A method to interpret fracture aperture of rock slope using adaptive shape and unmanned aerial vehicle multi-angle nap-of-the-object photogrammetry

The aperture of natural rock fractures significantly affects the deformation and strength properties of rock masses,as well as the hydrodynamic properties of fractured rock masses.The conventional measurement methods are inadequate for collecting data on high-steep rock slopes in complex mountainous regions.This study establishes a high-resolution three-dimensional model of a rock slope using unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)multi-angle nap-of-the-object photogrammetry to obtain edge feature points of fractures.Fracture opening morphology is characterized using coordinate projection and transformation.Fracture central axis is determined using vertical measuring lines,allowing for the interpretation of aperture of adaptive fracture shape.The feasibility and reliability of the new method are verified at a construction site of a railway in southeast Tibet,China.The study shows that the fracture aperture has a significant interval effect and size effect.The optimal sampling length for fractures is approximately 0.5e1 m,and the optimal aperture interpretation results can be achieved when the measuring line spacing is 1%of the sampling length.Tensile fractures in the study area generally have larger apertures than shear fractures,and their tendency to increase with slope height is also greater than that of shear fractures.The aperture of tensile fractures is generally positively correlated with their trace length,while the correlation between the aperture of shear fractures and their trace length appears to be weak.Fractures of different orientations exhibit certain differences in their distribution of aperture,but generally follow the forms of normal,log-normal,and gamma distributions.This study provides essential data support for rock and slope stability evaluation,which is of significant practical importance.

Three-dimensional multi-constraint route planning of unmanned aerial vehicle low-altitude penetration based on coevolutionary multi-agent genetic algorithm

To address the issue of premature convergence and slow convergence rate in three-dimensional (3D) route planning of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) low-altitude penetration,a novel route planning method was proposed.First and foremost,a coevolutionary multi-agent genetic algorithm (CE-MAGA) was formed by introducing coevolutionary mechanism to multi-agent genetic algorithm (MAGA),an efficient global optimization algorithm.A dynamic route representation form was also adopted to improve the flight route accuracy.Moreover,an efficient constraint handling method was used to simplify the treatment of multi-constraint and reduce the time-cost of planning computation.Simulation and corresponding analysis show that the planning results of CE-MAGA have better performance on terrain following,terrain avoidance,threat avoidance (TF/TA2) and lower route costs than other existing algorithms.In addition,feasible flight routes can be acquired within 2 s,and the convergence rate of the whole evolutionary process is very fast.

High Spatial Resolution Mapping of Dykes Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) Photogrammetry: New Insights On Emplacement Processes

Remote sensing has played a pivotal role in our understanding of the geometry of dykes and dyke swarms on Earth,Venus and Mars(West and Ernst,1991;Mege and Masson,1995;Ernst et al.,2005).Since the 1970’s

3D modeling of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Tilt Photogrammetry

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAV)tilt photogrammetry technology can quickly acquire image data in a short time.This technology has been widely used in all walks of life with the rapid development in recent years especially in the rapid acquisition of high-resolution remote sensing images,because of its advantages of high efficiency,reliability,low cost and high precision.Fully using the UAV tilt photogrammetry technology,the construction image progress can be observed by stages,and the construction site can be reasonably and optimally arranged through three-dimensional modeling to create a civilized,safe and tidy construction environment.

Low Altitude Satellite Constellation for Futuristic Aerial-Ground Communications

This paper discusses the significance and prospects of low altitude small satellite aerial vehicles to ensure smooth aerial-ground communications for next-generation broadband networks.To achieve the generic goals of fifthgeneration and beyondwireless networks,the existing aerial network architecture needs to be revisited.The detailed architecture of low altitude aerial networks and the challenges in resource management have been illustrated in this paper.Moreover,we have studied the coordination between promising communication technologies and low altitude aerial networks to provide robust network coverage.We talk about the techniques that can ensure userfriendly control and monitoring of the low altitude aerial networks to bring forth wireless broadband connectivity to a new dimension.In the end,we highlight the future research directions of aerial-ground communications in terms of access technologies,machine learning,compressed sensing,and quantum communications.

Altitude information fusion method and experiment for UAV

Altitude regulation is a fundamental problem in UAV(unmanned aerial vehicles) control to ensure hovering and autonomous navigation performance.However,data from altitude sensors may be unstable by interference.A digital-filter-based improved adaptive Kalman method is proposed to improve accuracy and reliability of the altitude measurement information.A unique sensor data fusion structure is designed to make different sensors switch automatically in different environment.Simulation and experimental results show that an improved Sage-Husa adaptive extended Kalman filter(SHAEKF) is adopted in altitude data fusion which means that altitude error is limited to 1.5m in high altitude and 1.2m near the ground.This method is proved feasible and effective through hovering flight test and three-dimensional track flight experiment.

