Dispersants, usually blending with several surfactants and a solvent, are used to enhance oil spill dispersion as small droplets in water column. Although there is growing acceptance of dispersants as a counter measur...Dispersants, usually blending with several surfactants and a solvent, are used to enhance oil spill dispersion as small droplets in water column. Although there is growing acceptance of dispersants as a counter measure to marine oil spills around the world, the two major issues with the dispersants are their toxicity to marine life and dispersion effectiveness (DE) for crude-oil, especially for heavy oil. To develop more efficient and less toxic dispersants, two kinds of sorbitol derivant nonionic surfactant (polysorbate 85 and sorbeth-40 tetraoleate), two kinds of glycolipid biosurfactants (rhamnolipid and sophorolipid) and less toxic solvent ethylene glycol butyl ether were chosen in this study, and two dispersant formulations were optimized by uniform design methods. Effects of dispersant-to-oil ratio, temperature, salinity and pH on the performance of the two optimized dispersants were investigated. The two dispersants had high dispersion effectiveness (DE) for heavy crude oil, while both dispersants keep high DE at the dispersant-to-oil ratio below 1:25 and the temperature above 5 ℃. In addition, the two dispersants also performed well in a wide range of salinity and pH values. Finally, toxicity tests revealed that the two dispersants showed low toxicity to two kinds of fish (Danio rerio and Microgobius gulosus).展开更多
文摘Dispersants, usually blending with several surfactants and a solvent, are used to enhance oil spill dispersion as small droplets in water column. Although there is growing acceptance of dispersants as a counter measure to marine oil spills around the world, the two major issues with the dispersants are their toxicity to marine life and dispersion effectiveness (DE) for crude-oil, especially for heavy oil. To develop more efficient and less toxic dispersants, two kinds of sorbitol derivant nonionic surfactant (polysorbate 85 and sorbeth-40 tetraoleate), two kinds of glycolipid biosurfactants (rhamnolipid and sophorolipid) and less toxic solvent ethylene glycol butyl ether were chosen in this study, and two dispersant formulations were optimized by uniform design methods. Effects of dispersant-to-oil ratio, temperature, salinity and pH on the performance of the two optimized dispersants were investigated. The two dispersants had high dispersion effectiveness (DE) for heavy crude oil, while both dispersants keep high DE at the dispersant-to-oil ratio below 1:25 and the temperature above 5 ℃. In addition, the two dispersants also performed well in a wide range of salinity and pH values. Finally, toxicity tests revealed that the two dispersants showed low toxicity to two kinds of fish (Danio rerio and Microgobius gulosus).
文摘针对变压器油运行过程中受外界因素影响而老化导致性能下降的问题,基于静电吸附原理,利用Ansoft Maxwell有限元仿真软件对“波浪”形曲面极板构造梯度非均匀电场,对变压器油中电中性杂质和带电杂质在梯度非均匀电场中的运动规律及模式进行了探究,进而研制了静电吸附净油反应器;在此基础上,设计了正交试验方案以检验该静电吸附净油反应器对油品品质的提升效果,并优化了净油反应器的工作条件。结果表明,该静电吸附净油反应器的最优工作条件为:电压12 kV、温度45℃、流速0.1 m s;经该反应器净化处理后,变压器油的介质损耗因数由0.04258降至0.00376,说明研制的净油反应器可有效提升老化变压器油的品质。
