Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Acylcarnitines in Dried Blood Specimens Collected at Autopsy from Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Objective To investigate the feasibility of analyzing acylcarnitine in dry filter-paper blood spots by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) which could be applied to detect inborn errors of metabolism in neonates.Methods We obtained filter-paper blood from 26 dead infants from a neonatal intensive care unit(NICU) between October 1,2008 and September 30,2009.Acylcarnitine and amino acid profiles were obtained with LC-MS/MS.Four infants underwent routine autopsy.The postmortem blood specimens were compared with newborn blood specimens,and with specimens obtained from older infants with metabolic disorders.Results Of all the 26 patients,5(19.2%) were diagnosed as having different kinds of diseases:3 with methylmalonic acidemia(the concentration of C3,and the ratio of C3/C16,C3/C2 increased),1 with maple syrup urine disease(the concentration of leucine and isoleucine increased),and 1 with isovaleric aci-demia(the concentration of C5 increased).Conclusions Postmortem metabolic test can explain infant deaths and provide estimates of deaths attributable to inborn errors of metabolism in NICU.LC-MS/MS is suitable for analysis of postmortem specimens and can be considered for routine application in NICU autopsy.

An Air Mass Based Approach to the Establishment of Spring Season Synoptic Characteristics in the Northeast United States

The Northeast United States spring is indicative of major meteorological and biological change though the seasonal boundaries are difficult to define and may even be changing with global climate warming. This research aims to obtain a synoptic meteorological definition of the spring season through an assessment of air mass frequency over the past 60 years. The validity of recent speculations that the onset and termination of spring have changed in recent decades with global change is also examined. The Spatial Synoptic Classification is utilized to define daily air masses over the region. Annual and seasonal baseline frequencies are identified and their differences are acquired to characterize the season. Seasonal frequency departures of the early and late segments of the period of record are calculated and examined for practical and statistical significance. The daily boundaries of early and late spring are also isolated and assessed across the period of record to identify important changes in the season’s initiation and termination through time. Results indicate that the Northeast spring season is dominated by dry air masses, mainly the Dry Moderate and Dry Polar types. Prior to 1975, more polar air masses are detected while after 1975 more moderate and tropical types are identified. Late spring is characterized by increased variability in all moist air mass frequencies. These findings indicate that, from a synoptic perspective, the season is dry through time but modern springs are also warmer than those of past decades and the initiation of the season is likely arriving earlier. The end of the season represents more variable day-to-day air mass conditions in modern times than detected in past decades.

相平衡关系在《化工原理》单元过程强化中的应用

相平衡条件是传质过程的热力学极限,借此可以确定分离级数、液气比等操作参数,设计和优化分离工艺,探索体系极限。本文列举了蒸馏、吸收、萃取单元操作中相平衡的内容,说明通过改变温度、压力、浓度或增加促进剂可以改善相平衡,调整传质过程的控制步骤,从而对化工过程实现精准设计和调控,是过程强化的重要手段。对于这些能源密集型单元过程,相平衡模型的准确预测或模拟是高效分离或纯化、减少能耗和原料损失的必要保障。

HfZrTiTaNb系高熵合金的冲击反应释能定量确定

作为一种新型含能材料,高熵合金在高速冲击过程中会释放大量能量,具有重要的应用价值。采用二级轻气炮系统加载真空环境下的HfZrTiTaNb系高熵合金弹丸,对轴承钢进行了冲击实验,测量了闪光辐射温度、气体超压、火焰传播速度和容器壁温升等响应参数的演化过程,分析了高熵合金弹丸撞击靶板过程中的能量流向,定量计算了高熵合金在密闭容器内冲击反应的混合气体焓、闪光辐射能、容器壁的吸收能、喷出气体焓以及撞击靶板产生的变形能,得到了不同元素及其含量对高熵合金释能量的影响。结果表明,高熵合金弹丸冲击反应释放的能量主要被准密闭容器壁吸收。随着Cu或Al含量的增加,HfZrTiTaNb系高熵合金的单位质量释能量增加。在相近的撞击速度下,含Cu高熵合金的单位质量释能量比含Al高熵合金大。

