Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection as a treatment for early neoplasia and for accurate staging of early cancers in a United Kingdom Caucasian population

AIM To investigate the efficacy of endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) at diagnosing and treating superficial neoplastic lesions of the stomach in a United Kingdom Caucasian population.METHODS Data of patients treated with or considered for ESD at a tertiary referral center in the United Kingdom were retrieved for a period of 2 years(May 2015 to June 2017) from the electronic patient records of the hospital. Only Caucasian patients were included. Primary outcomes were curative resection(CR) and were defined as ESD resections with clear horizontal and vertical margin and an absence of lympho-vascular invasion, poor differentiation and submucosal involvement on histological evaluation of the resected specimen. Secondary end-points were reversal of dysplasia at 12 mo endoscopic follow-up and/or at the latest follow up. Change in histological diagnosis pre and post ESD was also analysed.RESULTS Twenty-four patients were initially identified with intention to treat. 19 patients were eligible after mapping gastroscopy and ESD was attempted on a total of 25 ESD lesions, 4 of which failed and had to be aborted mid-procedure. Out of 21 ESD performed, en-bloc resection was achieved in 71.4% of cases. Resection was considered complete on endoscopy in 90.5% of cases compared to only 38.1% on histology. A total of 6 resections were considered curative(28%), 5 noncurative(24%) and 10 indefinite for CR or non-CR(24%). ESD changed the histological diagnosis in 66.6% of cases post ESD. Endoscopic follow-up in the "indefinite" group and CR group showed that 50% and 80% of patients were clear of dysplasia at the latest follow-up respectively; 2 cases of recurrence were observed in the "indefinite"group. Survival rate for the entire cohort was 91.7%.CONCLUSION This study provides early evidence for the efficacy of ESD as a therapeutic and diagnostic intervention in Caucasian populations and supports its application in the United Kingdom.

Cancer incidence,mortality,and burden in China:a time-trend analysis and comparison with the United States and United Kingdom based on the global epidemiological data released in 2020

Background:Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and a main economic burden in China.Investigating the differences in cancer patterns and control strategies between China and developed countries could provide reference for policy planning and contribute to improving cancer control measures.In this study,we reviewed the rates and trends of cancer incidence and mortality and disability-adjusted life year(DALY)burden in China,and compared them with those in the United States(US)and the United Kingdom(UK).Methods:Cancer incidence,mortality,and DALY data for China,US and UK were obtained fromtheGLOBOCAN2020 online database,Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2019 study,and Cancer Incidence in Five Continents plus database(CI5 plus).Trends of cancer incidence and mortality in China,US,and UK were analyzed using Joinpoint regression models to calculate annual percent changes(APCs)and identify the best-fitting joinpoints.Results:An estimated 4,568,754 newly diagnosed cancer cases and 3,002,899 cancer deaths occurred in China in 2020.Additionally,cancers resulted in 67,340,309 DALYs in China.Compared to the US and UK,China had lower cancer incidence but higher cancer mortality andDALY rates.Furthermore,the cancer spectrum of China was changing,with a rapid increase incidence and burden of lung,breast,colorectal,and prostate cancer in addition to a high incidence and heavy burden of liver,stomach,esophageal,and cervical cancer.Conclusions:The cancer spectrum of China is changing from a developing country to a developed country.Population aging and increase of unhealthy lifestyles would continue to increase the cancer burden of China.Therefore,the Chinese authorities should adjust the national cancer control program with reference to the practices of cancer control which have been well-established in the developed countries,and taking consideration of the diversity of cancer types by of different regions in China at the same time.

A history of high-power laser research and development in the United Kingdom

The first demonstration of laser action in ruby was made in 1960 by T.H.Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories,USA.Many laboratories worldwide began the search for lasers using different materials,operating at different wavelengths.In the UK,academia,industry and the central laboratories took up the challenge from the earliest days to develop these systems for a broad range of applications.This historical review looks at the contribution the UK has made to the advancement of the technology,the development of systems and components and their exploitation over the last 60 years.

