Background C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1 may have different effects on animal growth and health due to unique metabolism in vivo.This study was investigated to explore the different effects of altering the ratio of C16:0 and ...Background C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1 may have different effects on animal growth and health due to unique metabolism in vivo.This study was investigated to explore the different effects of altering the ratio of C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1 in fat supplements on growth performance,lipid metabolism,intestinal barrier,cecal microbiota,and inflammation in fattening bulls.Thirty finishing Angus bulls(626±69 kg,21±0.5 months)were divided into 3 treatments according to the randomized block design:(1)control diet without additional fat(CON),(2)CON+2.5%palmitic acid calcium salt(PA,90%C16:0),and(3)CON+2.5%mixed fatty acid calcium salt(MA,60%C16:0+30%cis-9 C18:1).The experiment lasted for 104 d,after which all the bulls were slaughtered and sampled for analysis.Results MA tended to reduce 0–52 d dry matter intake compared to PA(DMI,P=0.052).Compared with CON and MA,PA significantly increased 0–52 d average daily gain(ADG,P=0.027).PA tended to improve the 0–52 d feed conversion rate compared with CON(FCR,P=0.088).Both PA and MA had no significant effect on 52–104 days of DMI,ADG and FCR(P>0.05).PA tended to improve plasma triglycerides compared with MA(P=0.077),significantly increased plasma cholesterol(P=0.002)and tended to improve subcutaneous adipose weight(P=0.066)when compared with CON and MA.Both PA and MA increased visceral adipose weight compared with CON(P=0.021).Only PA increased the colonization of Rikenellaceae,Ruminococcus and Proteobacteria in the cecum,and MA increased Akkermansia abundance(P<0.05).Compared with CON,both PA and MA down-regulated the m RNA expression of Claudin-1 in the jejunum(P<0.001),increased plasma diamine oxidase(DAO,P<0.001)and lipopolysaccharide(LPS,P=0.045).Compared with CON and MA,PA down-regulated the ZO-1 in the jejunum(P<0.001)and increased plasma LPS-binding protein(LBP,P<0.001).Compared with CON,only PA down-regulated the Occludin in the jejunum(P=0.013).Compared with CON,PA and MA significantly up-regulated the expression of TLR-4 and NF-κB in the visceral adipose(P<0.001)and increased plasma IL-6(P<0.001).Compared with CON,only PA up-regulated the TNF-αin the visceral adipose(P=0.01).Compared with CON and MA,PA up-regulated IL-6 in the visceral adipose(P<0.001),increased plasma TNF-α(P<0.001),and reduced the Ig G content in plasma(P=0.035).Compared with CON,PA and MA increased C16:0 in subcutaneous fat and longissimus dorsi muscle(P<0.05),while more C16:0 was also deposited by extension and desaturation into C18:0 and cis-9 C18:1.However,neither PA nor MA affected the content of cis-9 C18:1 in longissimus dorsi muscle compared with CON(P>0.05).Conclusions MA containing 30%cis-9 C18:1 reduced the risk of high C16:0 dietary fat induced subcutaneous fat obesity,adipose tissue and systemic low-grade inflammation by accelerating fatty acid oxidative utilization,improving colonization of Akkermansia,reducing intestinal barrier damage,and down-regulating NF-κB activation.展开更多
【重点1】-Did we win? -No, we lost. No. 52 Middle Schoolbeat us 5-3. -我们赢了吗? -没有,我们输了。第五十二中学以五比三打败了我们。【难点解析】win的意思是“赢,获胜”,可用作及物动词和不及物动词。作及物动词时,其宾语是比...【重点1】-Did we win? -No, we lost. No. 52 Middle Schoolbeat us 5-3. -我们赢了吗? -没有,我们输了。第五十二中学以五比三打败了我们。【难点解析】win的意思是“赢,获胜”,可用作及物动词和不及物动词。作及物动词时,其宾语是比赛、战斗、奖品、名声、胜利等。例如:展开更多
Ⅰ.单项选择1. Don't go out in such weather, or you will get.A. frozen; freezing B. freezing; frozenC. freezing; freezing D. frozen; frozen2. We each other the best luck in the entrance...Ⅰ.单项选择1. Don't go out in such weather, or you will get.A. frozen; freezing B. freezing; frozenC. freezing; freezing D. frozen; frozen2. We each other the best luck in the entrance examination.A. hoped B. wanted C. expected D. wished3. This composition was well written, a few wrongly spelt words.A. but B. except C. besides D. except for4. Keep up struggling,and you'll succeed.A. at a time B. at one time C. in time D.展开更多
