China's Universal Second-Child Policy: Grounds, Effects and Strategies

The 13 th Five-Year Plan(2016─2020), with the balanced development of population being the core element, is crucial for China. The superimposed effect of an aging population and low birthrate leading to a reduction in the labor supply would have a fundamental influence on the long term balanced development of China's population, implying that China's population policy must be adjusted. This paper argues that a gradual relaxation of the family-planning policy adjustments accords with the original intention of the population policy design and development direction. The universal second-child policy is the logical results of the adjustment and improvement of China's family-planning policy, and is designed to bring about positive effects on future demographic and economic development, particularly in sustaining the long term balanced development of China's population, easing the marriage squeeze, extending the demographic dividend, and delaying the population aging process. China needs to develop and improve support and governance systems for fully implementing the universal second-child policy, realizing the policy transition from rewarding one-child families to population security and the modern transition of governance systems and capacity to a universal second-child policy.

A Study of the Universal Two-child Policy’s Impact on China’s Future Population

The most essential step in adjusting and improving the childbearing policy, the universal two-child policy will produce far-reaching impacts on the future development of China’s population. With its implementation, the country’s total population will peak later, the underage population and its proportion will increase substantially, the working-age population will experience a slower decline, and the aging of China’s population will be eased. However, the drop in the proportion of working-age people over the last 15 years has expedited the reduction of the demographic dividend, the elderly population will remain unaffected over the next 60 years, the aging of the population will continue to deepen, and at the same time, the increased child dependency burden will expand the overall dependency ratio.

Research on spending policy for university endowment funds

University endowment funds are important capitals in many universities in China today. A lot of universities target their endowment spending at a fixed spending ratio. Because of volatile inflation, it is not optimal. In this paper, the author analyzes the importance of spending policy of university endowment funds, and suggests two models in accordance with inflation-adjusted value.

Perception of Universal Healthcare among College Students, Faculty, and Staff at the University of Evansville

The U.S. is a country founded on freedoms protected by our constitution. A debate rages currently about whether healthcare is a human right. We conducted a survey at the University of Evansville regarding perceptions of Universal Healthcare among students, faculty, and staff in the College of Education and Health Sciences. Over ninety percent of those who responded agreed that healthcare was a human right. This indicates a strong need for better policy discussion that includes the voice of the everyday person.

Teaching Today＇s Students to Build Tomorrow＇s Universally Designed Society

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities defines the term universal design as the design of products, environments, programs and services to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. This paper attempts to highlight the importance of universal design as a core element in the training of architects and engineers. It emphasizes the need for students to take an interdisciplinary, comprehensive, and analytic approach to universal design through degree courses in these fields. An interdisciplinary teaching program for universal design as part of an introductory course for first-year students at Bergen University College in Norway, illustrates one possible strategy for raising awareness of universal design and for improving interaction across disciplines. In this context, the paper discusses the relevance of the seven principles of universal design as guidelines for the built environment. It also emphasizes why universal design should be an integral part of established subjects rather than be classified as a separate subject in a bachelor＇s or master＇s degree program.

Public Policy Qualities and Training of New Engineering Talents in China-Based on the Practice and Enlightenment of EPP Professional Talent Training at Carnegie Mellon University

As a measure for higher engineering education in the new era to deal with a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial reform,China,s new engineering construction is an important strategic deployment to cultivate diversified and innovative engineering talents.In order to promote the new engineering construction in an all-rounded wa%talent training is the key.Compared with traditional engineering talents,new engineering talents need to have richer values and normative knowledge,especially public policy qualities,which is the ability that new engineering talents should have in this complex and changeable environment.The EPP(Engineering and Public Policy)professional training model at Carnegie Mellon University provides useful practical experience for the cultivation of public policy qualities of new engineering talents.