Micro-Doppler feature extraction of micro-rotor UAV under the background of low SNR

Micro-Doppler feature extraction of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)is important for their identification and classification.Noise and the motion state of the UAV are the main factors that may affect feature extraction and estimation precision of the micro-motion parameters.The spectrum of UAV echoes is reconstructed to strengthen the micro-motion feature and reduce the influence of the noise on the condition of low signal to noise ratio(SNR).Then considering the rotor rate variance of UAV in the complex motion state,the cepstrum method is improved to extract the rotation rate of the UAV,and the blade length can be intensively estimated.The experiment results for the simulation data and measured data show that the reconstruction of the spectrum for the UAV echoes is helpful and the relative mean square root error of the rotating speed and blade length estimated by the proposed method can be improved.However,the computation complexity is higher and the heavier computation burden is required.

数字低空空域栅格化的表征度量与最优标定

低空飞行空间范围小、目标速度慢、环境要素杂,传统的经纬度表征方式无法满足智联环境下的低空精细管理要求,为此本文研究了数字低空空域栅格化的表征度量与最优标定问题。首先,从“点-线-面”视角构建了多维度低空空域结构要素量化表征规则,提出了低空空域多层级栅格量化表征方法;然后,通过判定不同空域栅格的“点-线-面”位置关系,提出了基于栅格交集矩阵的低空空域拓扑关系度量方法;最后,综合考虑低空无人机碰撞指数、低空栅格利用指数等优化目标,以及节点与栅格匹配约束、空间位置约束、无人机与无人机/障碍物安全约束等限制条件,建立了面向多维性能的低空空域栅格粒度最优标定模型。针对城市低空典型飞行任务场景对所提方法的有效性及优化效果进行了验证分析。实验结果表明,针对任意设定的低空空域和无人机飞行任务,在可接受的无人机碰撞指数和栅格利用指数下,所提方法可对数字低空栅格粒度进行最优配置,从根源上有效确保低空飞行活动的安全和高效。研究成果对于支撑数字低空空域精细化管理和异质飞行器融合运行具有一定的理论价值和应用意义。

复杂城市低空无人机安全风险评估与三维路径规划

针对复杂城市环境内低空无人机飞行安全与效率亟待提升的问题,提出了复杂城市低空无人机安全风险评估与三维路径规划方法。首先,设计了无人机越界冲突率、缓冲空域占比指标,建立了无人机地理围栏安全缓冲间距优化模型,对最佳缓冲间距和栅格粒度进行了标定;然后,构建了由人口密度层、遮蔽层和障碍层构成的无人机风险地图,建立了弹道下降和失控滑行两种模式下的无人机对地风险评估模型,生成了精细化、组合化的城市低空概率风险地图;最后,综合利用地理围栏、概率风险地图和跳点搜索算法,对无人机三维路径进行了初始规划和优化重构。结果表明:弹道下降模式的伤亡风险是失控滑行下降模式的5~75倍;与A*算法相比,跳点搜索算法有效减少了飞行路径的转弯数量,缩短了求解时长,更适合规划无人机飞行路径;与不采用风险地图的方法相比,基于风险地图的无人机路径规划减少了50%的较高风险节点,相应的路径长度仅增加了7.2%和11.4%,整体路径节点的伤亡风险明显降低。研究成果可为复杂城市低空无人机飞行计划制定及安全运行监管提供理论依据和方法支撑。

低空空域无人机运行安全保障技术研究综述

低空空域飞行活动日趋频繁,无人机类型多样且性能差异较大,飞行过程中易与建筑物或其他航空器发生飞行冲突。为实现低空空域的规范化、安全化、精细化和智慧化管控,需不断提升保障无人机运行安全的技术手段,例如冲突风险探测、安全风险评估等。文章从无人机的轨迹预测与意图识别、低空空域飞行冲突探测、低空空域风险评估及预警告警等3方面进行了研究。首先,总结了在无人机轨迹预测和意图识别方面的研究成果和面临的问题挑战;其次,基于低空空域冲突探测形式,分析不同探测方法的优缺点;随后,围绕低空空域风险评估及预警告警技术,分析当前研究需要解决的核心问题;最后,对无人机冲突探测和风险评估技术等方面进行了展望。

基于低空视觉的直升机旋翼轴心轨迹测量法

为满足直升机飞行状态旋翼轴心轨迹测量需求,提出了一种基于低空双目视觉的轴心轨迹测量方法。首先,针对高速旋转体的小量测量,基于立体视觉测量原理设计构建了以无人机为低空移动平台的旋翼轴心轨迹视觉测量系统。其次,针对动-动测量环境条件,提出了地面标定与空中动态实时标定联合的测量系统标定方法。然后,基于空间几何关系,论述了旋翼轴心静态估计与动态轨迹测量方法;最后,进行了测量系统地面精度验证试验与直升机地面开车状态的旋翼轴心轨迹测量试验。试验结果表明,该方法准确可靠,点间距离精度优于1‰,可实现轴心轨迹的非接触精确测量,还可推广应用于其他动态小量测量任务。

