Acidity/Rancidity Levels, Chemical Studies, Bacterial Count/Flora of Fermented and Unfermented Silver Catfish (<i>Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus</i>)

The keeping quality and shelf life of fermented and unfermented Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus were monitored in this study. Four kilograms of fresh Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus was minced into fine particles (with an initial pH of 7.2 before distribution into 8 samples). Samples 1-4 are unfermented cooked while Samples 5-8 were fermented, not cooked. All the 8 prepared samples barely lasted for two weeks, while samples 1, 3 and 7 lasted for six weeks. Total Volatile Base (TVB) ranged higher (24.12 - 29.43) mg/100gm in Samples 1-4 than (14.23 - 18.09) mg/100gm recorded in Samples 5-8. In Samples 1-4, FFA values were not significantly (P > 0.05) different;also followed a narrow range of (6.14 - 6.45)% while higher range of (6.42 - 12.27)% recorded in samples (5-8). Peroxide values (PV) increased in all the 8 samples in the second, fourth and sixth week, however higher values were recorded in Samples 5-8. Acidity generally increased with length (weeks) of fermentation with a gradual drop in pH from 7.2 (in the fresh fish) to pH 4.5 (sample 7), the worst sample at six weeks. Sample 4 with bacteria load of 5.05 × 105 at second week and sample 7 (8.2 × 105) at sixth week became unfit for consumption having exceeded the 5.0 × 105 ICMSF standard for safe fish product. Five bacteria species (Lactobacillus sp, Proteus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Bacillus sp) with the exception of Proteus spwere not represented in sample 1 (due to salt content). Strong positive correlation (r = 0.97, P < 0.01) exists between PV and FFA. Acidityof the fermented products increased over the weeks with strong negative correlation (r = -0.121, P < 0.01) exists between pH and FFA. Acidity (i.e drop in PH) with increasing rancidity since (r = -0.313, P < 0.05) exists between PV and pH.

Chemical Constituents of Pu-erh Tea and Its Inhibition Effect on α-amylase in vitro

[Objective]The aim was to clarify the chemical substance basis of hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects of Pu-erh Tea. [Method]Pu-erh Tea was extracted with 95% ethanol,followed by petroleum ether,chloroform,ethyl acetate and n-butanol extraction,after the further purification and through the NKA-9 macroporous resin and many times of Sephadex column chromatography,two compounds were isolated,in the same time,the effect of Uracil and Gallic acid on α-amylase was studied. [Result]The Uracil and Gallic acid were isolated and identified respectively from Pu-erh Tea and the Uracil was firstly isolated from Pu-erh Tea; Gallic acid had strong inhibition on α-amylase. [Conclusion]It could provide some theories on the hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects of Pu-erh Tea.

Study on Pu-erh Tea Methanol Extracts on Antibacterial Activity of Several Plant Pathogens

[Objective] The aim was to study Pu-erh tea methanol extracts on antibacterial activity of several plant pathogens and provide reference for application of Pu-erh tea in agriculture disease prevention and control.[Method]The inhibitive effect of Pu-erh tea methanol extracts on several plant pathogens was studied by adopting mycelium growth rate method.[Result] The results showed that Pu-erh tea methanol extracts had inhibitive effects on Thanatephorus cucomeris(Frank)Donk,Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum,Fusa...

Analysis of α-amylase Inhibitor Content Change in Pu-erh Tea During Pile-fermentation Process

The study was to investigate the changes of α-amylase inhibitor content in Pu-erh tea during pile-fermentation process. Pu-erh tea samples from two regions of Shuangjiang County and Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County of Yunnan Province at various fermentation stages were used as experimental materials to investigate the effect of different fermentation stages on the inhibitory effect to α-amylase; and the change law of the inhibitory effect of c-amylase inhibitor during processing was meanwhile studied by determining the contents of tea polyphenol and amino acid. The results showed that crude meterial of Pu-erh tea presented strong inhibitory effect to α-amylase; this inhibitory effect assumed a de： creasing trend to the minimum at the middle stage of fermentation, whereafter it increased to some extent. Made tea also showed a strong inhibitory effect to α-amylase. During whole processing period, contents of tea polyphenol and amino acid generally assumed a remarkably decreasing trend. Our results provided references for further isolating co-amylase inhibitor from Pu-erh tea and discussing the mechanism of its health care function.

