Gravity Wave Activity and Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange During Typhoon Molave(2020)

To investigate the stratosphere-troposphere exchange(STE)process induced by the gravity waves(GWs)caused by Typhoon Molave(2020)in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere,we analyzed the ERA5 reanalysis data provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and the CMA Tropical Cyclone Best Track Dataset.We also adopted the mesoscale forecast model Weather Research and Forecasting model V4.3 for numerical simulation.Most of the previous studies were about typhoon-induced STE and typhoon-induced GWs,while our research focused on the STE caused by typhoon-induced gravity waves.Our analysis shows that most of the time,the gravity wave signal of Typhoon Molave appeared below the tropopause.It was stronger on the east side of the typhoon center(10°-20°N,110°-120°E)than on the west side,suggesting an eastward tilted structure with height increase.When the GWs in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere region on the west side of the typhoon center broke up,it produced strong turbulence,resulting in stratosphere-troposphere exchange.At this time,the average potential vorticity vertical flux increased with the average ozone mass mixing ratio.The gravity wave events and STE process simulated by the WRF model were basically consistent with the results of ERA5 reanalysis data,but the time of gravity wave breaking was different.This study indicates that after the breaking of the GWs induced by typhoons,turbulent mixing will also be generated,and thus the STE.

The Impact of Cut-off Lows on Ozone in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere over Changchun from Ozonesonde Observations

In situ measurements of the vertical structure of ozone were made in Changchun （43.53°N, 125.13°E）, China, by the Institute of Atmosphere Physics, in the summers of 2010-13. Analysis of the 89 validated ozone profiles shows the vari- ation of ozone concentration in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere （UTLS） caused by cut-off lows （COLs） over Changchun. During the COL events, an increase of the ozone concentration and a lower height of the tropopause are observed. Backward simulations with a trajectory model show that the ozone-rich airmass brought by the COL is from Siberia. A case study proves that stratosphere-troposphere exchange （STE） occurs in the COL. The ozone-rich air mass transported from the stratosphere to the troposphere first becomes unstable, then loses its high ozone concentration. This process usually happens during the decay stage of COLs. In order to understand the influence of COLs on the ozone in the UTLS, statistical analysis of the ozone profiles within COLs, and other profiles, are employed. The results indicate that the ozone concentrations of the in-COL profiles are significantly higher than those of the other profiles between ±4 km around the tropopause. The COLs induce an increase in UTLS column ozone by 32% on average. Meanwhile, the COLs depress the lapse-rate tropopause （LRT）/dynamical tropopause height by 1.4/1.7 km and cause the atmosphere above the tropopause to be less stable. The influence of COLs is durable because the increased ozone concentration lasts at least one day after the COL has passed over Changchun. Furthermore, the relative coefficient between LRT height and lower stratosphere （LS） column ozone is -0.62, which implies a positive correlation between COL strength and LS ozone concentration.

Variation of Zonal Winds in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere in Association with Deficient and Excess Indian Summer Monsoon Scenario

The Indian summer monsoon is one of the most dominant tropical circulation systems in the general circulation of the atmosphere. The country receives more than 80% of the annual rainfall during a short span of four months (June to September) of the southwest monsoon season. Variability in the quantum of rainfall during the monsoon season has profound impacts on water resources, power generation, agriculture, economics and ecosystems in the country. The inter annual variability of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) depends on atmospheric and oceanic conditions prevailed during the season. In this study we have made an attempt to understand the variation of the of zonal winds in the tropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UT/LS) region during deficient and Excess rainfall years of Indian summer monsoon and its relation to Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR). It is found that in the equatorial Upper Troposphere zonal winds have westerly anomalies during deficient rainfall year’s and easterly anomaly during excess rainfall years of Indian summer monsoon and opposite zonal wind anomaly is noted in the equatorial Lower Stratosphere during the deficient and excess rainfall years of Indian summer monsoon. It is also found that the June to September upper troposphere zonal winds averaged between 15°N and 15°S latitudes have a long-term trend during 1960 to 1998. Over this period the tropical easterlies and the tropical jet stream have weakened with time.