考虑多约束因素的物流无人机网络高精度风险分析模型

物流无人机为全球快递物流业的扩张带来了新的机遇,有效克服了地面运输方式的不足。当前物流无人机仍处于起步阶段,因此有必要分析其运行过程中的碰撞风险。本文采用冲突区碰撞建模理论,根据物流无人机的特点和局限性,研究了其在特定空域飞行内的安全隐患。首先,为了衡量可靠性和故障率等多种因素对物流无人机在特定空域安全运行的影响,建立了物流无人机与其他无人机在特定空域的碰撞风险分析模型。然后,通过分析影响物流无人机安全运行的因素,包括空域条件、人机系统、环境条件和管理条件,建立了在特定空域运行的物流无人机与民用飞机碰撞风险分析模型。为了验证所提出模型的准确性,本研究对这两种情况下的模型进行了求解,并与国际民航组织制定的安全性标准进行了比较。

低脉冲重复频率条件下无人机微动参数提取

针对低脉冲重复频率条件下的无人机微动特征提取问题,提出一种基于原子放缩正交匹配追踪(orthogonal matching pursuit,OMP)分解的微动参数估计方法。首先,通过计算时频谱熵从无人机回波数据中筛选出具有显著微动特征的信号。其次,采用变分模态分解(variational modal decomposition,VMD)算法提取旋翼叶片的旋转频率,提出了基于原子放缩的OMP分解方法实现了对无人机旋翼叶片长度的估计。仿真实验表明所提方法相比于传统的OMP方法和VMD-OMP方法都具有明显优势。最后,采用实测数据验证了所提算法的有效性。

基于无人机多光谱影像的矮林芳樟叶片含水率与叶水势反演

叶片含水率和叶水势反映植物组织中水分的状态,是衡量植物水分供应和水分利用效率的重要指标。为探究基于不同高度下无人机多光谱影像反演叶片含水率和叶水势模型的差异,本研究在3个飞行高度处理F30、F60、F100(30、60、100 m)下采集多光谱影像数据,通过使用6种光谱反射率+经验植被指数的组合与地面实测数据进行相关性分析,获得不同飞行高度下的光谱反射率+经验植被指数组合与叶片含水率和叶水势的反演模型及其决定系数,以决定系数为依据分别构建支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)和径向基神经网络(RBFNN)模型,分析不同飞行高度无人机多光谱影像反演芳樟叶片含水率和叶水势的精度。结果发现:3个飞行高度下,基于RF模型的反演精度均高于SVM模型和RBFNN模型。F30处理对叶片含水率与叶水势反演效果均优于F60和F100处理。F30处理对叶片含水率反演的敏感光谱反射率+植被指数组合为红光波段反射率(R)、红边1波段反射率(RE1)、红边2波段反射率(RE2)、近红外波段反射率(NIR)、增强型植被指数(EVI)、土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)。RF模型训练集的R2、RMSE、MRE分别为0.845、0.548%、0.712%;测试集的R2、RMSE、MRE分别为0.832、0.683%、0.897%。对叶水势反演的敏感光谱反射率+植被指数组合为R、RE2、NIR、EVI、SAVI、花青素反射指数(ARI)。RF模型训练集的R2、RMSE、MRE分别为0.814、0.073 MPa、3.550%;测试集的R2、RMSE、MRE分别为0.806、0.095 MPa、4.250%。研究结果表明飞行高度30 m与RF方法分别为反演叶片含水率和叶水势的最优光谱获取高度与最优模型构建方法。本研究可为基于无人机平台的矮林芳樟水分监测提供技术支持,并可为筛选无人机多光谱波段与经验植被指数、实现植物长势参数快速估测提供应用参考。