[语言要点]1.I wish we could go to the seaside today.(BⅡ,P19)wish(that)...是表示愿望的交际用语,wish后面的宾语从句(口语中that常被省略)表达的是一种不可能实现的愿望,可译为“但愿……就好了”。若从句中的谓语动词为过去式,...[语言要点]1.I wish we could go to the seaside today.(BⅡ,P19)wish(that)...是表示愿望的交际用语,wish后面的宾语从句(口语中that常被省略)表达的是一种不可能实现的愿望,可译为“但愿……就好了”。若从句中的谓语动词为过去式,则表示现在不可能实现的愿望。若从语中的谓语动词为过去完成式,则表示过去不可能实现的愿望。例如:I wish (that)I could fly to the moon.但愿我能飞上月球。I wish I knew how to operate the machine.我要是知道如何操作这台机器该有多好啊!展开更多
基金financially supported by the earmarked fund for CARS36,the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(YQ2023C011)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2000701)the Key Research and Development Program of Heilongjiang Province(GZ20230028)。
文摘Background C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1 may have different effects on animal growth and health due to unique metabolism in vivo.This study was investigated to explore the different effects of altering the ratio of C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1 in fat supplements on growth performance,lipid metabolism,intestinal barrier,cecal microbiota,and inflammation in fattening bulls.Thirty finishing Angus bulls(626±69 kg,21±0.5 months)were divided into 3 treatments according to the randomized block design:(1)control diet without additional fat(CON),(2)CON+2.5%palmitic acid calcium salt(PA,90%C16:0),and(3)CON+2.5%mixed fatty acid calcium salt(MA,60%C16:0+30%cis-9 C18:1).The experiment lasted for 104 d,after which all the bulls were slaughtered and sampled for analysis.Results MA tended to reduce 0–52 d dry matter intake compared to PA(DMI,P=0.052).Compared with CON and MA,PA significantly increased 0–52 d average daily gain(ADG,P=0.027).PA tended to improve the 0–52 d feed conversion rate compared with CON(FCR,P=0.088).Both PA and MA had no significant effect on 52–104 days of DMI,ADG and FCR(P>0.05).PA tended to improve plasma triglycerides compared with MA(P=0.077),significantly increased plasma cholesterol(P=0.002)and tended to improve subcutaneous adipose weight(P=0.066)when compared with CON and MA.Both PA and MA increased visceral adipose weight compared with CON(P=0.021).Only PA increased the colonization of Rikenellaceae,Ruminococcus and Proteobacteria in the cecum,and MA increased Akkermansia abundance(P<0.05).Compared with CON,both PA and MA down-regulated the m RNA expression of Claudin-1 in the jejunum(P<0.001),increased plasma diamine oxidase(DAO,P<0.001)and lipopolysaccharide(LPS,P=0.045).Compared with CON and MA,PA down-regulated the ZO-1 in the jejunum(P<0.001)and increased plasma LPS-binding protein(LBP,P<0.001).Compared with CON,only PA down-regulated the Occludin in the jejunum(P=0.013).Compared with CON,PA and MA significantly up-regulated the expression of TLR-4 and NF-κB in the visceral adipose(P<0.001)and increased plasma IL-6(P<0.001).Compared with CON,only PA up-regulated the TNF-αin the visceral adipose(P=0.01).Compared with CON and MA,PA up-regulated IL-6 in the visceral adipose(P<0.001),increased plasma TNF-α(P<0.001),and reduced the Ig G content in plasma(P=0.035).Compared with CON,PA and MA increased C16:0 in subcutaneous fat and longissimus dorsi muscle(P<0.05),while more C16:0 was also deposited by extension and desaturation into C18:0 and cis-9 C18:1.However,neither PA nor MA affected the content of cis-9 C18:1 in longissimus dorsi muscle compared with CON(P>0.05).Conclusions MA containing 30%cis-9 C18:1 reduced the risk of high C16:0 dietary fat induced subcutaneous fat obesity,adipose tissue and systemic low-grade inflammation by accelerating fatty acid oxidative utilization,improving colonization of Akkermansia,reducing intestinal barrier damage,and down-regulating NF-κB activation.
文摘【重点1】-Did we win? -No, we lost. No. 52 Middle Schoolbeat us 5-3. -我们赢了吗? -没有,我们输了。第五十二中学以五比三打败了我们。【难点解析】win的意思是“赢,获胜”,可用作及物动词和不及物动词。作及物动词时,其宾语是比赛、战斗、奖品、名声、胜利等。例如:
文摘Ⅰ.单项选择1. Don't go out in such weather, or you will get.A. frozen; freezing B. freezing; frozenC. freezing; freezing D. frozen; frozen2. We each other the best luck in the entrance examination.A. hoped B. wanted C. expected D. wished3. This composition was well written, a few wrongly spelt words.A. but B. except C. besides D. except for4. Keep up struggling,and you'll succeed.A. at a time B. at one time C. in time D.
文摘[语言要点]1.I wish we could go to the seaside today.(BⅡ,P19)wish(that)...是表示愿望的交际用语,wish后面的宾语从句(口语中that常被省略)表达的是一种不可能实现的愿望,可译为“但愿……就好了”。若从句中的谓语动词为过去式,则表示现在不可能实现的愿望。若从语中的谓语动词为过去完成式,则表示过去不可能实现的愿望。例如:I wish (that)I could fly to the moon.但愿我能飞上月球。I wish I knew how to operate the machine.我要是知道如何操作这台机器该有多好啊!