Study on Horizontal Relative Diffusion in theTroposphere and Lower Stratosphere

The behaviour of relative diffusion theory and Gifford’s random-force theory for long-range atmospheric diffusion is examined. When a puff scale is smaller than the Lagrangian length scale, √2KTL, an accelerative relative diffusion region exists, i.e., σy∝ t 3/2. While the puff diffusion enters a two-dimensional turbulence region, in which the diffusion scale is larger than 500 km, or time scale is larger than 1 day, divergence and convergence are main cause of horizontal diffusion. Between the two above-mentioned regimes, diffusion deviation is given by σy = √2KT. The large-scale horizontal relative diffusion parameters were obtained by analyzing the data of radioactive cloud width collected in air nuclear tests. Key words Tropospheric and lower stratospheric diffusion - Relative diffusion - Large scale turbulence - Nuclear explosion clouds This work is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 49505064.The author would like to thank Prof. Chen Jiayi Department of Geophysics of Peking University and Dr. Cai Xiaoming School of Geography and Environmental Sciences of Birmingham University for their helpful discussions.

On the Temporal and Spatial Structure of Troposphere-toStratosphere Transport in the Lowermost Stratosphere over the Asian Monsoon Region during Boreal Summer

This study produced a novel characterization of the troposphere-to-stratosphere transport （TST） over the Asian monsoon region during boreal summer, using a comprehensive analysis of 60-day backward trajectories initialized in the stratosphere. The trajectory datasets were derived from the high-resolution Lagrangian particle dispersion model （FLEXPART） simulation driven by the wind fields acquired from the National Center for Environmental Prediction （NCEP）. The results indicate that the distribution of residence time （tTST） of tropopause-crossing trajectories in the lowermost stratosphere represents a horizontal signature of the Asian summer monsoon. Vertically, the distribution of tTST can be roughly separated into two layers： a consistent lower layer with tTST 〈5 days forming a narrow band, corresponding to a layer-3 km thick following the location of the tropopause, and an upper layer at a larger distance from the local tropopause. The maximum residence time was -20 days, especially within the Asian high anticyclone consistent with its confinement effects. In general, the overall geographical distribution of dehydration points was not coincident with the location of tropopause crossing. TST trajectories, which were initialized in the stratosphere, underwent their Lagrangian cold points mostly in the tropics and subtropics 1 4 days after the TST event; they were characterized by a wide range of temperature differences, with a mean value of 3-12 K. The vertical extent of the influence of tropospheric intrusion on the Asian monsoon region in the stratosphere exhibited a peak at -16.5-18.5 km, and the uppermost height was -21 km.

Advances in Studies of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Their Coupling with the Lower Atmosphere

Recent advances in studies of the middle and upper atmosphere and their coupling with the lower atmosphere in China are briefly reviewed. This review emphasizes four aspects: (1) Development of instrumentation for middle and upper atmosphere observation; (2) Analyses and observation of middle and upper atmosphere; (3) Theoretical and modeling studies of planetary wave and gravity wave activities in the middle atmosphere and their relation to lower atmospheric processes; (4) Study on the coupling between the stratosphere and the troposphere.

Advances in Researches on the Middle and Upper Atmosphere in 2010—2012

This article summarizes the researches on the middle and upper atmosphere by Chinese scientists in 2010-2012.The focuses are placed on the advances in construction of ground-based remote sensing facilities,the mean state and long-term changes in the middle atmosphere circulation, the prevailing dynamical processes,and the coupling of the middle atmospheric layers.

Long-Term Behaviour of Temperature in the Lower Atmosphere of Niamey a West African Tropical Station

This paper highlights the global warming of the lower atmosphere of West African tropical area using in-situ data. The study is based on the analysis of 500-m interval vertical profiles of radiosonde temperature above Niamey (13.47°N;2.16°E) a sub-Saharan meteorological station. The annual cycle of surface temperatures shows seasonally two peaks located in April/May and in October and two minimum in December/January and August respectively. In the mid-troposphere (between 5 km and 10 km height), time series of monthly mean temperatures from January 2001 to December 2018, shows an annual variability with a slight downward trend of -0.036°C per decade. In the lower stratosphere (25 - 30 km altitude) a cooling of -0.64°C/decade is observed. Temperatures time series also highlight the presence of two breaking points associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. When performing a separation regarding Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) time series, model parameters of the linear regression indicate a tropospheric warming during the neutral and La Niña phases and a stratospheric cooling. The analysis of the lower stratosphere zonal wind highlights different behaviours of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) during the neutral and La Niña phases.