The influence of Chinese population policy change on resources and the environment

Universal two-child policy has been implemented since the end of 2015 in China.This policy is anticipated to bring a significant increase in the total population,with profound influences on the resources and environment in the future.This paper analyzes the changing dynamics of urban and rural population,and forecasts urban and rural population from 2016 to 2030 at national and provincial scale using a double log linear regression model.Drawing upon the results of these two predictions,the impact of the population policy change on Chinese resources consumption and environmental pollution are predicted quantitatively.Given the future total population maintains current levels on resources consumption and environmental emission,the additional demand of resources and environment demand for the new population is forecasted and compared against the capacity on supply side.The findings are as follows:after implementing the universal two-child policy,China's grain,energy consumption,domestic water demand,and pollutant emissions are projected to increase at different rates across provinces.To meet the needs arising from future population growth,food and energy self-sufficiency rate will be significantly reduced in the future,while relying more on imports.Stability of the water supply needs to be improved,especially in Beijing,Henan,Jiangsu,Qinghai,and Sichuan where the gap in future domestic water demand is comparatively larger.Environmental protection and associated governing capability are in urgent need of upgrade not least due to the increasing pressure of pollution.

Attitudes of young scholars in Qingdao and Hamburg about climate changeand climate policy The role of culture for the explanation of differences

This article analyses differences in the attitudes related to climate change of young scholars in environmental science in Qingdao (China) and Hamburg (Germany). The main aim of the article is to evaluate the role of cultural differences for their explanation. We expect no significant differences in the attitudes related to the findings of climate research, since scientific principles are the joint basis of the scientific discourse wordwide. However, we expect that there are differences in the attitudes of the young scholars about the role of science, of the state and of the civil society for dealing with the challenge of climate change. We suggest that these can be explained with substantial cultural differences between both societies, with regard to the role of the state and the civil society for the solution of environmental problems. In order to evaluate these hypotheses, we have conducted a comparative survey among environmental science students in Qingdao (China) and Hamburg (Germany) about their attitudes towards climate change. The findings support our main hypotheses. The young scholars in Qingdao and Hamburg differ substantially in their views of the role of science in society and policymaking. Plausibly, these differences may mainly be explained with differences in the cultural ideas about the role of the state and of the civil society for the solution of environmental problems. Gradual differences in the share of young scholars who think that climate change has anthropogenic causes, may be explained with differences in the curriculum but also by cultural habits. This article makes a new contribution to the scientific debate by exploring the role of cultural differences for differences in the attitudes of young scholars in environmental science in connection with climate change and climate policy in different cultural contexts.

The employment impact analysis of Full-scale two-child policy for career women

With the development of China＇s childbearing policy changes in recent years, it causes effects to women＇s social life. Based on the questionnaire survey of influencing factors about professional women＇s intention of second child birth and with two child policy was carry out as the background, summed up the three major factors influencing the working women fertility fertility intention, emotional factors and external security. At the same time using the structural equation model, studies the impact of the influence factors to the career development of working women. The conclusion is that childbearing willing has little effects on the professional women in Shanghai, emotional factors and external security has certain impact on women＇ s employment.

Reflections on Employment Problems of Local University Students

In recent years, how to solve employment problems of university graduates has become a hot topic in the whole society. This paper conducts in-depth discussion on employment problem of local university students, in the hope of promoting research in this hot issue.

ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF CAMPUS LEED® BUILDINGS: IMPLICATIONS FOR GREEN BUILDING AND ENERGY POLICY

Many university campuses in the United States are working toward their sustain-able goals by adopting energy or green building policies,which require Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED®)certification for new construction and major renovation projects.Because LEED certification heavily relies on whole building energy simulation to demonstrate building energy performance improve-ment,it is often assumed that the finished buildings will achieve the predicted level of energy efficiency.This paper presents a study that compares the energy model predictions with actual energy performance of three LEED buildings on a univer-sity campus.The study shows that one of the campus LEED buildings consumed twice the predicted energy usage while causing a high level of occupant dissatisfac-tion.Further investigation reveals a variety of contributing factors for these issues and provides insights to improve green building policy and practice.Not only are the research findings important for this particular campus(Ohio State University)on its way to sustainability,they also have widespread ramifications for other uni-versity campuses.