Climate change,coastal built heritage,and critical challenges facing the heritage law frameworks of the United States,United Kingdom,and France

Climate change poses a particular threat to the world's unique built heritage-historic buildings,sites monuments,and museums.As preserving built heritage resources from climate change becomes a global priority,understanding the current inadequacies of legal frameworks designed to protect built heritage in coastal areas is essential.Only by identifying and examining these shortfalls can countries create resilient legal policies and tools that better protect coastal built heritage from the immediate and long-term effects of climate change.Building on previous comparative cultural heritage law scholarship,this article describes the legal frameworks that the United States,United Kingdom,and France use to protect their respective built heritage in coastal areas and identifies two critical challengesfacing eachcountry.

Preliminary assessment of the solar resource in the United Kingdom

Solar radiation resources data are the foundation of knowledge for programs of large-scale deployment of solar energy technologies.This article summarizes the analysis of a new weather stations network in the United Kingdom.The analysis used three years(January 2015-December 2017)of data from 27 weather stations distributed across the country.The data comprises global horizontal irradiance(GHI),diffuse horizontal irradiance,direct normal irradiance and the ambient temperature.Network design,implementation and data quality assurance are described to document the network extent and quality.From all observed datasets,we found that Plymouth(located in southwest England)has the dominant GHI and ambient temperature among all other 26 locations.The least GHI is observed for Aberdeen(located in northeast Scotland)estimated at 77.3 kWh/m2.The least average ambient temperature is equal to 9.1℃;the data were detected by the weather station located in the capital of Scotland(Edinburgh).Although continued measurements are needed to understand the interannual resource variability,the current study should have significant applications for preliminary technology selection,power plant modeling and resource forecasting.

Studying in the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom is among the world leaders in recruiting international students.Joanna Burke,Cultural Counselor in the Cultural and Education Section of the British Embassy in China,recently spoke about international students,especially Chinese students in the United Kingdom,with Beijing Review reporter Wang Hairong.

Study on the Management of Chronic Diseases in American and British Community Pharmacy

Objective To provide a reference for promoting the construction of chronic disease management in community pharmacies in China.Methods Literature research and comparative research methods were used to analyze the management of chronic disease carried out by community pharmacies in the United States and the United Kingdom.Results and Conclusion The management of chronic diseases in American and British community pharmacies has formed retail health clinic and online chronic disease mode.It is recommended that Chinese government should issue measures and supporting guidelines for the management of chronic diseases in community pharmacies as soon as possible.Community pharmacies should be encouraged to carry out chronic disease management with the concept of prudent inclusion and gradual progression.Meanwhile,the concentration of drug retail industry should be improved to carry out the systematic construction of chronic disease management and build a standardized chronic disease service process.Besides,community pharmacies should make full use of new technologies such as the Internet,cloud computing and big data,smart wearable devices,and chronic disease management Apps to explore and carry out online professional chronic disease management mode.

中英疫苗采购、配送及监测比较

目的比较中英两国的免疫接种系统及工作程序,以期为我国免疫接种工作提供借鉴和启示。方法通过文献回顾和网站信息收集,系统梳理中英两国疫苗采购、配送和异常反应监测的相关政策、文件、新技术应用等信息。结果在疫苗采购方面,两国纳入国家免疫规划的疫苗均由政府统一采购、免费接种,且中国实行强制接种政策。在疫苗配送方面:英国全境的疫苗由1家物流公司统一配送,配送费用由政府支付;我国各省(自治区、直辖市)的疫苗配送情况不一,多由当地疾病预防控制机构负责配送。在预防接种异常反应监测方面,英国疫苗上市后的异常反应监测系统和相应的赔偿制度较为成熟,我国的相关系统和制度还有待完善。结论针对现存的问题,我国应聚焦疫苗的生产源头、流通运输和安全监测,提高疫苗生产企业的准入门槛,大力发展我国医药冷链物流业,逐步完善我国疫苗预防接种异常反应监测系统。

SEIHCRD Model for COVID-19 Spread Scenarios,Disease Predictions and Estimates the Basic Reproduction Number,Case Fatality Rate,Hospital,and ICU Beds Requirement