生活垃圾填埋场开采再利用碳排放模型及其应用

采用碳排放因子法建立了生活垃圾填埋场开采再利用的全生命周期碳排放模型,核算了单位质量填埋垃圾在保持原状、开采-材料再回收和开采-能源回收三种场景的碳排放量,分析了开采再利用场景下碳减排主要驱动因素与碳减排量的影响规律,探究了填埋场开采再利用相对于保持原状的碳减排潜力。结果表明:开采-材料再回收场景的碳排放量少于开采-能源回收场景;开采-材料再回收场景的碳减排量随塑料回收率的提高而增大,开采-能源回收场景的碳减排量随垃圾衍生燃料热处理量的增加而增大;简易填埋场在开采-材料再回收场景的碳减排潜力最大,达-495 kgCO_(2)eq/t。该研究可为我国垃圾填埋场开采再利用的碳减排潜力评估提供一定的参考依据。

棉纺混抓棉技术现状及全唛混抓棉技术的创新与突破

为了提高开清棉工序混棉、抓棉的效率和混和均匀性,详述纺纱生产中原料纤维强制性混和、分散性混和的原理以及混和不匀对纺纱品质的影响,分析现有抓棉、混棉机械以及混抓棉技术在功能、纤维品种适应性、纺纱产质量等方面存在的不足,提出实时全唛混抓棉的新概念和新模式,构建实时全唛混抓棉机架构模型,并与现有抓棉机多个技术经济项目进行对比。指出:现有抓棉机及抓棉混棉技术以抓棉为主、粗犷配棉混棉,无法达到强制性混和阶段精细混和的要求;实时全唛混抓棉机,混配在先、混抓结合、以抓带混、精确抓取、精细混棉、精准配比,同时附加多项重要功能,其研发契合行业的技术进步与发展要求,有利于纺纱生产工艺技术的转型升级,通过与整个纺纱工艺流程做系统性的优化、完善和适配,才能发挥其更大的优势潜能。

串联质谱联合气相质谱在新生儿重症监护病房遗传代谢病筛查诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨串联质谱(tandem mass spectrometry,MS/MS)联合气相质谱(gas phase mass spectrometry,GC-MS)在新生儿重症监护病房(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU)遗传代谢病(inherited metabolic disorders,IMD)筛查诊断中的应用价值。方法选取2020年1月至2021年12月解放军总医院第七医学中心NICU收治的3682例新生儿(其中足月儿1794例,早产儿1888例)为观察对象,采集干血斑行MS/MS遗传代谢病筛查。初次筛查阳性者重新采样复查并行尿液GC-MS检测。根据患儿代谢谱结合临床表现进行生化诊断。统计学方法采用χ^(2)检验。结果3682例NICU患儿中初筛阳性率为5.65%(208/3682),复筛阳性率为1.33%(49/3682),共生化诊断IMD患儿14例,总检出率为0.38%(14/3682),其中足月儿检出率高于早产儿[0.67%(12/1794)与0.11%(2/1888),χ^(2)=7.697,P=0.006]。14例IMD中,有机酸代谢异常11例,包括甲基丙二酸血症8例(57.1%)、戊二酸血症2例(14.3%)、3-甲基戊二烯酸尿症1例(7.1%);氨基酸代谢异常3例,包括尿素循环障碍2例(14.3%)、高苯丙氨酸血症1例(7.1%)。MS/MS初筛假阳性率为5.29%(194/3668),阳性预测值为6.73%(14/208)。召回复查后,二次MS/MS复测,假阳性率为0.95%(35/3668),阳性预测值为28.57%(14/49)。在各类MS/MS指标异常中,丙酰肉碱及其比值增高、戊二酰肉碱增高的阳性预测值高于氨基酸类代谢异常。结论NICU人群IMD发病率较高,且存在早产、感染等多种非遗传因素,干扰MS/MS代谢筛查结果。及时进行MS/MS复查及尿GC-MS分析可以提高诊断效率,明确生化诊断。

TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION OF PRODUCT EVOLUTIONARY DESIGN BASED ON CONFIGURATION IN MASS CUSTOMIZATION MODE

Product customization has been recognized as an effective means to implement mass cus-tomization （MC）. A new theory and method for MC-oriented evolutionary design of configuration product is presented based on the study of developing law of evolutionary design in integrated envi-ronment, which focuses on the innovation and reuse properties of configuration product. The key technologies for general requirement modeling in quick response to customer requirement, multi-level stepwise configuration optimization driven by customer requirement and evolutionary deduction of product variable structure based on configuration association are thoroughly investigated. The suc-cessful application of the presented method in the development of real-life products demonstrates its utility, flexibility and robusticity.

A General Equation for Calculating the‘True’Height of Transfer Unit in Extraction Columns

Based on single drop mass transfer models and two phase flow equation,a general equationfor calculating the‘true’height of transfer unit of extraction columns was derived and tested withfour types of extraction columns with some different working systems.The calculated results fittedwell with those obtained by experiments.

