Study of Wireless Sensor Network Based on Optical Communication:Research Challenges and Current Results

With the rapid developments of commercial demands,a majority of ad­vanced researches have been investigated for the applications of underwa­ter wireless sensor(WSN)networks.Recently optical communication has been considered for underwater wireless sensor network.An experimental set-up for testing optical communication underwater has been provided and designed in present papers to maximize the energy coupled from these displacements to the transduction mechanism that converts the mechanical energy into electrical.The true case has been considered by measuring dif­fuse attenuation coefficients in different seas.One stand out potential opti­cal communication method,Visible Light Communication(VLC)has been talked and several communication methods are compared from many points of view,for example attenuation in salt water.The evaluation of modula­tion techniques for underwater wireless optical communications has been displayed,and further how the data collection and storage with an under­water WSN is introduced.In this paper current researches for an(UWSN)based on optical communication are studied,in particular the potential VLC method and comparisons of VLC with other optical communication approaches.Underwater challenges would be analyzed by comparing a sort of communication methods,applied in underwater.Future work will be de­veloped at last.

Optimization of an Underwater Wireless Sensor Network Architecture with Wave Glider as a Mobile Gateway

This paper presents an original probabilistic model of a hybrid underwater wireless sensor network(UWSN),which includes a network of stationary sensors placed on the seabed and a mobile gateway.The mobile gateway is a wave glider that collects data from the underwater network segment and retransmits it to the processing center.The authors consider the joint problem of optimal localization of stationary network nodes and the corresponding model for bypassing reference nodes by a wave glider.The optimality of the network is evaluated according to the criteria of energy efficiency and reliability.The influence of various physical and technical parameters of the network on its energy efficiency and on the lifespan of sensor nodes is analyzed.The analysis is carried out for networks of various scales,depending on the localization of stationary nodes and the model of bypassing the network with a wave glider.As a model example,the simulation of the functional characteristics of the network for a given size of the water area is carried out.It is shown that in the case of a medium-sized water area,the model of“bypassing the perimeter”by a wave glider is practically feasible,energy efficient and reliable for hourly data measurements.In the case of a large water area,the cluster bypass model becomes more efficient.

Cooperative Nodes Localization for Three-Dimensional Underwater Wireless Sensor Network Based on Weighted Centroid Localization Algorithm

The underwater wireless sensor network(UWSN) has the features of mobility by drifting,less beacon nodes,longer time for localization and more energy consumption than the terrestrial sensor networks,which makes it more difficult to locate the nodes in marine environment.Aiming at the characteristics of UWSN,a kind of cooperative range-free localization method based on weighted centroid localization(WCL) algorithm for three-dimensional UWSN is proposed.The algorithm assigns the cooperative weights for the beacon nodes according to the received acoustic signal strength,and uses the located unknown nodes as the new beacon nodes to locate the other unknown nodes,so a fast localization can be achieved for the whole sensor networks.Simulation results indicate this method has higher localization accuracy than the centroid localization algorithm,and it needs less beacon nodes and achieves higher rate of effective localization.

A Void Avoidance Scheme for Grid-Based Multipath Routing in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

This work proposes a geographic routing protocol for UWSNs based on the construction of a 3D virtual grid structure, called Void-Avoidance Grid-based Multipath Position-based Routing (VA-GMPR). It consists of two main components, the multipath routing scheme and the grid-based void avoidance (GVA) mechanism for handling routing holes. The multipath routing scheme adopts node-disjoint routes from the source to the sink in order to enhance network reliability and load balancing. While the GVA mechanism handles the problem of holes in 3D virtual grid structure based on three techniques: Hole bypass, path diversion, and path backtracking. The performance evaluation of the VA-GMPR protocol was compared to a recently proposed grid-based routing protocol for UWSNs, called Energy-efficient Multipath Geographic Grid-based Routing (EMGGR). The results showed that the VA-GMPR protocol outperformed the EMGGR protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio, and end-to end-delay. However, the results also showed that the VA-GMPR protocol exhibited higher energy consumption compared to EMGGR.