We have proposed a new mathematical method,the SEIHCRD model,which has an excellent potential to predict the incidence of COVID-19 diseases.Our proposed SEIHCRD model is an extension of the SEIR model.Three-compartments have added death,hospitalized,and critical,which improves the basic understanding of disease spread and results.We have studiedCOVID-19 cases of six countries,where the impact of this disease in the highest are Brazil,India,Italy,Spain,the United Kingdom,and the United States.After estimating model parameters based on available clinical data,the modelwill propagate and forecast dynamic evolution.Themodel calculates the Basic reproduction number over time using logistic regression and the Case fatality rate based on the selected countries’age-category scenario.Themodel calculates two types of Case fatality rate one is CFR daily,and the other is total CFR.The proposed model estimates the approximate time when the disease is at its peak and the approximate time when death cases rarely occur and calculate how much hospital beds and ICU beds will be needed in the peak days of infection.The SEIHCRD model outperforms the classic ARXmodel and the ARIMA model.RMSE,MAPE,andRsquaredmatrices are used to evaluate results and are graphically represented using Taylor and Target diagrams.The result shows RMSE has improved by 56%–74%,and MAPE has a 53%–89%improvement in prediction accuracy.

Audit Quality in Practice A Critical Analysis of the Financial Reporting Council （FRC） Discussion Paper

The efforts by the Financial Reporting Council （FRC） in the United Kingdom （UK） to stimulate audit firms to improve audit quality manifest in its Discussion Paper： Promoting Audit Quality warrant further analysis. The discussion paper identified factors such as audit firm culture, the quality of people, the effectiveness of audit process, and outside factors such as management and audit committee （AC） which can affect level of audit quality in practice. Reporting upon the analysis of responses to the discussion paper, the objective of this study is to analyze views from the respondents about various issues related to audit quality. This study composes of how subject of audit quality is seen in practice, which contributes to our understanding of conditions, events, or processes that can affect audit quality in practice.

Analysis of an SME using Silicon and Flexible Organic Solar Cells as Replacements for Fossil Fuel Sources of Electricity in UK and Iraq

Currently, 86% of the energy originates from fossil fuelsforelectricity. These are expected to run out, causing severe environmental damage threatening future generations. The total impact of Small and Medium Enterprises （SMEs） on the economy is significant. Solar cells harness the sun＇s energy to generate electricity in an environmentally friendly manner. This study compares silicon solar cells to flexible Organic Photovoltaic solar cells （OPV） for electricity energy for a micro-business in the UK and Iraq. It shows that it is feasible to replace existing fossil fuel sources with solar cells in Iraq due to a greater amount of solar radiation striking the earth＇s surface. Flexible solar cells can replace a proportion of the energy requirements in the UK and a larger proportion in Iraq. Using existing 20% efficient solar cells, 28% and 83% of the energy requirements of the microbusiness can be replaced in UK and Iraq respectively. Assuming 20% efficiency for solar cells placed on windows, 74% and 220% of the energy requirements of UK and Kurdistan can be replaced respectively and the surplus stored.

Karma Chameleon: Performative Acts, Gender Constitution, and the Second British Invasion

The aim is to examine the performative acts and gender constitution in the context of the Second British Invasion.Despite the pervasive character of patriarchy and the prevalence of sexual difference as an operative culturaldistinction, gender was not passively scripted on the bodies of many British singers. The subversive performancesdid not exclude suffering and marginalization but simultaneously undermined compulsory coherence.

The Entrepreneurial Perspective:Financing of the Production of Digital Games

The article describes funding models in Germany,France,UK and in Poland.The second part of the article concentrates on entrepreneurial implications and the context.At the end of the article of financing path is described including public funding opportunities in Europe from a game developers’perspective.

Transatlantic Cooperation During the Second World War： The First Stages of Economic Cooperation During the ＂Phoney War＂

During the Second world war, the Franco-British cooperation included the organization of purchasing missions for airnautical material in the States. On 25 november 1939, a Franco-British agreement was set up to organize two purchasing missions in the United States under the control of a ＂Liaison Committee＂ supervised by the Treasury Secretary, Henry Morgenthau. Edouard Daladier, French Chief of Government, sent Ren6 Pleven to establish contacts with General Arnold （AirCorps）. The Franco-British financial contribution facilitated a main spurt in investments which help modernize the American products apparatus. First contacts were established on April 1940, to be delivered in September. While France had not be able to benefit from significant part of these orders, Great Britain would take over some units that were originally allocated to France. These contracts would later facilitate the development of transatlantic cooperation.

