Most multicellular organisms can be categorised by two words： hierarchy and composite. The underlying fractal geometry of nature - at least in terms of provision of infrastructure - provides much of the hierarchy, al...Most multicellular organisms can be categorised by two words： hierarchy and composite. The underlying fractal geometry of nature - at least in terms of provision of infrastructure - provides much of the hierarchy, although many materials for which infrastructure is not an integral factor are also strongly hierarchical. Plants can therefore be modelled using recursive computer programs which add structures as the size increases. However, problems with mechanical stability also increase as the structure grows, so the plant changes from deriving stiffness from intevaal pressure to cross-linking the cell wall components permanently. However, this compromises the ability of the plant to grow and repair itself.展开更多
Ideas from engineering have helped the understanding of biological organisms for thousands of years. However, the mechanical aspects of biological materials and structures can, if properly interpreted and analysed, le...Ideas from engineering have helped the understanding of biological organisms for thousands of years. However, the mechanical aspects of biological materials and structures can, if properly interpreted and analysed, lead to a deeper understanding of the biology of organisms. Such an approach, although always current in some form, is nevertheless subject to the vagaries of fashion and the availability of analytical techniques. At present we are in a period of upturn. Areas of interest are deployable structures （applications in aerospace）, palaeontology （how little do we need to know in order to create a credible biosphere） and food science （we need a rational approach to the mechanics of food）.展开更多
CAFIU and Japan-China Association jointly held the fi rst essay contest in 2016 among Japanese people from all walks of life.According to the selection and awarding of 8 review panelists
[CAFIU and Japan-China Association jointly held the first essay contest in 2016 among Japanese people from all walks of life.According to the selection and awarding of 8 review panelists from China and Japan,5 partici...[CAFIU and Japan-China Association jointly held the first essay contest in 2016 among Japanese people from all walks of life.According to the selection and awarding of 8 review panelists from China and Japan,5 participants were given the Award of Excellence and 29 participants were given the Award of Participation.Selected展开更多
This study entails a first approach to epistemic modality in Woolf＇s essays. In particular, we will distinguish between assertive and non-assertive epistemic modality. Woolf uses assertive epistemic modality when tra...This study entails a first approach to epistemic modality in Woolf＇s essays. In particular, we will distinguish between assertive and non-assertive epistemic modality. Woolf uses assertive epistemic modality when transmitting her criticism to, sometimes, women＇s inferiority condition in history, revealing Woolf＇s more confident stance. These markers are different from those used in more ＂gentle＂ themes related to reviewing an author and her work. In this second case, non-assertive epistemic modality is more frequent. Being less harsh towards an author＇s surroundings and her literary production, Woolf＇s stance proves less self-assured. The corpus consists of 10 short essays. We also refer to her longer essays A Room of One＇s Own （1929） and Three Guineas 0938）. They were selected bearing in mind their subject-matter. Half of them deal with literature and women writers, their lives and works; the other half ones also have to do with women-related topics, but referring to their position in history and their difficulties to undertake, for example, a literary career. Some concluding remarks indicate the predominance of non-assertive epistemic modality in relation to an intersubjective reading of her texts. This reading favours the inclusion of her audience in her commentary about women writing.展开更多
Liang Yuchun, known as “China’s Elia” in the history of modern Chinese literature, once played an important rolein introducing and translating foreign literature, especially English essays, in the 1920s & 1930s...Liang Yuchun, known as “China’s Elia” in the history of modern Chinese literature, once played an important rolein introducing and translating foreign literature, especially English essays, in the 1920s & 1930s. The present studyfirst gives a general overview of Liang’s English prose translation. Then the author focuses her attention on theexploratory analysis of Liang’s motivation for translating English essays and his literary relationship with Britishessayists, John Galsworthy, Charles Lamb and Mary Russell Mitford in particular.展开更多
This paper studies how different cultural values and rhetorical traditions may influence students＇ perceptions and understanding of effective ethos in persuasive essays. Fifty Chinese EFL （English as a foreign langu...This paper studies how different cultural values and rhetorical traditions may influence students＇ perceptions and understanding of effective ethos in persuasive essays. Fifty Chinese EFL （English as a foreign language） college students and 50 American college students participated in writing English persuasive essays on the selected topics. The essays were then compared for similarities and differences in the use of rhetorical appeals with a focus on ethos, the credibility, and trustworthiness of an author. The study revealed that participants from both groups established ethos as an important rhetorical tool to persuade the audience to accept their viewpoints. However, they displayed different perceptions of what effective ethos entailed. For Chinese participants, effective ethos seemed to come from using detailed explanations that reflected an author＇s intention to advocate an ethical or moral message based on some Chinese cultural values. But, strong ethos for American participants appeared to mean the use of evidence--facts and personal testimony--to establish the writer＇s trustworthiness. The interpretation of the results from the perspective of different cultural value orientations was also discussed.展开更多
