In this work we present a study of a new method to prove the equation of the gravitational red shift of spec-tral lines. That’s according to the generalized special relativity theory. The equation of the gravitationa...In this work we present a study of a new method to prove the equation of the gravitational red shift of spec-tral lines. That’s according to the generalized special relativity theory. The equation of the gravitational red shift of spectral lines has been studied in many different works, using different methods depending on the Newtonian mechanics, and other theories. Although attention was drawn to the fact that the well-known ex-pression of the gravitational Red-Shift of spectral lines may be derived with no recourse to the general rela-tivity theory! In this study a unique derivation has been done using the Generalized Special Relativity (GSR) and the same result obtained.展开更多
The harmonic condition is applied to the motion of galaxies in relativistic cosmologyunder the approximation that the Universe is an empty de Sitter universe, while the galaxiesmove radially as particles along their g...The harmonic condition is applied to the motion of galaxies in relativistic cosmologyunder the approximation that the Universe is an empty de Sitter universe, while the galaxiesmove radially as particles along their geodesics in this universe without interfering with each other gravitationally. Transformations of the coordinates between the co-moving, the de Sitter and the standard systems of coordinates are given. The Poynting vector giving the intensity of light emitted by the distant receding galaxy and observed on earth has different forms in these systems of coordinates. As a first approximation the velocitydistance relation is the same in all of them. But for higher approximations there are differences which can only be verified by future more refined and accurate astronomical observations. It is shown that the velocity-distance relation depends upon the number of stars in the receding galaxy or upon its mass. Hence according to the present analysis motions of the galaxies in the universe are展开更多
Let the coordinate system xi of flat space-time to absorb a second rank tensor field Φij of the flat space-time deforming into a Riemannian space-time, namely, the tensor field Φuv is regarded as a metric tensor wit...Let the coordinate system xi of flat space-time to absorb a second rank tensor field Φij of the flat space-time deforming into a Riemannian space-time, namely, the tensor field Φuv is regarded as a metric tensor with respect to the coordinate system xu. After done this, xu is not the coordinate system of flat space-time anymore, but is the coordinate system of the new Riemannian space-time. The inverse operation also can be done. According to these notions, the concepts of the absorption operation and the desorption operation are proposed. These notions are actually compatible with Einstein’s equivalence principle. By using these concepts, the relationships of the Riemannian space-time, the de Donder conditions and the gravitational field in flat space-time are analyzed and elaborated. The essential significance of the de Donder conditions (the harmonic conditions or gauge) is to desorb the tensor field of gravitation from the Riemannian space-time to the Minkowski space-time with the Cartesian coordinates. Einstein equations with de Donder conditions can be solved in flat space-time. Base on Fock’s works, the equations of gravitational field in flat space-time are obtained, and the tensor expression of the energy-momentum of gravitational field is found. They all satisfy the global Lorentz covariance.展开更多
In this paper we will see the model of Universe according to Dynamic Universe Model of Cosmology by visualizing various processes that are happening in the Universe as per experimental evidences. For simplifying the m...In this paper we will see the model of Universe according to Dynamic Universe Model of Cosmology by visualizing various processes that are happening in the Universe as per experimental evidences. For simplifying the matter here, we will see in part 1: about the Galaxy life cycle, where the birth and death of Galaxies discussed. Probably Universe gives guidance for the movement of Galaxies. We call this Part 1: Thinking and Reproducing Universe or Mindless Universe? (Galaxy life cycle). We see every day Sun, Stars, Galaxies etc., dissipating enormous energy in the form of radiation by the way of fusion of Hydrogen to helium. So after sometime all the Hydrogen is spent and Universe will die, is it not? … Dynamic Universe Model says that the energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation passing grazingly near any gravitating mass changes in frequency and finally will convert into neutrinos (mass). Hence Dynamic Universe Model proposes another process where energy will be converted back into matter and the cycle energy to mass to energy continues, sustaining the Universe to maintain this present status for ever in this form something like a Steady state model without any expansion. This we will see in Part 2: Energy - Mass - Energy Cycle. After converting energy into mass “how various elements are formed and where they are formed?” will be next logical question. Dynamic Universe Model says that these various particles change into higher massive particles or may get bombarded into stars or planets and various elements are formed. Here we bifurcate the formation of elements into 6 processes. They are for Elementary particles and elements generated in frequency changing process, By Cosmic rays, By Small stars, By Large Stars, By Super Novae and Manmade elements By Neutron Stars. This we will discuss in Part 3: Nucleosynthesis.展开更多
Using the equation of motion expression in a curved space proper time is a useful method to explain the relation between the curvature of space-time and the potential of any field obtained. Taking into account the exp...Using the equation of motion expression in a curved space proper time is a useful method to explain the relation between the curvature of space-time and the potential of any field obtained. Taking into account the expression for the Hamiltonian density, the effect of fields, as well as the effect motion, on the mass, and, their effect on energy is found. The new expression of energy reduced to the ordinary Newton’s energy expression. It also explains the gravitational red shift.展开更多
Here we derive Newton’s and Einstein’s gravitational results for any mass less than or equal to a Planck mass. All of the new formulas presented in this paper give the same numerical output as the traditional formul...Here we derive Newton’s and Einstein’s gravitational results for any mass less than or equal to a Planck mass. All of the new formulas presented in this paper give the same numerical output as the traditional formulas. However, they have been rewritten in a way that gives a new perspective on the formulas when working with gravity at the level of the subatomic world. To rewrite the well-known formulas in this way could make it easier to understand the strengths and weaknesses in Newton’s and Einstein’s gravitation formulas at the subatomic scale, potentially opening them up for new important interpretations and extensions. For example, we suggest that the speed of gravity equal to that of light is actually embedded and hidden inside of Newton’s gravitational formula.展开更多
文摘In this work we present a study of a new method to prove the equation of the gravitational red shift of spec-tral lines. That’s according to the generalized special relativity theory. The equation of the gravitational red shift of spectral lines has been studied in many different works, using different methods depending on the Newtonian mechanics, and other theories. Although attention was drawn to the fact that the well-known ex-pression of the gravitational Red-Shift of spectral lines may be derived with no recourse to the general rela-tivity theory! In this study a unique derivation has been done using the Generalized Special Relativity (GSR) and the same result obtained.