我国地方高校转型发展政策研究——138份中央与省级政策文本的分析

本研究基于138份政策文本,构建“政策工具政策内容要素”二维分析框架,考察地方高校转型政策工具的组合方式和不同政策内容要素的受重视程度。研究发现,转型政策过于依赖能力建设性政策工具,政策工具组合方式有待优化;政策内容呈现碎片化倾向,政策之间尚未形成发展合力;政策内容要素与政策工具的适配性不足,政策制定的科学性有待提升。基于此,我国应以新一轮审核评估为参照,提高应用型高校建设政策与评估政策的协同效应;出台高水平应用型高校支持计划,发挥政策示范效应;加强高校分类研究与设计,建设高质量应用型高等教育。

全民健康覆盖视域下健康中国行动政策演进分析

目的:探究健康中国行动从酝酿布局阶段到全面实施阶段的政策演进,为加快推动健康中国建设提供理论依据。方法:收集2016—2022年国家层面健康中国行动相关政策文件946件,进行政策文本分析。结果:健康中国行动酝酿布局阶段以全方位干预健康影响因素为主,维护全生命周期健康和防控重大疾病为辅,重点关注健康环境、全民健身和健康知识普及行动;全面实施阶段三大健康领域均衡发展,重点关注传染病及地方病防控、老年健康、健康知识普及行动、中小学生健康和妇幼健康促进行动。结论:健康中国行动紧贴时代特征和现实国情,全面实施以来政策建设取得较好进展,不同健康领域和专项重点行动的政策主题存在阶段性变化,框架结构逐渐优化并趋于均衡,但整体层面按时完成率和部分行动总体完成率有待提高,还需重点加强心理健康和慢性病防治行动建设。

世界一流大学开放科学数据政策体系框架及内容要素研究

[目的/意义]针对世界一流大学制定的开放科学数据政策体系展开调研分析,以期为国内科研机构制定与完善开放科学数据政策体系提出政策建议。[方法/过程]本研究首先调研了世界一流大学制定的开放科学数据政策体系,其次归纳了其开放科学数据政策体系所包含的政策类型及涉及的相关政策法规,然后分析了各个政策类型应涵盖的与开放科学数据相关的政策内容要素,最后针对我国科研机构制定与完善开放科学数据政策体系提出了政策建议。[结果/结论]建议国内科研机构参考与借鉴世界一流大学的先进政策实践,尽快制定涵盖个人数据保护、科研档案管理、科研诚信管理、科研伦理治理、知识产权保护、数据安全管理等相关政策的开放科学数据政策体系,在政策制定层面支持科学数据、原始资料、科研档案的协同管理,以期确保在科学数据全生命周期内遵守近年来持续调整的各类相关政策法规,并关注科研机构与资助机构、出版机构、数据知识库等其他利益相关者制定的开放科学数据政策之间的政策协同问题。

美国研究型大学的拔尖创新人才选拔

美国研究型大学在招生选拔目标上注重考查拔尖创新人才的T型知识结构、创造性思维和强烈的内在动机。在选拔手段上普遍采用综合评价机制,多数大学侧重对学生申请材料的整体评价,少数大学侧重个人独特品质的整体评价或是对学生学习环境的整体评价,但均看重多元考试成绩和学习背景,只有少数高选拔性私立大学注重对学生非学术因素的评价。在拔尖创新人才的选拔质量和公信力的制度保障上,美国大学拥有充分的自主权,但制度保障缺乏透明性,考试机构和高中则主要发挥基础性作用。其对我国研究型大学拔尖创新人才选拔的启示,一是科学考查基础学科拔尖创新人才的多样性特质,二是优化以统一考试为基础的中国特色综合评价机制,三是在人才选拔过程的公平性上继续完善管理制度保障。

