Starting from a revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author, an attempt is made to elaborate a particle model of quarks which in their turn form triangular neutron and proton configurations. These “quark part...Starting from a revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author, an attempt is made to elaborate a particle model of quarks which in their turn form triangular neutron and proton configurations. These “quark particles” are found to be electrically neutral but contain intrinsic electrical charges of both polarities, being an order of magnitude larger than the elementary charge, e. The main interaction force between two such particles is further found to have an attractive short-range character, and it becomes nearly two orders of magnitude larger than the repulsive force which would arise from two interacting elementary charges. The spatial potential distribution of this force corresponds to an inner barrier, an intermediate well, and an outer barrier. The well is found to have a depth being nearly equal to the binding energy 8 MeV of the neutron. The distribution of the barriers and the well makes a stable position possible for the mutual particle distance. The deduced radii of the outer shell and of the core are further of the same magnitude as the known nuclear radii of the neutron and proton. All these deduced characteristic features are the same as those of the known strong force concept. This raises the question whether the present results could provide a first step in a unification of the electromagnetic and the strong nuclear forces.展开更多
A revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author is reconsidered, in respect to the basic concepts established by M. Planck and H.B.G. Casimir on the Zero Point Energy (ZPE) and by A. Einstein on Special Relativi...A revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author is reconsidered, in respect to the basic concepts established by M. Planck and H.B.G. Casimir on the Zero Point Energy (ZPE) and by A. Einstein on Special Relativity. Attention is given to the new properties of its field equations and their applications. These equations include results not being available from conventional theory and the Standard Model. This concerns the internal structure of elementary particles, such as the photon, the electron, muon and tauon, the Z boson, and the so called Higgs particle detected in the experiments at the laboratory of CERN. A possible unification of electrodynamics and the strong nuclear force is further provided by the theory. Finally, there are aspects on the expanding universe represented by a new interpretation of dark matter and dark energy in terms of the ZPE.展开更多
The unification of gravity and electricity since the early 20<sup>th</sup> century and the unification of four fundamental forces since the 1970s have become a mainstream of physical study by using differe...The unification of gravity and electricity since the early 20<sup>th</sup> century and the unification of four fundamental forces since the 1970s have become a mainstream of physical study by using different theories and methods. This paper introduces a dynamical approach to respectively reveal the physical natures of gravity and electricity as well as strong and weak forces. The results showed that the nature of gravity is a dynamical product of mass-energy linear distributions between two adjacent objects and the nature of electricity is a dynamical product of mass-energy linear distributions between two adjacent unlike charges. Potential nuclear energies are mathematically shown by the products of mass-energy linear distributions between proton-neutron particles as well as hadron-lepton particles, which are also initially generated through external perpendicular forces with the maximum efficiency. Thus, four kinds of potential mass-energy space-time distribution rather than four long- and short-range forces showed a common mathematical expression or similarity among them by using this approach.展开更多
The Standard Model of elementary particles, with its associated concept of a vacuum state of empty space, leads to strongly restricted results in subatomic physics. Examples are given by vanishing rest masses and an a...The Standard Model of elementary particles, with its associated concept of a vacuum state of empty space, leads to strongly restricted results in subatomic physics. Examples are given by vanishing rest masses and an associated spinless state of the photon. In a revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author, new results have been deduced which cannot be obtained from the Standard Model. These are due to a vacuum state populated by Zero Point Energy and a corresponding nonzero electric charge density. This leads to a screw-shaped photon configuration with rest mass, spin and possibilities of needle radiation, to a deduced value of the elementary charge of the electron, muon and tauon being close to its experimental value, to a deduced mass being nearly equal to 125 GeV of the Higgs particle detected at CERN, and to the discovery of large intrinsic charges of both polarities within the volume of a particle. In their turn, these charges give rise to effects of the same magnitude as that of the strong force, and can account for the binding energy of 8 MeV of the neutron and proton. This makes a unification possible of electrodynamics with the strong nuclear force.展开更多