Factors Influencing the Effects of Theabrownin in Pu-erh Tea on Scavenging DPPH Radicals

[Objective] This study aimed to explore factors influencing the effects of theabrownin in Pu-erh tea on scavenging DPPH radicals. [Method] Taking Pu-erh tea as main research object, theabrownin in Pu-erh tea from tea piles with different times of mixture, stored for different years and processed by both the old and new techniques were extracted and isolated. And DPPH method was used to study the effects of theabrownin solution and tea liquor on scavenging radicals and their antioxidant activity. [Result] The result showed that the theabrownin content in Pu-erh tea from tea piles with one to four times of mixture revealed a first declining and subsequently rising trend. Under different pH conditions, the rates of DPPH radical scavenging of 1 mg/ml theabrownin solution made from tea piles with different times of mixture decreased gradually with the increase of pH, and all the rates were lower than that of the control vitamin C solution; the rates of DPPH radical scavenging of theabrownin from tea samples stored for different years and produced by different techniques dropped slowly within pH range 3.0-6.0; when pH was higher than 6.0, the rates of DPPH radical scavenging of theabrownin from tea samples produced by both new and traditional techniques in 2001 declined obviously, while the declining trend was not obvious in either the black tea or the Pu-erh tea produced by new technique in 2005. Under different theabrownin concentrations, the rates of DPPH radical scavenging of theabrownin solution made from tea piles with different times of mixture ascended as the concentration increased and the highest rate occurred in tea pile with four times of mixture, reaching up to 46.56%±0.88%; for tea samples stored for different years and produced by different techniques, the rates of DPPH radical scavenging of theabrownin rose gradually with the increase of the theabrownin concentration; the rate of radical scavenging of theabrownin in the black tea ascended obviously and that in Pu-erh tea was decreasing within the concentration range of 0.04 -0.06 mg/ml. At pH6.0, the DPPH radical scavenging ability of theabrownin in 0.1 mg/ml theabrownin solution and tea liquor containing 0.1mg/ml theabrownin from tea piles with different times of mixture ascended with the time of mixture; solution made from tea samples produced by different techniques in different years, the DPPH radical scavenging ability of theabrownin solution and tea liquor followed： Pu-erh tea produced by the new technique in 2001 ﹥ Pu-erh tea produced by the old technique in 2001﹥ Pu-erh tea produced by the new technique in 2005. And the DPPH radical scavenging ability of theabrownin in tea liquor containing 0.1 mg/ml theabrownin was higher than that in 0.1 mg/ml theabrownin Solution made from tea samples either with different times of mixture or produced by different techniques in different years. The above results indicated that many factor influenced the effects of theabrownin on eliminating DPPH radicals, including the time of fermentation, fermentation technique, years of storage, concentration and pH all had great influence on the effects of theabrownin on eliminating radicals. To ensure a good effect on scavenging radicals, it is better to prepare theabrownin at pH6.0 with concentration between 0.08 and 0.1 mg/ml for drinking. [Conclusion] Results of this study provide a basis for developing functional products of theabrownin from Pu-erh tea in the future.

Analysis of Monosaccharide Composition of Pu-erh Tea Polysaccaride by Pre-column Derivatization HPLC

[Objective] This study aimed to establish a pre-column derivatization HPLC method for the identification and analysis of monosaccharide composition of Pu-erh tea polysaccharide. [Method] Pu-erh tea polysaccharide was extracted using the wa- ter extraction method, further isolated and purified by DEAE cellulose-52 columns. The obtained tea polysaccharide and four components TPS1, TPS2, TPS3 and TPS, were first derived by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone （PMP）, and then the PMP derivatives of monosaccharide were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatog- raphy （HPLC）. [Result] Pu-erh tea polysaccharide contained eight kinds of monosac- chaddes （mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, grucose, galactose, arabinose, fucose）, without xylose; so it was the same with TPS1; each of TPS2, TPS3 and TPS4 contained seven monosaccharides, while no fucose. [Conclusion] This method is simplified and rapid, which can be used to determine the monosac- charide composition of Pu-erh tea polysaccharide and monosaccharide content.