循环流化床燃煤机组SNCR脱硝过程气液传质和反应特性

采用CFD模拟方法预测了300 MW循环流化床机组SNCR脱硝过程中的还原剂液滴蒸发、烟气混合和反应特性。结果表明烟气在旋风分离器内贴壁旋转流动并形成外旋流为准自由涡和内旋流为刚性涡的双涡结构,使液滴与烟气接触约0.01 s后开始恒温蒸发,并强化了烟气与气态还原剂的混合效果。氨水为还原剂时,NH_3主要分布于旋风分离器锥体上方;尿素为还原剂时,蒸发后快速分解的HNCO消耗速率高于NH_3,其中NH_3浓度分布与氨水为还原剂相似,相同烟气温度和氨氮摩尔比时氨水和尿素溶液对应脱硝效率分别约为79.5%和76.5%。温度对脱硝效率的影响表现为先上升后下降趋势,当温度由1023 K提高至1173 K时NH_3与NO反应速率提高,脱硝效率由19.7%提高至81.0%;而当温度由1173 K进一步提高至1323 K时,NH_3由于自身氧化速率显著提高而导致脱硝效率降低至17.4%。脱硝效率随氨氮摩尔比(NSR)增大而升高,但还原剂利用率的降低致使氨逃逸率增大,综合考虑本台CFB锅炉SNCR脱硝效率和氨逃逸率,NSR选取1.25~1.50可以满足NO_(x)排放低于50 mg/m^(3)的超低排放标准。

An Efficient Acceleration of Solving Heat and Mass Transfer Equations with the Second Kind Boundary Conditions in Capillary Porous Composite Cylinder Using Programmable Graphics Hardware

With the recent developments in computing technology, increased efforts have gone into simulation of various scientific methods and phenomenon in engineering fields. One such case is the simulation of heat and mass transfer in capillary porous media, which is becoming more and more important in analysing various scenarios in engineering applications. Analysing such heat and mass transfer phenomenon in a given environment requires us to simulate it. This entails simulation of coupled heat mass transfer equations. However, this process of numerical solution of heat and mass transfer equations is very much time consuming. Therefore, this paper aims at utilizing one of the acceleration techniques developed in the graphics community that exploits a graphics processing unit (GPU) which is applied to the numerical solutions of heat and mass transfer equations. The nVidia Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) programming model caters a good method of applying parallel computing to program the graphical processing unit. This paper shows a good improvement in the performance while solving the heat and mass transfer equations for capillary porous composite cylinder with the second kind of boundary conditions numerically running on GPU. This heat and mass transfer simulation is implemented using CUDA platform on nVidia Quadro FX 4800 graphics card. Our experimental results depict the drastic performance improvement when GPU is used to perform heat and mass transfer simulation. GPU can significantly accelerate the performance with a maximum observed speedup of more than 7-fold times. Therefore, the GPU is a good approach to accelerate the heat and mass transfer simulation.

An Efficient Acceleration of Solving Heat and Mass Transfer Equations with the First Kind Boundary Conditions in Capillary Porous Radially Composite Cylinder Using Programmable Graphics Hardware

With the latest advances in computing technology, a huge amount of efforts have gone into simulation of a range of scientific phenomena in engineering fields. One such case is the simulation of heat and mass transfer in capillary porous media, which is becoming more and more necessary in analyzing a number of eventualities in science and engineering applications. However, this procedure of numerical solution of heat and mass transfer equations for capillary porous media is very time consuming. Therefore, this paper pursuit is at making use of one of the acceleration methods developed in the graphics community that exploits a graphical processing unit (GPU), which is applied to the numerical solutions of such heat and mass transfer equations. The nVidia Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) programming model offers a correct approach of applying parallel computing to applications with graphical processing unit. This paper suggests a true improvement in the performance while solving the heat and mass transfer equations for capillary porous radially composite cylinder with the first type of boundary conditions. This heat and mass transfer simulation is carried out through the usage of CUDA platform on nVidia Quadro FX 4800 graphics card. Our experimental outcomes exhibit the drastic overall performance enhancement when GPU is used to illustrate heat and mass transfer simulation. GPU can considerably accelerate the performance with a maximum found speedup of more than 5-fold times. Therefore, the GPU is a good strategy to accelerate the heat and mass transfer simulation in porous media.

