g·L^(-1)三氯化钒溶液、40 g·L^(-1)磺胺溶液和1.0 g·L^(-1)盐酸萘乙二胺溶液的混合溶液)于10 mL试管中,于45℃的水浴锅中加热60 min,取出,置于冰水混合物中冷却5 min,在543 nm波长下测定体系的吸光度差值。结果表明:方法的硝酸盐还原率在95%以上;当样品盐度不大于7时,基本消除盐效应对测定的影响,可用于淡水和海水中硝酸盐的测定。硝酸盐的质量浓度在300.0μg·L^(-1)以内与对应的吸光度差值呈线性关系,检出限为1.0μg·L^(-1)。对50.0,200.0μg·L^(-1)的加标样品溶液进行准确度和精密度试验,测定值与已知值基本一致,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=10)小于0.50%。采用本方法与HY/T 147.1-2013测定实际海水样品,两种方法的测定结果具有一致性,不存在显著性差异。本方法降低了试剂对环境的污染,避免了铜镉柱制备和过柱操作,可用于海水中硝酸盐的快速、批量测定。

连续流动-钼酸铵分光光度法测定土壤全磷

利用硫酸-高氯酸湿法消解土壤,采用连续流动分析仪直接测定消解液磷酸根含量,建立了高通量测定土壤全磷的实验方法。方法检测限6.0 mg·kg^(-1),土壤样品的加标回收率为85%~100%。将该方法用于土壤标准物质(GBW07405、GBW07406a)全磷含量测定,结果准确,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为3.5%、4.5%(n=3)。方法具备无需调节待测液pH值、分析速度快、消耗试剂少、结果准确可靠等优点,适用于大批量土壤全磷的测定分析。

乙酰丙酮分光光度法在室内甲醛检测中的应用

目的:为有效利用乙酰丙酮分光光度法,对室内甲醛含量进行检测。方法:通过控制样品采集、实验检测过程,验证乙酰丙酮分光光度法检测室内甲醛含量的回收率和精密度,并对6户住宅装修后的室内甲醛浓度进行检测。结果:吸光度和甲醛含量的线性回归方程为Y=0.00468X+0.000413,R^(2)=0.9998。乙酰丙酮分光光度法检测的3组5μg/mL甲醛标准溶液回收率范围为87.46%~97.28%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为:1.25%、0.90%、0.64%,都小于1.5%,重复性较好;6户住宅装修后的甲醛质量浓度满足国家标准,均小于0.08 mg/m^(3)。结论:乙酰丙酮分光光度法对于检测室内甲醛钠的结果良好可靠。

加速老化的无铬鞣革中游离苯胺的FIA-UV法分析

采用流动注射分析-紫外光谱法(FIA-UV),基于苯胺与亚硝酸盐在酸性条件下发生的重氮化反应及其在碱性条件下的偶合显色反应,实现苯胺的有效检测.通过实验参数的优化,确定495 nm为最大吸收波长,建立了苯胺质量浓度在0.002~2.0 mg/L范围内与峰高具有良好线性关系的模型(R^(2)=0.9997),检出限为1.62μg/L,重复性(RSD)为0.71%.该方法在加速老化后皮革萃取液中的应用表现出97.8%~103.8%的加标回收率,相较国标法具有更优的抗干扰能力和更高的检测精度.成功建立的苯胺检测新方法,为无铬鞣革产品的质量控制及环境监测提供了重要的技术支持,有助于提高公共健康和环境保护水平.