As writing teachers,marking students’ essays is always time-consuming and frustrating,especially when there are large-siged classes.Students’ model essays are a good choice for writing teaching.On one hand,there are...As writing teachers,marking students’ essays is always time-consuming and frustrating,especially when there are large-siged classes.Students’ model essays are a good choice for writing teaching.On one hand,there are always students who write excellent essays;on the other hand.students are also interested in learning from peer’s writing,authentic and natural.This paper alms to explore effective writing teaching method in large-sized class by lecturing on student’s model essay appraise in terms of logical organization,fluency,and accuracy of content,appropriate use of word,phrase,sentence structure and syntax,and last common error correction.Students will learn how to use writing strategies to write an essay.As an instructor and facilitator,writing teacher should encourage students to seek both teachers’ and peers’ help in the form of group discussion so that they can revise and edit their draft essays by themselves.展开更多
Professor Karl Sudhoff had spent most of his career time researching the history of medical development in medieval Europe.The book collects the source fragment of the evidence of Professor Sudhoff's job.
Many literary essays contain a large number of metaphor examples.Due to the differences between language and culture,metaphor,as a carrier of culture,makes many translators rack their brains and make great efforts in ...Many literary essays contain a large number of metaphor examples.Due to the differences between language and culture,metaphor,as a carrier of culture,makes many translators rack their brains and make great efforts in translation.In recent years,scholars’research on metaphor also emerges many new ideas.On the basis of previous metaphor studies,this paper discusses the cultural factors in conceptual metaphor,selects the translation of some metaphors in Zhang Peiji’s Selected Modern Chinese Essays as examples,and focuses on three strategies of metaphor translation:Literal translation retains the metaphor in the original language;free translation refers to the transformation of metaphor guided by the target language culture;literal translation of cultural metaphor and increase connotation interpretation.展开更多
The distinctive style of Charles Lamb’s essays has been interpreted in different ways-abundant allusions and rhetorical devices,quaintness and vernacular,antique colloquialism,witty humor,bitter sweetness,profound hu...The distinctive style of Charles Lamb’s essays has been interpreted in different ways-abundant allusions and rhetorical devices,quaintness and vernacular,antique colloquialism,witty humor,bitter sweetness,profound humanity,etc.Nevertheless,so far the extensive use of parentheses and dashes in his representative work Essays of Elia has not been paid enough attention and a detailed investigation is virtually absent.This paper presents an effort to analyze Essays of Elia through probing into the parentheses and dashes as paratexts in regard to their stylistic effects from two perspectives-the linguistic perspective and the semantic perspective,in hope of expanding the scope of“paratext”.The major finding of the paper is that in Essays of Elia,parentheses and dashes as paratexts serving as stylistic markers are indispensable supplements which have special stylistic effects.展开更多
In order to explore collocational usage competence across two different contexts,NS and NNS,in the current study,I investigated usage and frequency of collocation of Taiwan Residents learners of English(TWN),Indonesia...In order to explore collocational usage competence across two different contexts,NS and NNS,in the current study,I investigated usage and frequency of collocation of Taiwan Residents learners of English(TWN),Indonesian learners of English(IND) and English native speakers(NS),and found collocations statistically overused or underused by learner groups,which had not been studied before.Collocation is defined here as the word clusters composed of three and four words which occur 2 times and above,seen in English essays in the ICNALE corpus.All the collocations in the three corpora have been classified into 17 patterns based on the lexical and grammatical collocation categorization of Benson et al(1997).The results suggest that NNS have mastered different types of collocations to write essays,but use them differently from NS,as 27%in TWN and 38%in IND of the 150 most frequently used collocations are significantly overused or underused(p<0.0001).These findings obtained from a quantitative data analysis suggest that teachers in Taiwan and Indonesia should not only try to arouse students ' awareness of collocations but also do a pre-writing exercise of listing collocations related to a certain topic.These implications may also be useful for other Asian EFL countries.展开更多