面向安全传输的低能耗无人机轨迹优化算法

无人机凭借其灵活的机动性以及高数据传输速率,被广泛应用于大范围离散节点的数据采集工作,其机载能量的有限性也使得无人机能耗优化成为当前研究热点。然而,当环境中存在窃听节点时,如何在保障多个离散数据节点数据安全传输前提下优化无人机的能量消耗具有一定的挑战性。基于此,引入中继节点和安全容量,提出面向安全传输的低能耗无人机轨迹优化算法,力求从物理层面保障数据的安全传输。对无人机与地面节点的信道模型、无人机与数据节点之间的安全容量以及无人机飞行通信能耗进行建模。将问题形式化描述为以最小化无人机能耗为目标、数据节点与无人机之间的数据安全传输为主要约束的非确定性多项式难解优化问题。为解决该问题,对问题进行子问题分解,采用自组织映射方法以及定制的粒子群算法分别对无人机访问数据节点的最优次序以及在数据节点周边悬停的最佳位置进行求解,并根据现有工作提出3种基准方案进行性能对比。仿真实验结果表明,当中继节点的能量收集电路最大输出功率变化时,所提的优化算法在降低无人机总能耗方面相比BASE_D、BASE_M、BASE_R 3种基准方案分别平均提高7.25%、8.59%、11.57%。此外,在安全容量实现率方面,所提算法的性能均优于对比方案,例如,当安全容量阈值从0.001~0.500变化时,所提算法相比基准方案BASE_M平均提高23.45%。

有限干预下的UAV低空突防航迹规划

低空突防航迹规划是实现有人机和无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)编队协同作战的关键技术,针对目前智能算法在求解低空突防航迹规划问题中存在的不足,充分发挥人脑这个超级智能系统来引导飞行航迹求解过程,将基于角度量编码的小生境伪并行自适应遗传算法(niche adaptive pseudo parallel genetic algorithm,NAPPGA)和人有限干预情况下的智能决策结合起来,提出UAV低空突防航迹规划技术。通过大量仿真计算,结果表明,应用该技术预规划和重规划的三维航迹能够有效实现威胁回避、地形回避和地形跟随,满足UAV低空突防要求,具有一定的实用性。

基于信息年龄的无人机缓存和轨迹优化算法

针对无人机(Unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)辅助的内容分发系统中信息新鲜度的问题,提出了一种基于信息年龄(Age of information,AoI)的无人机缓存和轨迹优化算法,缓解了热点区域内用户请求长时间无法应答的问题。在无人机有限的缓存容量和覆盖范围内,通过优化地面用户成簇,无人机缓存策略以及轨迹,建立了所有用户获取请求内容的平均代价最小化问题。以无人机的覆盖半径作为成簇半径,采用AP(Affinity propagation)聚类算法,对地面用户进行分簇;将本文中的无人机缓存问题转化为01背包问题,采用动态规划(Dynamic programming,DP)算法进行求解;通过遗传算法(Genetic algorithm,GA)求解无人机的飞行轨迹。仿真结果表明,本文算法能够有效降低用户获得请求内容的平均代价。

多时相数字孪生滑坡变形监测方法与应用研究--以金沙江白格滑坡为例

高位隐蔽滑坡因为难到达、难识别、难监测,致使成灾表现具有极强的突发性和破坏性。针对传统人工地面调查和地面布设监测设备存在危险系数高、工作效率低、设备易损坏和离线误报率高等问题,提出基于无人机倾斜摄影测量技术构建高位隐蔽滑坡数字孪生体的方法,通过信息化、数字化手段对地质灾害变形特征及时空演化规律进行监测分析。以西藏金沙江白格滑坡为研究对象,利用无人机倾斜摄影测量技术获取2019年4月—2021年9月共计10期次航测数据,融合多源数据构建了多时相数字孪生滑坡体,通过多期孪生滑坡体实现对白格滑坡整体滑移、局部微变形、滑塌体积等多维要素的高精度定量分析,并及时应用于白格滑坡时空演化分析和监测预警中。研究表明:白格滑坡在2019—2021年监测期内存在持续变形迹象,强变形主要位于滑坡两侧及后缘,渐有扩大趋势,存在垮塌堵江风险。运用多时相数字孪生滑坡变形监测手段实现对地质灾害定性-定量化特征描述与风险评估,具有快速灵活、覆盖全面、不受复杂艰险地形条件限制等优势,可为高位隐蔽滑坡等斜坡灾害大梯度形变监测提供工程实践参考。

城市低空空中交通及无人机路径规划研究综述

随着城市交通拥堵的日益严重和社会的智能化发展,城市空中交通(UAM)的概念逐步形成。近年来,电动垂直起降(eVTOL)航空器发挥着越来越重要的作用,无人驾驶航空器(简称无人机)在城市低空空域的运行应受到更加有序的管理。简要概述了城市空中交通的基本概念及国内外的发展和应用现状。分别概述了城市低空空域设计概念、城市低空航路规划和城市低空无人机路径规划方法。结合国内外研究现状,从不同方面提出了城市低空空中交通研究展望。

5G公网兼顾低空覆盖方案及性能测试

介绍了采用5G公网兼顾低空覆盖的方案。分析了采用5G公网兼顾低空覆盖方案的可行性及可能存在的问题,根据低空覆盖需求针对性提出优化的兼顾覆盖的优化方案,并进行了测试验证。最后根据测试结果分析,给出不同高度条件下,采用公网兼顾低空覆盖的应用建议。