基于生成对抗网络的UWSNs恶意节点检测方法

水下无线传感器网络(Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks,UWSNs)节点通常部署于无人值守的恶劣环境中,恶意节点的存在对网络的安全构成了极大威胁。为了在缺乏节点行为证据的情况下有效检测恶意节点,提出了一种基于生成对抗网络(Generative Adversarial Network,GAN)的恶意节点检测方法。首先,构建了基于GAN的异常预测模型;其次,收集数据、链路、能量等多维信任证据,构建出训练数据集;最后,训练异常预测模型,并通过信任决策检测恶意节点。仿真结果表明,该方法可以在不需要大量信任证据的情况下有效地进行恶意节点检测,并且与同类型方法相比,所提方法具有较高的恶意节点检测率、通信成功率及较低的假阳率。

A New Algorithm of Self Organization in Wireless Sensor Network

Self organization is one of the most important characteristics in an Ad-hoc Sensor Network. Thousands of Sensors are deployed in a geographical area randomly without considering the location factor. After deployment, sensors are to self organize themselves to form a network of their own. How well the network is formed determines the life of the whole network as well as the quality of data transmission. Self organization based on clustering has proven to be very useful in this regard. Since hierarchical clustering reduces energy consumption by routing data from one node to another. In this paper, we discuss a new algorithm for self organization of sensors deployed in a geographical area. The algorithm forms clusters of sensors by ordering them using a unique triangulation method. This algorithm not only considers all sensors but also groups them so that their inherent clustering property is preserved.

Optical SDMA for applying compressive sensing in WSN

In order to apply compressive sensing in wireless sensor network, inside the nodes cluster classified by the spatial correlation, we propose that a cluster head adopts free space optical communication with space division multiple access, and a sensor node uses a modulating retro-reflector for communication. Thus while a random sampling matrix is used to guide the establishment of links between head cluster and sensor nodes, the random linear projection is accomplished. To establish multiple links at the same time, an optical space division multiple access antenna is designed. It works in fixed beams switching mode and consists of optic lens with a large field of view（FOV）, fiber array on the focal plane which is used to realize virtual channels segmentation, direction of arrival sensor, optical matrix switch and controller. Based on the angles of nodes＇ laser beams, by dynamically changing the route, optical matrix switch actualizes the multi-beam full duplex tracking receiving and transmission. Due to the structure of fiber array, there will be several fade zones both in the focal plane and in lens＇ FOV. In order to lower the impact of fade zones and harmonize multibeam, a fiber array adjustment is designed. By theoretical, simulated and experimental study, the antenna＇s qualitative feasibility is validated.

基于模糊逻辑的水下光传感器网络机会式路由协议

水下无线光传感器网络相比传统声传感器网络具有高带宽、低时延等显著优势,是实现水空跨域通信中水下数据高速实时传输的研究热点。但由于水下光节点的传输易受阻挡且节点需要指向对准等问题,传统水下传感器网络路由协议不可避免地会出现路由空洞和冗余数据传输情况。针对上述问题,文中提出了一种基于模糊逻辑的水下无线光传感器网络机会式路由协议。首先,提出基于模糊逻辑系统的水下光信道链路评价算法,结合水下复杂通信环境建模,设计了路由度量指标的多因素融合评估;然后,基于实时链路评估数据设计节点,数据转发概率和数据包保持时间的动态设定机制;最后,提出基于概率性的冗余抑制转发算法。仿真结果表明,在典型海洋通信环境下,所提路由协议可有效提高传输效率及减少端到端时延,具有良好的网络动态适应性。

UWSNs中基于压缩感知的移动数据收集方案

由于水下无线传感器网络(UWSNs)工作环境的特殊性,降低节点能耗和保证数据收集的实时性是至关重要的问题。提出一种基于压缩感知(CS)的移动数据收集方案。以DEBUC协议和CS理论为基础,簇内节点依据设计的稀疏测量矩阵决定是否参与压缩采样,并将获得的测量值传输至簇头。通过AUV的移动来收集各个簇头上的数据到数据中心,该问题被建模为带有邻域的旅行商问题,并提出了近似算法进行求解。在数据中心处利用CS重构算法进行数据重构。仿真实验结果表明:相比于已有的水下移动数据收集算法,该方案在保证数据收集可靠性的同时,降低了数据收集延时,延长了网络寿命。