The certification test for English teachers in a certain state asked candidates to identify the name of the frog in Mark Twain's "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County." If students answered th...The certification test for English teachers in a certain state asked candidates to identify the name of the frog in Mark Twain's "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County." If students answered this question correctly and said, Dan'l Webster, does this mean that these students would be prepared for the teaching field? Conversely, if students answered this question incorrectly, does this mean they were ill- prepared for becoming teachers? Can such an irrelevant question really point to the knowledge and abilities of future teachers? Hardly, use of unimportant questioning such as this illustrates the main problem with using a multiple choice format when assessing students. Trivial items such as names of animals and other insignificant information are often given priority over their significance in the story simply because students are not able to demonstrate what they really know in narrative form (Smagorinsky, 2002).展开更多
Flag leaf angle is one of the key target traits in high yield wheat breeding.A smaller flag leaf angle reduces shading and enables plants to grow at a higher density,which increases yield.Here we identified a mutant,j...Flag leaf angle is one of the key target traits in high yield wheat breeding.A smaller flag leaf angle reduces shading and enables plants to grow at a higher density,which increases yield.Here we identified a mutant,je0407,with an 84.34%-89.35%smaller flag leaf angle compared with the wild type.The mutant also had an abnormal lamina joint and no ligule or auricle.Genetic analysis indicated that the ligule was controlled by two recessive genes,which were mapped to chromosomes 2AS and 2DL.The mutant allele on chromosome 2AS was named Tafla1b,and it was fine mapped to a 1 Mb physical interval.The mutant allele on chr.2DL was identified as Taspl8b,a novel allele of TaSPL8 with a missense mutation in the second exon,which was used to develop a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker.F3 and F4 lines derived from crosses between Jing411 and je0407 were genotyped to investigate interactions between the Tafla1b and Taspl8b alleles.Plants with the Tafla1b/Taspl8a genotype had 58.41%-82.76%smaller flag leaf angles,6.4%-24.9%shorter spikes,and a greater spikelet density(0.382 more spikelets per cm)compared with the wild type.Plants with the Tafla1a/Taspl8b genotype had 52.62%-82.24%smaller flag leaf angles and no differences in plant height or spikelet density compared with the wild type.Tafla1b/Taspl8b plants produced erect leaves with an abnormal lamina joint.The two alleles had dosage effects on ligule formation and flag leaf angle,but no significant effect on thousand-grain weight.The mutant alleles provide novel resources for improvement of wheat plant architecture.展开更多
China＇s current academic evaluation system sees publications in core journals as a basic index to measure the academic qualification and quality of an academic institute,
It has been more than a decade since I met Teacher Luo Haocai. Before I met him, I had already heard that he was an approachable scholar. Although he was at a high position and played a leading role in establishing Ch...It has been more than a decade since I met Teacher Luo Haocai. Before I met him, I had already heard that he was an approachable scholar. Although he was at a high position and played a leading role in establishing China’s administrative law, he always had a peaceful mind, which was highly respected and honored by colleagues in the academic community. After I actually met him, I was deeply impressed by the展开更多
This paper investigates how the type of written feedback provided by teachers affects learners’ ability to revise essays. A total of 120 participants participated in two rounds of essay composition and feedback deliv...This paper investigates how the type of written feedback provided by teachers affects learners’ ability to revise essays. A total of 120 participants participated in two rounds of essay composition and feedback delivery. The findings indicate that learners who receive comments in the form of questions are more prone to make revisions compared to those receiving statements or imperatives. These results hold significant implications for educators and the ways they utilize written feedback to enhance learners’ writing skills.展开更多
文摘Most multicellular organisms can be categorised by two words： hierarchy and composite. The underlying fractal geometry of nature - at least in terms of provision of infrastructure - provides much of the hierarchy, although many materials for which infrastructure is not an integral factor are also strongly hierarchical. Plants can therefore be modelled using recursive computer programs which add structures as the size increases. However, problems with mechanical stability also increase as the structure grows, so the plant changes from deriving stiffness from intevaal pressure to cross-linking the cell wall components permanently. However, this compromises the ability of the plant to grow and repair itself.
文摘Ideas from engineering have helped the understanding of biological organisms for thousands of years. However, the mechanical aspects of biological materials and structures can, if properly interpreted and analysed, lead to a deeper understanding of the biology of organisms. Such an approach, although always current in some form, is nevertheless subject to the vagaries of fashion and the availability of analytical techniques. At present we are in a period of upturn. Areas of interest are deployable structures （applications in aerospace）, palaeontology （how little do we need to know in order to create a credible biosphere） and food science （we need a rational approach to the mechanics of food）.