Characterization of aroma compounds of Pu-erh ripen tea using solvent assisted flavor evaporation coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry

Pu-erh ripen tea becomes popular worldwide owing to its unique taste and aroma.In the present study,volatile compounds from Pu-erh ripen tea were extracted using a solvent assisted flavor evaporation(SAFE)and analyzed with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)and a gas chromatography olfactometry(GC-O).Results demonstrated that 58 major volatile compounds and 24 aroma active substances of Pu-erh ripen tea were identified by GC-MS and GC-O analysis.Among volatile compounds identified,methoxyphenyl compounds were considered as the dominate compounds in the aroma of Pu-erh ripen tea.Further investigation showed that 6 methoxybenzenes were responsible for the aging aroma in Pu-erh ripen tea;α-ionone,3,4-dimethoxytoluene,1,3-dimethoxybenzene,etc.were responsible for the wood-like aroma.Linalool,α-terpineol,α-ionone,β-ionone,and benzeneacetaldehyde were responsible for the floral odor.Compared the odor detection threshold(ODT)among the 8 methoxyphenyl compounds in water,1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene showed the highest ODT,followed by 3,4-dimethoxyphenol.1,3-dimethoxybenzene(105μg/L)and 1,2,3-trimethoxy-5-methylbenzene(100μg/L)were present at relatively low odor threshold values.The result indicated that methoxyphenyl compounds play a vital role in the unique flavor of Pu-erh ripen tea.

Reducing oxidative stress and hepatoprotective effect of water extracts from Pu-erh tea on rats with high-fat diet

Reducing oxidative stress and hepatoprotective effect of Pu-erh tea water extracts on rats fed with high-fat diet were researched for explaining health care of Pu-erh tea.Fifty SD rats were divided into five groups.The body weight was measured once a day.The malondialdehyde(MDA)and glucose(Glu)levels and the activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),nitric oxide synthase(NOS),and pyruvate kinase(PK)in serum were determined.Furthermore,the hepatic glycogen level(HGL)and the activities of hepatic total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD),catalase(CAT),and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)were also measured after continuous administration for 12 weeks.The result demonstrated that Pu-erh extract caused the decreases in body weight,fat index,MDA and NOS levels,and the increases in hepatic T-SOD,CAT and GSH-Px activities,indicating that the extract may be due to inhibiting the increases of body weight and fat index,reducing oxidant stress state and inhibiting lipid peroxidation,thus decreasing the activities of ALT and AST,and protecting the liver in rat.Meanwhile,the extracts could increase the production of hepatic glycogen and the activity of PK,and reduce glucose level,protecting the liver from the diseases associated with type II diabetes.

Inhibitory Effects of Pu-erh Tea Leaves on Mouse Type IV Allergy

Pu-erh tea is one of post fermented tea manufactured through oxidative maturing by microorganisms. We investigated the preventive effects of pu-erh tea extract on oxazolone-induced type IV allergy in male (ICR) mice. Oral administration of 50 mg/kg water extract of pu-erh tea leaves resulted in significant preventive effects against mouse type IV allergy. The hydrophilic Theabrownin-like fraction (TBW-ND), with a high molecular weight of approximately 12,000 or higher, was prepared from pu-erh tea leaves by a solvent-extraction method, followed by Diaion HP-20 column chro-matography and dialysis. Oral and percutaneous administrations of TBW-ND at doses of 18.7 mg/kg and 0.037 mg/ear also resulted in significant preventive effects, which included preventing increases in levels of the proinflam-matory cytokine interleukin-12. The anti-allergic ingredients in TBW-ND were predicted to be highly complex compounds containing of polyphenols, polysaccharides and/or proteins. The results suggest pu-erh tea leaves could be a beneficial food for protecting against delayed-type allergy.

Detection of composition of functional component theabrownins in Pu-erh tea by degradation method

Habitual tea consumption can reduce the risk of ASCVD morbidity and mortality and all-cause mortality in China,and long-term adherence to this habit can provide greater protection.Pu-erh tea is one of the representatives of post-fermented teas,and the polymers in Pu-erh tea have anti-cancer and anti-hyperlipidemic activities,but their chemical composition is still unknown.In this study,the chemical composition of Pu-erh tea was investigated in detail and eight(1–8)known compounds were isolated.The polymers in Pu-erh tea were also degraded by thiol degradation,and the fragments of quercetin and(–)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate were found in the thiol degradation products of Pu-erh tea polymers by UPLC observation and separation and purification.This is the first time that this fragment was obtained in Pu-erh tea polymer.