社会保障学科发展的三个转向

在中国式社会主义现代化进程中,社会保障的实践和理论研究随之发展。当前,社会保障学科发展将呈现以下三个重要转向。一是关注并参与人口问题的研究,厘清人口学的基本概念,把握人口学的基础理论。各项公共政策与管理都以人口政策与管理为基础,社会保障作为福利政策与管理,也不例外。二是任何社会形态都有其“普照的光”,当今我国的“普照的光”已由“小康”转变成“共同富裕”。在其照耀下,社会保障体系建设的重点将由“扩面”“保底”“助弱”转移到“调结构”上来。三是社会保障的研究范式也相应地会由经济学、社会学为主导转向管理学为主导。

省属高校高层次人才队伍建设:初步共识、问题审思及发展对策

人才是促进高校高质量发展的核心支撑点,随着大学治理的重心下移和高等教育内涵式发展的不断推进,做好省属高校高层次人才队伍建设工作成为加快实施人才强省战略、建设新时代人才聚集高地的重要保障。以J省为例,省属高校高层次人才队伍建设已形成初步共识,聚焦队伍建设过程中的难点和堵点问题,分析其中症结,从推进人才政策落地、人才驱动式发展机制完善、人才流动服务体系构建、加大经费投入使用力度、科研平台统筹共建、人才引进方式转变等方面提出省属高校高层次人才队伍建设的对策建议,以期为建设具有影响力的重要人才中心和创新高地夯基蓄力。

回归以来澳门高校人才政策的调适与启示

高校是高层次人才集聚和培养的重要平台。回归以来,中国澳门高等教育实现了有序快速发展,高校人才队伍总量持续增加,集聚效应开始显现,这主要得益于澳门特别行政区政府通过教育政策和人才政策的双重政策调适,正面引导和优化配置高校人才发展,实现了中国澳门高等教育从自由发展到目标牵引的转型,中国澳门人才政策从封闭保守向自信开放的转型。内地高校人才队伍建设中,可提供具有竞争力的薪资水平及适度的福利待遇,切实提升高校人才治理水平,严格控制人才认定标准和程序,强化企业的社会公共责任;高水平人才高地建设中可进一步增强高校高层次人才引进力度和提高人才获得感和幸福感。

基于米特-霍恩模型的高校实验室安全管理制度执行困境及路径优化

为提高高校实验室安全管理规范相关文件的执行效果,以国家教育部、省教育厅、某高校发布的实验室安全管理相关制度为对象,引入米特-霍恩模型分析高校实验室安全管理制度的执行路径,并运用文本分析法寻找文件中与其作用因素相关的关键词,进行制度执行过程中的困境分析。研究结果表明,在实验室安全管理方面,高校可能会面临多重困境,包括实验室危险因素的多样化、实验室安全经费的不足、制度执行主体之间的交流分层化、职能重叠、制度执行者缺乏足够的实施驱动力等问题。文章对实验室安全管理制度执行进行了路径优化,旨在健全我国高校实验室安全监管机制,降低高校实验室事故发生率。

政策工具视角下新疆高校毕业生就业政策量化分析

[目的]:对新疆高校毕业生就业政策进行文本量化分析,探讨其政策工具的使用趋势,为优化新疆高校毕业生就业政策提供建议。[方法]:采用R·Z政策工具分类法,结合毕业生就业渠道,借助Nvivo12质性分析软件,对新疆2012年至2022年发布的高校毕业生就业政策文件进行分类编码和统计分析。[结果]:收集了32份政策文件,编码653条。新疆高校毕业生就业政策在政策工具的使用和就业渠道都存在结构性失衡问题。在政策工具方面,主要表现为供给型政策过溢、环境型政策工具不足、需求型政策工具缺失。从就业渠道来看,主要以创业和灵活就业为主。[结论]:完善供给型政策工具、调整环境型政策工具、增加需求型政策工具,与此同时,需要提高政策工具与就业渠道的匹配性。