Quark movement is almost by the speed of light. Due to this speed their inertial mass-effect increases profoundly. That inertial effect is an accelerating force. Within the nucleon the force is the strong force. As qu...Quark movement is almost by the speed of light. Due to this speed their inertial mass-effect increases profoundly. That inertial effect is an accelerating force. Within the nucleon the force is the strong force. As quarks movements are back and forth movements, called zigzag or oscillating movements, there is movement in opposite directions. So the oppositely acting forces annihilate each other. However the force acting on objects receding from each other is a trifle stronger than that acting on objects approaching each other. This small difference between these forces is a “left over” force and “leaks” out of the nucleon. In previous manuscripts, formulae were presented to calculate these forces. In the present paper the “left over”, “leaking” force is estimated, and this force is gravity.展开更多
文摘Starting from a revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author, an attempt is made to elaborate a particle model of quarks which in their turn form triangular neutron and proton configurations. These “quark particles” are found to be electrically neutral but contain intrinsic electrical charges of both polarities, being an order of magnitude larger than the elementary charge, e. The main interaction force between two such particles is further found to have an attractive short-range character, and it becomes nearly two orders of magnitude larger than the repulsive force which would arise from two interacting elementary charges. The spatial potential distribution of this force corresponds to an inner barrier, an intermediate well, and an outer barrier. The well is found to have a depth being nearly equal to the binding energy 8 MeV of the neutron. The distribution of the barriers and the well makes a stable position possible for the mutual particle distance. The deduced radii of the outer shell and of the core are further of the same magnitude as the known nuclear radii of the neutron and proton. All these deduced characteristic features are the same as those of the known strong force concept. This raises the question whether the present results could provide a first step in a unification of the electromagnetic and the strong nuclear forces.
文摘A revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author is reconsidered, in respect to the basic concepts established by M. Planck and H.B.G. Casimir on the Zero Point Energy (ZPE) and by A. Einstein on Special Relativity. Attention is given to the new properties of its field equations and their applications. These equations include results not being available from conventional theory and the Standard Model. This concerns the internal structure of elementary particles, such as the photon, the electron, muon and tauon, the Z boson, and the so called Higgs particle detected in the experiments at the laboratory of CERN. A possible unification of electrodynamics and the strong nuclear force is further provided by the theory. Finally, there are aspects on the expanding universe represented by a new interpretation of dark matter and dark energy in terms of the ZPE.
文摘The unification of gravity and electricity since the early 20<sup>th</sup> century and the unification of four fundamental forces since the 1970s have become a mainstream of physical study by using different theories and methods. This paper introduces a dynamical approach to respectively reveal the physical natures of gravity and electricity as well as strong and weak forces. The results showed that the nature of gravity is a dynamical product of mass-energy linear distributions between two adjacent objects and the nature of electricity is a dynamical product of mass-energy linear distributions between two adjacent unlike charges. Potential nuclear energies are mathematically shown by the products of mass-energy linear distributions between proton-neutron particles as well as hadron-lepton particles, which are also initially generated through external perpendicular forces with the maximum efficiency. Thus, four kinds of potential mass-energy space-time distribution rather than four long- and short-range forces showed a common mathematical expression or similarity among them by using this approach.
文摘The Standard Model of elementary particles, with its associated concept of a vacuum state of empty space, leads to strongly restricted results in subatomic physics. Examples are given by vanishing rest masses and an associated spinless state of the photon. In a revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author, new results have been deduced which cannot be obtained from the Standard Model. These are due to a vacuum state populated by Zero Point Energy and a corresponding nonzero electric charge density. This leads to a screw-shaped photon configuration with rest mass, spin and possibilities of needle radiation, to a deduced value of the elementary charge of the electron, muon and tauon being close to its experimental value, to a deduced mass being nearly equal to 125 GeV of the Higgs particle detected at CERN, and to the discovery of large intrinsic charges of both polarities within the volume of a particle. In their turn, these charges give rise to effects of the same magnitude as that of the strong force, and can account for the binding energy of 8 MeV of the neutron and proton. This makes a unification possible of electrodynamics with the strong nuclear force.
文摘Quark movement is almost by the speed of light. Due to this speed their inertial mass-effect increases profoundly. That inertial effect is an accelerating force. Within the nucleon the force is the strong force. As quarks movements are back and forth movements, called zigzag or oscillating movements, there is movement in opposite directions. So the oppositely acting forces annihilate each other. However the force acting on objects receding from each other is a trifle stronger than that acting on objects approaching each other. This small difference between these forces is a “left over” force and “leaks” out of the nucleon. In previous manuscripts, formulae were presented to calculate these forces. In the present paper the “left over”, “leaking” force is estimated, and this force is gravity.