Anti-Obesity, Anti-Atherosclerotic and Anti-Oxidant Effects of Pu-Erh Tea on a High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rat Model

Pu-erh tea, a traditional Chinese beverage, has been believed to have many benefits to human health and without side effects. In this study, we systematically analyzed the main active components of Pu-erh tea and investigated its anti-obesity, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-oxidant effects using an obese rat model. Obesity was induced by feeding a high-fat diet and subsequently the experimental obese mice were fed with high-fat diet supplemented with low (2.5%), medium (5%) or high (7.5%) doses of Pu-erh tea powder for 6 weeks respectively. As result, the body weight gain of the rats was decreased by medium and high doses of Pu-erh tea treatments. Furthermore, the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and atherosclerosis index (AI) were significantly lowered by Pu-erh tea compared to the control group. Conversely, high density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL-C) level of the rats was significantly elevated by Pu-erh tea treatments. In addition, Pu-erh tea treatments increased the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxides (GSH-Px), whereas reduced the level of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in obese rats. Collectively, our find-ings revealed that Pu-erh tea exerts comprehensive benefits in anti-obesity, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-oxidant effects, therefore can be used as a promising functional food in obesity management.

Pu-erh tea: A review of a healthful brew

Pu-erh tea has been used for thousands of years to treat metabolic diseases.Recognized in Shen Nong's Herbal Classic,a compendium kept by the first traditional Chinese practitioners,it is still highly valued for its hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic effects.This review reports the processing and bioactive components of pu-erh tea.Recent human and animal studies of pu-erh tea and its potential therapeutic mechanisms have also been summarized.The interaction of liver and gut microbiome regulates the puerh tea biotransformation and endogenous metabolism,and thus contributes to the health benefits.

普洱茶生茶抗疲劳作用研究

研究普洱茶生茶对小鼠的抗疲劳作用,为普洱茶保健功效研究提供一定的理论依据。将80只昆明种小鼠(雌雄各半,体重25±4 g)随机分为4组(20只/组),即空白对照组和普洱茶生茶高、中、低剂量组,分别灌胃0.9%生理盐水和2.0 g/kg.bw、1.0g/kg.bw、0.5 g/kg.bw的普洱茶生茶。按照小鼠体重给予不同体积的受试物,自由摄食与饮水,连续灌胃30 d,测定小鼠力竭游泳时间。采血、分离血清并取组织样,测定血乳酸(BLA)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及肝糖元(LG)、肌糖元(MG)指标。结果显示:与空白对照组相比,普洱茶生茶中、低剂量组显著延长了小鼠游泳时间(P<0.01),尤以中剂量组作用明显,增加率达50.68%;显著降低了运动后血乳酸(P<0.01)和血尿素氮(P<0.05)水平,提高了血清乳酸脱氢酶活力(P<0.01),肌糖元和肝糖元的储备量的增加达极显著水平(P<0.01)。因此,普洱茶生茶具有良好的抗疲劳生理活性,以中剂量组作用最明显。

双孢蘑菇废菌渣不发酵连栽姬松茸配套技术研究

利用双孢蘑菇废菌渣不发酵直接连栽姬松茸,结果表明:4月15日播种的姬松茸产量为3.41kg.m-2,分别比3月15日和4月1日播种增产8.20%、3.31%;姬松茸不同营养配方平均产量差异达极显著水平,以大豆粉1.0kg、酵母粉0.25kg、硫酸铵0.2kg的营养配方,菌丝生长速度最快,菌丝浓白;以大豆粉1.5kg、酵母粉0.75kg、硫酸铵0.2kg的配方产量最高,平均产量达3.76kg.m-2,比对照增产9.62%;不同姬松茸菌株产量差异达极显著水平,姬松茸A5、A6菌株菌丝生长最快,日均生长速度达0.29cm,菌丝浓白,A8菌株产量最高,平均单产为3.42kg.m-2。双孢蘑菇废菌渣不发酵直接栽培姬松茸缓解栽培双孢蘑菇、姬松茸争夺原料的矛盾,降低食用菌栽培成本,提高培养料生物转化率。