文摘CAFIU and Japan-China Association jointly held the fi rst essay contest in 2016 among Japanese people from all walks of life.According to the selection and awarding of 8 review panelists
文摘[CAFIU and Japan-China Association jointly held the first essay contest in 2016 among Japanese people from all walks of life.According to the selection and awarding of 8 review panelists from China and Japan,5 participants were given the Award of Excellence and 29 participants were given the Award of Participation.Selected
文摘This study entails a first approach to epistemic modality in Woolf＇s essays. In particular, we will distinguish between assertive and non-assertive epistemic modality. Woolf uses assertive epistemic modality when transmitting her criticism to, sometimes, women＇s inferiority condition in history, revealing Woolf＇s more confident stance. These markers are different from those used in more ＂gentle＂ themes related to reviewing an author and her work. In this second case, non-assertive epistemic modality is more frequent. Being less harsh towards an author＇s surroundings and her literary production, Woolf＇s stance proves less self-assured. The corpus consists of 10 short essays. We also refer to her longer essays A Room of One＇s Own （1929） and Three Guineas 0938）. They were selected bearing in mind their subject-matter. Half of them deal with literature and women writers, their lives and works; the other half ones also have to do with women-related topics, but referring to their position in history and their difficulties to undertake, for example, a literary career. Some concluding remarks indicate the predominance of non-assertive epistemic modality in relation to an intersubjective reading of her texts. This reading favours the inclusion of her audience in her commentary about women writing.
文摘Liang Yuchun, known as “China’s Elia” in the history of modern Chinese literature, once played an important rolein introducing and translating foreign literature, especially English essays, in the 1920s & 1930s. The present studyfirst gives a general overview of Liang’s English prose translation. Then the author focuses her attention on theexploratory analysis of Liang’s motivation for translating English essays and his literary relationship with Britishessayists, John Galsworthy, Charles Lamb and Mary Russell Mitford in particular.
文摘This paper studies how different cultural values and rhetorical traditions may influence students＇ perceptions and understanding of effective ethos in persuasive essays. Fifty Chinese EFL （English as a foreign language） college students and 50 American college students participated in writing English persuasive essays on the selected topics. The essays were then compared for similarities and differences in the use of rhetorical appeals with a focus on ethos, the credibility, and trustworthiness of an author. The study revealed that participants from both groups established ethos as an important rhetorical tool to persuade the audience to accept their viewpoints. However, they displayed different perceptions of what effective ethos entailed. For Chinese participants, effective ethos seemed to come from using detailed explanations that reflected an author＇s intention to advocate an ethical or moral message based on some Chinese cultural values. But, strong ethos for American participants appeared to mean the use of evidence--facts and personal testimony--to establish the writer＇s trustworthiness. The interpretation of the results from the perspective of different cultural value orientations was also discussed.
文摘As writing teachers,marking students’ essays is always time-consuming and frustrating,especially when there are large-siged classes.Students’ model essays are a good choice for writing teaching.On one hand,there are always students who write excellent essays;on the other hand.students are also interested in learning from peer’s writing,authentic and natural.This paper alms to explore effective writing teaching method in large-sized class by lecturing on student’s model essay appraise in terms of logical organization,fluency,and accuracy of content,appropriate use of word,phrase,sentence structure and syntax,and last common error correction.Students will learn how to use writing strategies to write an essay.As an instructor and facilitator,writing teacher should encourage students to seek both teachers’ and peers’ help in the form of group discussion so that they can revise and edit their draft essays by themselves.
文摘Professor Karl Sudhoff had spent most of his career time researching the history of medical development in medieval Europe.The book collects the source fragment of the evidence of Professor Sudhoff's job.
文摘Many literary essays contain a large number of metaphor examples.Due to the differences between language and culture,metaphor,as a carrier of culture,makes many translators rack their brains and make great efforts in translation.In recent years,scholars’research on metaphor also emerges many new ideas.On the basis of previous metaphor studies,this paper discusses the cultural factors in conceptual metaphor,selects the translation of some metaphors in Zhang Peiji’s Selected Modern Chinese Essays as examples,and focuses on three strategies of metaphor translation:Literal translation retains the metaphor in the original language;free translation refers to the transformation of metaphor guided by the target language culture;literal translation of cultural metaphor and increase connotation interpretation.