ICU住院期间体质量变化与死亡率的相关性研究

目的探讨成年患者在重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)住院期间体质量变化对死亡率的影响。方法采用多中心回顾性队列研究,利用eICU-CRD数据库,纳入首次入院单次入住ICU且ICU住院时长>24 h的成年患者。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,并控制相关混杂因素,研究ICU住院期间体质量变化与死亡率之间的关系。在不同年龄组、急性生理和慢性健康评估Ⅳ评分(Acute Physiology and Chronic Health EvaluationⅣscore,APACHEⅣ)评分、ICU住院时长和入院时BMI基线水平中进行亚组分析。结果本研究共纳入ICU患者34311例,其中男性占比55.1%,白种人占比82.4%,≥65岁以上人群占比51.3%;与体质量降低组患者比较,体质量升高的患者出现肾衰竭(1938例,11.1%)、肝衰竭(106例,0.6%)和败血症(2442例,14.0%)的比例更高,并且体质量增加组的患者在ICU住院时长、医院住院时长和APACHEⅣ评分也较高。多因素Logistic回归模型结果显示体质量增加组患者的住院死亡率是体质量降低组的1.25倍(95%CI:1.16~1.36,P<0.001),ICU死亡率是体质量降低组的1.36倍(95%CI:1.22~1.50,P<0.001),而且在疾病严重程度较高、ICU住院时间较长的患者中更明显,并且研究结果不受年龄及BMI基线水平的影响。结论在成年患者中,体质量变化是其发生ICU死亡和医院死亡的独立危险因素。

柴油加氢精制装置应用微界面强化反应技术总结

近年来多相反应体系的强化传质技术在化工工业的应用受到越来越多的关注。微界面强化反应技术(MIR)将气液、气液液、气液固界面的几何尺寸由毫米-厘米级高效调控为微米级,大幅提高了相界面积,实现传质和反应强化,对于反应速率受传质控制的慢反应体系,如柴油加氢,非常适合采用MIR。介绍了某企业采用MIR对柴油加氢装置改造后的工业应用数据及柴油加氢技术应用MIR的最新中试数据。工业应用表明:与传统柴油加氢工艺相比,采用微界面强化传质后装置可加工的原料劣质化明显,脱硫率达到98.4%,反应效率提升30%以上,能耗、物耗降低10%;中试数据显示生产国Ⅵ标准车用柴油调合组分时反应压力可降低30%。

一种适用于质量交换网络优化的节点非结构模型

质量交换网络(MEN)作为过程集成系统的新兴分支方向,具有提高资源利用效率和降低环境污染的双重效益。目前典型的超结构模型在MEN优化中已经取得了很好的应用,但超结构固定排列方式限制了模型中换热器匹配的灵活性和求解域的扩大。基于此,提出了一种新的有分流节点非结构模型,以节点的形式量化传质单元的匹配方式,实现传质单元在流股上的自由匹配,从而增强了单元匹配的灵活性。同时考虑到实际工程中有分流情况的出现,以分组数和分支数表示传质单元的有分流形式,进一步扩大了模型的求解范围。最后,通过2个实际MEN算例分析计算,验证了有分流节点非结构模型的有效性。

基于RBF神经网络的催化再生烟气NOx质量浓度预测与应用

为了提前掌握催化裂化装置再生器出口烟气中氮氧化物(NOx)排放质量浓度,从源头控制的角度出发,有效地动态指导脱硝装置运行参数调节,开展了径向基函数(Radial Basis Function,RBF)、反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)和自编码器(Auto Encoder,AE)神经网络在催化裂化装置再生器出口烟气NOx质量浓度预测中的应用研究。通过业务分析和数据分析,确定影响再生烟气中NOx质量浓度的工艺特征变量。利用采用不同方法清洗的两组数据,对比分析RBF、BP和AE神经网络在提前15 min预测再生器出口NOx排放质量浓度的效果,模型预测的精度分别为94.29%、91.73%和88.47%。基于RBF神经网络建立NOx质量浓度预测模型并进行工业应用,在400个工业测试样本中质量浓度预测值的最大误差为6.97 mg/m3,最小误差为0.07 mg/m3,平均误差为2.91 mg/m3。该预测模型对催化再生器出口NOx质量浓度的预测误差满足企业现场应用的要求,可指导工艺操作人员更好地掌控再生器出口烟气中NOx质量浓度的变化,为工艺操作人员提供了一个调整脱硝设施优化运行的时间窗口,有效增强了催化裂化装置催化剂再生烟气中NOx排放的抗冲击能力。