原子吸收光谱法测定苦瓜中微量金属元素的含量

用微波消解法对苦瓜进行预处理,采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苦瓜中钙、镁、铁、锌四种微量金属元素的含量。在最佳条件下测得苦瓜中各金属元素的含量分别为Ca:3843.50μg/g,Mg:2545.492μg/g,Fe:93.3415μg/g,Zn:77.685μg/g;RSD为0.19%~0.85%;检出限为0.0020μg·mL^(-1)~0.0703μg·mL^(-1);相关系数为0.9927~0.9997;加标回收率为94.60%~102.92%,此方法简单、快捷、经济、有效。

紫外分光光度法测定歧化松香中去氢枞酸含量的干扰因素研究

利用液相色谱仪、制备液相色谱仪、气相色谱质谱联用仪,对歧化松香(DR)中去氢枞酸(DA)紫外光谱测定方法的干扰因素进行了详细研究。测定的市售不同省份的5个样品中有2个主要干扰物质,进一步定性,确定干扰物质1为6,8,11,13-枞四烯酸(ATA),干扰物质2为混合物,主要检出物为去氢枞醛(D)和枞酸(AA)。采用二阶导数光谱法和偏最小二乘(PLS)法对紫外光谱数据进行分析,以消除去氢枞酸紫外分光光度法的干扰,结果表明:PLS法比二阶导数光谱法误差更小,能够同时消除多种干扰因素,使测试结果更加接近真实值。

工作场所空气中钼酸铵分光光度法测定磷酸的改进研究

为建立可行的钼酸铵分光光度法检测工作场所空气中的磷酸的方法,将样品经震荡处理,酸化、还原反应60 min后(混合酸溶液:15.0 g/L钼酸铵+4.0 mol/L硫酸;还原剂:15.0 g/L硫酸肼)进行分光光度分析,发现目标物的检测在1.74~100μg范围内线性良好(线性相关系数r=0.9998),磷酸最低检出浓度为0.02 mg/m^(3)(以采集75 L空气样品计),不同浓度样品的平均加标回收率在99.4%~102.4%之间。这表明改进后的方法灵敏度高、准确度高,适用实际样品的检测。

沉积岩中黄铁矿含量及其硫同位素组成连续测定方法研究

沉积岩中黄铁矿的含量和硫同位素组成研究可以用于判断沉积环境特征,反演成岩成矿过程。设计了一套多通道的黄铁矿硫提取装置,确定了装置的加热温度为130℃,实验时间为2h,优化了实验流程,实现一次提取同时满足黄铁矿含量及其同位素组成测定需要。采用亚甲基蓝分光光度法测定硫含量和元素分析仪-气体同位素质谱法测定黄铁矿硫同位素组成。亚甲基蓝分光光度法的标准曲线的线性相关性R^(2)=0.9999,黄铁矿样品的加标回收率介于94%~100%之间,10次测量的相对标准偏差为1.9%。黄铁矿经过铬还原法提取生成的硫化银的硫同位素组成的测试结果和本身的测试结果在误差范围内一致,精度≤0.2‰,可以满足沉积岩中黄铁矿硫同位素测试需求。

乙二醇锑中锑含量分析方法比较

介绍了聚酯催化剂乙二醇锑中锑含量分析方法,从分析技术原理、实验设备材料、影响因素、经济适用性等方面进行了对比分析。对比结果表明,3种分析方法适用于不同的分析条件,不同的生产企业和检测单位可以根据自身的需要建立适合自己企业的分析方法。文章的研究内容对聚酯催化剂乙二醇锑中锑含量分析方法的选择具有一定的指导意义,可为相关领域的研究提供一定的参考。

硫酸亚铁铵制备的绿色化改进与创新设计

硫酸亚铁铵的制备是一个经典的无机化学实验。但由于传统实验设计的缺陷,导致产物纯度低、环境污染等不足。本文从绿色化学的理念出发,把传统的两步法制备硫酸亚铁铵改为“一锅法反应”;同时增设了Fe^(3+)杂质定量分析、单晶培养、显微镜下观察产物形貌和颜色三个板块;改进后的实验不仅提高了产品纯度和实验课效率,减少了实验室污染,而且将绿色化学理念贯穿于实验的全过程,提升了学生的实验技能和从事科学研究的兴趣。