基于Hopfield神经网络的UWSNs移动信标路径规划

结合水声信道传播损耗模型,将所有节点中位置重要、邻居节点多的节点选为虚拟信标节点,使信标节点到各个虚拟信标节点位置向周围广播,完全覆盖整个网络。提出筛选策略,最小化虚拟信标节点的数量。把所有虚拟信标节点的路径规划看作旅行商问题(TSP),通过Hopfield神经网络将虚拟节点连接起来,使路径总长度最小。为解决Hopfield神经网络的随机性,使其适用于数量较大的TSP,在结束条件部分引入交叉算子Position-based Crossover的思想,提出交叉策略,减少规划的路径总长度。仿真实验证明:该策略能解决水下无线传感器网络(UWSNs)移动信标节点的路径规划问题,且能有效减少路径总长度。

基于类二叉树的圆锥型UWSNs的研究

针对水下无线传感器网络(UWSNs)能量损耗严重,节点分布不均匀无规律等现象,提出以各个水面浮标节点为顶点,构建一种圆锥型UWSNs信息网(传感器节点能根据能量大小而移动),并将其活跃节点与备选节点抽象成类二叉树结构,简化了拓扑控制与路由传递。传感器节点采集信息后,能通过活跃节点沿着类二叉树的右节点传递到浮标节点。通过Matlab实现了算法的性能仿真测试,探讨了同样水深的层数为4,6,8的类二叉树数据包传递率,结果显示:层数越多,传递率越高;将6层类二叉树的圆锥型UWSNs算法和深层路由(DBR)算法进行比较,结果显示,该算法数据包传递率高,能耗低。

UWSNs中基于深度的抑制空洞路由优化算法

针对传统的水下无线传感器网络(UWSNs)的位置路由存在路由空洞问题,提出了基于深度的抑制空洞路由(DSVR)的UWSNs路由协议。DSVR协议通过融合跳数、物理距离和邻居数多个指标决策路由。为了提高通信可靠和缓解路由空洞,DSVR协议选择具有最小跳数路径、最少邻居数的节点作为下一跳转发节点。同时,DSVR协议利用定时器抑制冗余数据包。仿真结果表明:提出的DSVR协议能有效地提高数据包传递率,并降低端到端传输时延以及能耗。

水下无线传感器网络安全研究综述

水下无线传感器网络(UWSNs)广泛应用于如灾害预警、资源勘探等各种领域,然而易受到恶意攻击,迫切需要发展能够适应其通信带宽窄、传播时延长、时空不确定性严重等特性的安全机制。首先,该文从水下无线传感器网络的特性及安全需求入手,对其面临的安全威胁进行了分析。然后,对水下无线传感器网络中的加密、认证、信任管理、入侵检测、安全定位、安全同步和安全路由各类安全机制进行了综述。最后,对水下无线传感器网络安全研究中面临的缺少实际测试及相关数据集等挑战以及利用网络特性发展安全机制的未来研究方向进行了探讨。

海洋水下近距离无线通信技术研究进展

海洋水下近距离无线通信是建设海洋观测系统的关键技术,在海洋环境调查、海洋观测、海洋资源开发工程等诸多方面都有着重要的应用。近年来,基于电磁或光信号的近距离水下无线通信技术及设备因有着低成本、低功耗、稳定可靠、操作灵活方便等优点,受到了极大的关注和发展。从水下电磁波通信及水下光通信两个方面系统地论述了水下近距离无线通信技术应用的研究进展,总结了两种水下通信技术的优缺点。最后,结合当前水下近距离无线通信技术所面临的问题与挑战,对未来的发展方向进行了分析与展望。