文摘The harmonic condition is applied to the motion of galaxies in relativistic cosmologyunder the approximation that the Universe is an empty de Sitter universe, while the galaxiesmove radially as particles along their geodesics in this universe without interfering with each other gravitationally. Transformations of the coordinates between the co-moving, the de Sitter and the standard systems of coordinates are given. The Poynting vector giving the intensity of light emitted by the distant receding galaxy and observed on earth has different forms in these systems of coordinates. As a first approximation the velocitydistance relation is the same in all of them. But for higher approximations there are differences which can only be verified by future more refined and accurate astronomical observations. It is shown that the velocity-distance relation depends upon the number of stars in the receding galaxy or upon its mass. Hence according to the present analysis motions of the galaxies in the universe are
文摘Let the coordinate system xi of flat space-time to absorb a second rank tensor field Φij of the flat space-time deforming into a Riemannian space-time, namely, the tensor field Φuv is regarded as a metric tensor with respect to the coordinate system xu. After done this, xu is not the coordinate system of flat space-time anymore, but is the coordinate system of the new Riemannian space-time. The inverse operation also can be done. According to these notions, the concepts of the absorption operation and the desorption operation are proposed. These notions are actually compatible with Einstein’s equivalence principle. By using these concepts, the relationships of the Riemannian space-time, the de Donder conditions and the gravitational field in flat space-time are analyzed and elaborated. The essential significance of the de Donder conditions (the harmonic conditions or gauge) is to desorb the tensor field of gravitation from the Riemannian space-time to the Minkowski space-time with the Cartesian coordinates. Einstein equations with de Donder conditions can be solved in flat space-time. Base on Fock’s works, the equations of gravitational field in flat space-time are obtained, and the tensor expression of the energy-momentum of gravitational field is found. They all satisfy the global Lorentz covariance.
文摘In this paper we will see the model of Universe according to Dynamic Universe Model of Cosmology by visualizing various processes that are happening in the Universe as per experimental evidences. For simplifying the matter here, we will see in part 1: about the Galaxy life cycle, where the birth and death of Galaxies discussed. Probably Universe gives guidance for the movement of Galaxies. We call this Part 1: Thinking and Reproducing Universe or Mindless Universe? (Galaxy life cycle). We see every day Sun, Stars, Galaxies etc., dissipating enormous energy in the form of radiation by the way of fusion of Hydrogen to helium. So after sometime all the Hydrogen is spent and Universe will die, is it not? … Dynamic Universe Model says that the energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation passing grazingly near any gravitating mass changes in frequency and finally will convert into neutrinos (mass). Hence Dynamic Universe Model proposes another process where energy will be converted back into matter and the cycle energy to mass to energy continues, sustaining the Universe to maintain this present status for ever in this form something like a Steady state model without any expansion. This we will see in Part 2: Energy - Mass - Energy Cycle. After converting energy into mass “how various elements are formed and where they are formed?” will be next logical question. Dynamic Universe Model says that these various particles change into higher massive particles or may get bombarded into stars or planets and various elements are formed. Here we bifurcate the formation of elements into 6 processes. They are for Elementary particles and elements generated in frequency changing process, By Cosmic rays, By Small stars, By Large Stars, By Super Novae and Manmade elements By Neutron Stars. This we will discuss in Part 3: Nucleosynthesis.
文摘Using the equation of motion expression in a curved space proper time is a useful method to explain the relation between the curvature of space-time and the potential of any field obtained. Taking into account the expression for the Hamiltonian density, the effect of fields, as well as the effect motion, on the mass, and, their effect on energy is found. The new expression of energy reduced to the ordinary Newton’s energy expression. It also explains the gravitational red shift.
文摘Here we derive Newton’s and Einstein’s gravitational results for any mass less than or equal to a Planck mass. All of the new formulas presented in this paper give the same numerical output as the traditional formulas. However, they have been rewritten in a way that gives a new perspective on the formulas when working with gravity at the level of the subatomic world. To rewrite the well-known formulas in this way could make it easier to understand the strengths and weaknesses in Newton’s and Einstein’s gravitation formulas at the subatomic scale, potentially opening them up for new important interpretations and extensions. For example, we suggest that the speed of gravity equal to that of light is actually embedded and hidden inside of Newton’s gravitational formula.