A Brief Review on the Evolution and Transformation of Universities in UK

This paper is expected to make a brief review on the evolution and development of universities in United Kingdom from the‘Medieval Universities’taking Oxbridge as representatives to the‘New Universities’in twentieth century,with entrepreneurial universities emerging in the twenty first century being included.The conclusion can be drawn from the brief review that when the“old”universities didn’t meet the social demand yet with the unshakable position,the newly learning institution comes into being in the history of HE in United Kingdom.Moreover,each category of universities possesses different characteristics and style.

The diffi culties of "polluter pays" policy in agricultural pollution in UK and methods to improve it

Agricultural wastes poll,tion became serious after great improvement in technology and the encouragement of production for the government since the end of the World Wai Ⅱ. Economists and environmental scholars suggested that ＂polluter pays＂ policy be employed in agricultural pollution control. However, it was hard to implement ＂polluter pays ＂ policy alone in agricultural wastes pollution.In practice, there were two social faCtors which contrih,ted to the improvement of water quality in the southwest of United Kingdom. One method is to communicate with farmers and then give farmers some advice or exhortation on facilities and management. The other method is to set up a telephone hotline for public to report water quality and probable pollution. Therefore, the consideration and combination of social factors in the control of agricultural wastes pollution are necessary, and important. Edueation of basic natural sciences relevant to agricultural pollution, system management of agricultural pollutants and laws relevant to agricultural pollution is suggested to be the third .social factor that British government can consider.

The Study-to-work Transition of Chinese International Students: Navigating a Future in the Global Labour Market

In the global competition for talents,the massive inflow of Chinese students into the UK has drawn great attention.However,only a few studies examine students’interactions with socioeconomic structures in their study-to-work transition.This study used Higher Education Statistics AgencyHESA,22data and interview data collected from Chinese postgraduate students,and it aims to:investigate structural factors that influence post-study migration patterns of Chinese students;and explore how Chinese students interact with wider social structures.This study found that different configurations between students"goals,""actions,"and"reflexivity"would lead to different employment outcomes.Three different study-to-work transition strategies were identified:"proceeding without a fixed plan";"reaching a compromise";and"knowing goals and approaching goals".Findings suggest that the transition between study and work is more complex than what is described in human capital and push-pull approaches.A better understanding of students’decision-making processes would help higher education institutions in preparing graduates for careers in the global labour market.

Enterprising Academics:Heterarchical Policy Networks for Artificial Intelligence in British Higher Education

Purpose:There is limited scholarship on artificial intelligence(AI)in higher education governance,despite the growing prevalence of AI-powered technologies in many fields,including education.However,as the technology is still nascent and has yet to reach its full potential,ideas and arguments abound,championing or cautioning against the use of these technologies.Design/Approach/Methods:To fill this gap in research on policy networks and AI in British higher education,this article employs network ethnography and discourse analysis to study how ideas about AI-powered technologies in higher education circulate in policy networks in the United Kingdom.Findings:The findings evidence a policy network showing signs of a heterarchy permeated by neoliberal rationales and populated by policy actors actively promoting artificial intelligence technologies to be used in education.Originality/Value:This paper builds on existing research by looking at the university and notfor-profit sectors,in addition to the governmental and educational technology sectors.Using network ethnography,this article expands our understanding of the policy actors involved and critically analyzes ideas regarding the use of AI in education.

Determinations of strategy responding to COVID-19

This study explores what determines the selection of strategies by governments responding to COVID-19.To answer the question,we propose concepts of individual utility and societal utility and build a simple model.By applying the model,we predict that countries with an individualist culture would adopt more passive strategies while countries with a collectivist culture would adopt more active strategies.The comparison between strategies adopted in China and in the United Kingdom supports the prediction.Furthermore,as the spread of COVID-19 virus continues,governments’response may change and individualist countries may switch to more active strategies.So we extend our model to incorporate the dynamics of strategy selection,and explain the switch between passive and active strategies.We then predict in particular that facing the unexpected infections and deaths,the countries with an individualist culture would temporally adopt a relatively more active strategy responding to COVID-19.The evidence from Spain shows the dynamic feature of strategy selection as predicted by our model.