水下无线通信网络安全关键技术

随着科技发展水平的提升,水下无线通信网络(Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks,UWSNs)已经被广泛运用在海洋资源开发中。由于水下无线通信网络具有较高的安全可靠性,能够捕捉海洋资源信息,且具有监视管理水域情况的功能,因此海洋资源开发团队应该积极运用水下无线通信网卡,不断提高水下无线通信的网络安全,保证海洋资源开发工作可以正常进行。分析水下无线通信网络可能受到的安全威胁,探讨水下无线通信网络安全关键技术,以期对相关研究产生一定的参考价值。

“天-空-地”协同滑坡监测技术进展

滑坡灾害是全球范围内发生频率最高、分布范围最广、造成损失最重的自然灾害之一,严重威胁着人类生命财产和重大工程设施的安全。科学监测是实现滑坡预警预报与主动防范的重要技术前提,经过多年的技术攻关,融合高分辨率光学遥感、卫星InSAR、无人机摄影测量、无线传感网络(WSN)等多种新技术方法,滑坡监测已从传统点式人工监测逐步发展到“天-空-地”多维协同监测,在我国地质灾害风险识别与监测预警方面取得显著成效。本文结合多年来对滑坡发生机理与变形破坏过程的研究认识,从天(光学遥感和InSAR)、空(无人机摄影测量)、地(全球导航卫星系统、裂缝计等专业监测)三维立体角度对我国滑坡监测技术的最新研究进展进行了系统总结,分析讨论了不同技术在工程实践中的技术优势和适用性,构建了滑坡变形破坏全过程的“天-空-地”协同监测技术体系,为滑坡地质灾害的科学防范提供一种新的思维范式和经验指导。

基于Parzen窗的水下无线传感器网络目标定位方法

水声通道复杂多变,使得水下无线传感器网络中节点出现失效的情况,影响了多节点的目标定位性能。为解决这一问题,该文提出一种基于Parzen窗的方位交线定位方法。该方法利用Parzen窗分析所有交点的分布特征,估计目标可能出现在某个位置的概率,将概率最大值对应的点作为目标的估计位置。由于概率分布是非线性、多峰值的,采用带有惯性权重的粒子群算法去求解。仿真实验结果表明,所提方法能够在节点失效的情况下获得较高的目标定位性能,具有较好的鲁棒性。

基于运动预测的水下传感器网络MAC协议

在海洋环境的影响下,水下无线传感器网络(UWSN)节点始终处于运动状态;UWSN采用声信号通信,缓慢的节点移动也会造成UWSN现有的多址接入技术(MAC)协议冲突避免机制失效。该文建立了水下节点的运动模型,基于AR运动预测模型减小水下节点的时空不确定性对于MAC协议的影响,提高发送信息在预约时隙到达的概率。仿真结果表明,采用AR(5)预测可以减小74.8%的时延探测误差。提出了基于预测的预约MAC协议:P-MAC。NS-2仿真结果表明该协议在海浪运动场景下能提高收包成功率(PRR)10%-15%。

基于分层的河流水下传感器网络路由算法

为了获取传感器节点的实时位置,在河流水下传感器网络(UWSN)的独特环境中,采用流体力学的方法对河流水下传感器网络进行建模,模拟真实河流环境下传感器节点的运动规律。为了研究河流水下无线传感器网络数据传输的问题,提出了一种河流环境下基于分层的路由算法(RALM)。每个节点根据收到Sink广播的速度信息周期性地计算并更新各自的拓扑信息,数据待发送节点优先选择当前剩余能量最多的上一层的邻居节点进行数据转发,若上层无邻居节点,则转发给剩余能量最多的同层邻居节点。仿真实验表明,所提算法在网络的冗余度和丢包率上都要优于基于深度的路由算法(DBR)和基于分层的水下传感器网络路由协议(Layered-DBR),网络生存周期分别提高了71%和45%。

水下传感器网络节点设计及实现

文章提出了一种低功耗水下无线传感器网络节点的设计方案,该方案的特点是采用了"Sleep/Wake"工作模式降低节点功耗,基于软件无线电的设计思想,使节点功能有较好柔度和通用性。完成的网络节点样机结构简单、性能可靠、功耗低,并已经过水池测试验证。网络节点是水下传感器网络的核心部件,所完成的设计为水下无线传感器网络MAC协议的性能研究及验证提供了一个较为理想的平台。