阿拉善高原土地砾化特征及监测指标

探究阿拉善高原土地砾化地区的地表砾石覆盖度(G_(c)),单位面积地表砾石质量(G_(m)),0~5 cm、5~10 cm土层深度的砾石质量含量[G_(mc)(0~5 cm)、G_(mc)(5~10 cm)]特征及其相关关系,为其砾化土地的监测与评估奠定指标基础。野外采集阿拉善高原土地砾化地区的砾石样品,测定其G_(c)、G_(m)、G_(mc)(0~5 cm)和G_(mc)(5~10 cm)。通过单因素方差分析、邓肯多重比较、一元线性回归和相关性分析,探究阿拉善高原的土地砾化特征。结果表明:(1)阿拉善高原各样地总的G_(c)(G_(m))的平均值为39.49%(3544.04 g·m^(-2))。(2)粒径为4~8 mm和8~16 mm的G_(c)(G_(m))要显著高于其他粒径的G_(c)(G_(m))(P<0.05),且粒径为4~8 mm的G_(c)(G_(m))变异系数最小,最为稳定。(3)阿拉善高原各样地在空间分布格局上呈现出G_(c)和G_(m)由东向西、由南向北逐渐增大的分布规律。(4)不同粒径(总)的G_(m)和G_(c)均呈极显著的一元线性回归关系(P<0.01),G_(m)也可以很好的评价土地砾化程度。并根据G_(c)的砾化程度分级阈值确定了相应的G_(m)的砾化程度分级阈值。(5)除2~4 mm和>32 mm的粒径外,其他粒径的G_(c)、G_(m)与0~5 cm土层内G_(mc)的相关性要明显大于与5~10 cm土层内G_(mc)的相关性,总的G_(c)、G_(m)与0~5 cm土层内G_(mc)的相关性要明显大于与5~10 cm土层内G_(mc)的相关性。(6)确定了砾化土地类型之一的戈壁地表砾石覆盖度阈值为25%。研究结果可为阿拉善高原和其他区域砾化土地的监测和评估奠定指标基础。

高湿排风热质传递模型及不可逆换热过程分析

如何高效提取矿井排风中蕴含的大量低品位能量,是工程领域内关键问题。针对喷淋式扩散塔热回收装置内,高湿排风与低温喷淋水的热质传递问题,构建并求解了基于传质单元数(NTU_(m))与刘易斯数(Le)的热质传递理论模型,开展了高湿排风与低温喷淋水直接接触式热质传递试验。运用火积耗散理论,明确了热质传递的实际不可逆换热过程,并揭示了Le与火积耗散热阻之间的相互关系。研究结果表明:高湿排风与低温喷淋水的热质传递过程具体表现为减湿冷却过程和类等湿冷却过程。NTU_(m)>0.1,高湿排风进行减湿冷却,经低温喷淋水换热后,最大温差可达到6.3℃,含湿量差为3.12 g/kg,该过程中Le偏离于1,Le与火积耗散热阻呈正比关系,当Le逼近于1,火积耗散热阻逼近于0,可达到最优换热效果;NTU_(m)<0.1,高湿排风进行类等湿冷却,主要表现为高湿排风经过减焓冷却达到饱和状态后,空气状态沿饱和线变化直至换热完成,且排风出口温度接近于排风进口露点温度。值得注意的是,类等湿冷却过程中热质传递火积耗散热阻远大于减湿冷却过程,高湿排风进行减湿冷却更有利于热质传递。在设计喷淋式扩散塔热回收装置时,为使换热单元内高湿空气进行减湿冷却,实现热湿能量的高效提取,风流速度应不大于4 m/s,水气比不低于0.2。

延安时期坚持党的全面领导的探索与启示

延安时期,我们党在坚持和加强党的全面领导问题上的艰辛探索对新中国成立后的治国理政产生了深远影响。这些探索主要包括健全和完善党中央集中统一领导的体制机制,领导制定根据地政权机关施政纲领,注重发挥党员和党团在政府中的作用,高度重视并积极争取统一战线的领导权,在群众工作中反对尾巴主义和命令主义等。以上探索对当前加强和改进党的全面领导有四点历史启迪:一是成熟稳定的领导集体和强有力的领导核心是实现党中央集中统一领导的前提;二是适应形势变化及时改善党的领导方式是坚持党的领导的重要要求;三是走好群众路线是实现党的领导的重要方式;四是坚持党的领导与每一个组织、每一名党员相关联。

多晶硅生产管理中的核算和分析

介绍了西门子法多晶硅生产管理中涉及到的平衡核算方法。以excel建立了简易平衡核算模型,总结了各种单耗指标影响因素及控制方法。过程和方法可以为多晶硅生产企业的管理提供参考。