文摘The distinctive style of Charles Lamb’s essays has been interpreted in different ways-abundant allusions and rhetorical devices,quaintness and vernacular,antique colloquialism,witty humor,bitter sweetness,profound humanity,etc.Nevertheless,so far the extensive use of parentheses and dashes in his representative work Essays of Elia has not been paid enough attention and a detailed investigation is virtually absent.This paper presents an effort to analyze Essays of Elia through probing into the parentheses and dashes as paratexts in regard to their stylistic effects from two perspectives-the linguistic perspective and the semantic perspective,in hope of expanding the scope of“paratext”.The major finding of the paper is that in Essays of Elia,parentheses and dashes as paratexts serving as stylistic markers are indispensable supplements which have special stylistic effects.
文摘In order to explore collocational usage competence across two different contexts,NS and NNS,in the current study,I investigated usage and frequency of collocation of Taiwan Residents learners of English(TWN),Indonesian learners of English(IND) and English native speakers(NS),and found collocations statistically overused or underused by learner groups,which had not been studied before.Collocation is defined here as the word clusters composed of three and four words which occur 2 times and above,seen in English essays in the ICNALE corpus.All the collocations in the three corpora have been classified into 17 patterns based on the lexical and grammatical collocation categorization of Benson et al(1997).The results suggest that NNS have mastered different types of collocations to write essays,but use them differently from NS,as 27%in TWN and 38%in IND of the 150 most frequently used collocations are significantly overused or underused(p<0.0001).These findings obtained from a quantitative data analysis suggest that teachers in Taiwan and Indonesia should not only try to arouse students ' awareness of collocations but also do a pre-writing exercise of listing collocations related to a certain topic.These implications may also be useful for other Asian EFL countries.
文摘The certification test for English teachers in a certain state asked candidates to identify the name of the frog in Mark Twain's "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County." If students answered this question correctly and said, Dan'l Webster, does this mean that these students would be prepared for the teaching field? Conversely, if students answered this question incorrectly, does this mean they were ill- prepared for becoming teachers? Can such an irrelevant question really point to the knowledge and abilities of future teachers? Hardly, use of unimportant questioning such as this illustrates the main problem with using a multiple choice format when assessing students. Trivial items such as names of animals and other insignificant information are often given priority over their significance in the story simply because students are not able to demonstrate what they really know in narrative form (Smagorinsky, 2002).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2022YFD1200700)the Crop Varietal Improvement and Insect Pests Control by Nuclear Radiation,Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-03).
文摘Flag leaf angle is one of the key target traits in high yield wheat breeding.A smaller flag leaf angle reduces shading and enables plants to grow at a higher density,which increases yield.Here we identified a mutant,je0407,with an 84.34%-89.35%smaller flag leaf angle compared with the wild type.The mutant also had an abnormal lamina joint and no ligule or auricle.Genetic analysis indicated that the ligule was controlled by two recessive genes,which were mapped to chromosomes 2AS and 2DL.The mutant allele on chromosome 2AS was named Tafla1b,and it was fine mapped to a 1 Mb physical interval.The mutant allele on chr.2DL was identified as Taspl8b,a novel allele of TaSPL8 with a missense mutation in the second exon,which was used to develop a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker.F3 and F4 lines derived from crosses between Jing411 and je0407 were genotyped to investigate interactions between the Tafla1b and Taspl8b alleles.Plants with the Tafla1b/Taspl8a genotype had 58.41%-82.76%smaller flag leaf angles,6.4%-24.9%shorter spikes,and a greater spikelet density(0.382 more spikelets per cm)compared with the wild type.Plants with the Tafla1a/Taspl8b genotype had 52.62%-82.24%smaller flag leaf angles and no differences in plant height or spikelet density compared with the wild type.Tafla1b/Taspl8b plants produced erect leaves with an abnormal lamina joint.The two alleles had dosage effects on ligule formation and flag leaf angle,but no significant effect on thousand-grain weight.The mutant alleles provide novel resources for improvement of wheat plant architecture.
文摘China＇s current academic evaluation system sees publications in core journals as a basic index to measure the academic qualification and quality of an academic institute,
文摘It has been more than a decade since I met Teacher Luo Haocai. Before I met him, I had already heard that he was an approachable scholar. Although he was at a high position and played a leading role in establishing China’s administrative law, he always had a peaceful mind, which was highly respected and honored by colleagues in the academic community. After I actually met him, I was deeply impressed by the
文摘This paper investigates how the type of written feedback provided by teachers affects learners’ ability to revise essays. A total of 120 participants participated in two rounds of essay composition and feedback delivery. The findings indicate that learners who receive comments in the form of questions are more prone to make revisions compared to those receiving statements or imperatives. These results hold significant implications for educators and the ways they utilize written feedback to enhance learners’ writing skills.