非发酵臭豆腐挥发性风味物质的研究

通过同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)得到非发酵臭豆腐的挥发性风味物质,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进行分析,共有49种化合物被检出。从含量上看,酸类、醇类、醛类、酯类是主要的种类。从化合物的香气活性值可知,3-甲基丁醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、二甲基二硫醚、4-甲基苯酚、丁酸乙酯、1-辛烯-3-醇、壬醛是非发酵臭豆腐挥发性风味成分的重要部分。并且,果味、脂肪味、卷心菜味、药味、泥土味等是非发酵臭豆腐的特征风味。

南方臭豆腐的研究现状及加工研究进展

对臭豆腐卤水中微生物及挥发性风味物质构成,安全性问题的研究现状进行综述,阐述臭豆腐生产新工艺的研究现状并探讨下一步研究对策和方向。对臭豆腐生产的标准化进行规范,提高产品产率,减少食用安全性风险,延长产品货架期。为更好的开发及改进臭豆腐工业化生产上提供理论依据。

普洱茶对小鼠体重的控制作用研究

探讨普洱茶控制体重的作用,为普洱茶保健作用提供一定的理论依据。7组昆明种小鼠,每组20只,分别连续灌胃生理盐水(对照组)和不同剂量的普洱茶水浸提物30 d。按照小鼠体质量给予不同体积的受试物,自由摄食与饮水。每周称量小鼠体重1次。结果表明:3周后,与对照组相比,普洱茶(熟茶)高剂量组和普洱茶(生茶)中、高剂量组小鼠体重均有降低(P<0.05)。普洱茶(熟茶)和普洱茶(生茶)均具有显著地控制小鼠体重的作用。

相同加工原料下的6类茶体外抗氧化性能比较

以春季茶树‘碧香早’的1芽2叶茶鲜叶为原料,选同一批次鲜叶采用蒸汽固样法将其制成固定样及加工成6类茶叶,并比较研究其体外抗氧化性能,以期为茶叶新产品开发及健康消费提供科学依据。结果表明,固定样及6类茶的还原能力和清除DPPH·、亚硝基、·OH及O2-·的能力均随茶汤浓度的增加而增强;固定样、绿茶、黄茶、黑茶、乌龙茶、白茶以及红茶对DPPH·的IC_(50)依次为0.017、0.019、0.019、0.020、0.021、0.022、0.038 mg(干茶浸出物)/mL,绿茶、固定样、乌龙茶、黑茶、白茶、黄茶和红茶对·OH的IC_(50)依次为1.438、1.695、2.988、4.163、4.606、4.881、6.847 mg(干茶浸出物)/mL,固定样、乌龙茶、黄茶、绿茶、白茶、黑茶和红茶对亚硝基的IC_(50)依次为1.285、1.401、1.514、1.525、1.847、2.146、5.163 mg(干茶浸出物)/mL。说明由相同原料加工而成的6类茶在浸泡相同质量干茶的条件下,因加工工艺不同而在体外抗氧化性能上存在差异,固定样及6类茶的抗氧化能力大小在总体上呈现不发酵茶(绿茶)>半发酵茶(乌龙茶)>全发酵茶(红茶)的趋势,其中以清除DPPH·的效果最好。

香菇液体种深层发酵工艺及菌液接蔗渣生料栽培试验

通过香菇液体菌种深层发酵中试，初步确定了工艺流程及各级配方，证明了此工艺可在短时间内生产出大量菌液，是一种快速生产香菇菌种的好方法。香菇菌液接入蔗渣生料栽培子实体试验，提供了一种克服污染、提高产量、节约成本，较为简单和实用的栽培模式。

电场作用对干仓普洱生茶品质的影响

为了探讨电场作用对干仓普洱生茶的影响,进行了电场对普洱茶汤品质的影响研究。结果表明:普洱茶汤经特种电场处理后,有助于普洱生茶的快速陈化过程,能改善和提升普洱生茶的品质。表现在加快了普洱茶汤的过滤速度,有效提高了普洱茶茶汤的透光性,使普洱茶的汤色更清亮,喝起来更甘甜圆润。