亚洲地区夏季风期间氨气的时空分布特征

利用ENVISAT卫星搭载的迈克尔逊干涉仪和Aqua卫星搭载的AIRS探测仪观测到的大气NH3浓度数据以及全球大气化学—气候模式EMAC模拟的NH3浓度结果,分析了2008~2011年6~9月亚洲地区大气NH3的空间分布特征。结果显示,夏季时近地面NH3浓度最高值出现在印度北部,同时紧邻印度北部的孟加拉湾存在深对流,凭借青藏高原的高海拔地势,此深对流可以将寿命较短的NH3输送到上对流层和下平流层(Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere,UTLS),所以在青藏高原上空出现了NH3的向上输送柱,即青藏高原是NH3向上输送的主要通道。亚洲夏季风反气旋的位置主导着NH3在UTLS区域的空间分布,反气旋内持续存在NH3高浓度中心,NH3高浓度中心位置与反气旋中心位置对应良好,会出现一个或两个NH3高浓度中心,说明反气旋内环流形式的变化对反气旋内NH3分布特征有重要影响。

上对流层-下平流层交换过程研究的进展与展望

上对流层和下平流层（UTLS）区域的高度范围大致为5～20km。UTLS区域大气成分的分布及变化对于认识气候长期变化也极为重要，因为该区域的臭氧是一种有效的温室气体，其中的水汽、卷云和气溶胶对太阳短波辐射和地球长波辐射有很强的调制作用，因而对于天气和气候变化产生不可忽略的辐射强迫作用；UTLS区域中，还有航空业的飞机排放，强对流云云中与云上闪电产生相当量的NOx，这些都对UTLS区域乃至更高及更低层大气的化学成分与分布产生重大影响。该文介绍上对流层和下平流层区域的交换过程研究的意义和手段，同时介绍有关研究的进展，重点回顾近年来国内一些学者开展的工作。另外，还列举一些研究问题和方向，最后重点展望青藏高原上空上对流层-下平流层区域的研究，因为该地区UTLS交换过程不仅具有显著区域特征，而且在全球平流层-对流层交换中可能有重要贡献。

平流层-对流层相互作用的多尺度过程特征及其与天气气候关系——研究进展

在过去5年中,在国家自然科学基金委员会和中国科学院的项目支持下,针对以大气上下层相互作用中的多时空尺度过程特征及其与天气气候的关系为主要关注内容,开展了几个方面的研究。本文介绍其中的一些主要进展与结果,包括:(1)平流层臭氧的探测与分析研究;(2)平流层-对流层质量交换(STME)与对流层顶特征研究;(3)中层大气多尺度波动特征研究;(4)大气辐射传输和中层大气卫星临边遥感新方法研究。

青藏高原上空UTLS区域一次地形重力波过程中的物质上传

利用美国航空航天局MERRA(Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications)再分析资料和MODIS(Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)卫星资料以及欧洲气象中心ECMWF-Interim(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)再分析资料,分析了发生于青藏高原北侧上空的一次地形重力波事件,并使用中尺度预报模式WRF-ARW.V3.0(Weather Research and Forecasting model,V3.0)对其进行了数值模拟.在此基础上,诊断分析了此次地形重力波在UTLS(Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere)区域造成的物质和能量垂直传输特征.分析结果表明这一中尺度地形重力波信号的水平波长约为600km,与地形扰动水平尺度接近,重力波在对流层中传播的垂直波长约为3km,在垂直方向上随着高度的增加呈现出由东向西倾斜的结构特征.此次地形重力波上传进入平流层并在150hPa附近破碎,波破碎后动量通量在短时间内发生了强烈的衰减,重力波携带的能量在破碎高度附近释放.重力波破碎的同时垂直方向湍流混合变得异常强烈,湍流交换系数可在短时间内增加到背景值的8倍以上,剧烈湍流混合过程导致了对流层上层的空气进入平流层,使下平流层空气出现了位势涡度和臭氧的低值区,在浮力频率的垂直剖面中也可以看到由于地形重力波过程造成的平流层下层浮力频率异常低值区.

对流层-平流层之间过渡层中臭氧含量及其加热率的变化研究

利用1958～2001年共44年的ECMWF资料及参数化方法,计算了对流层顶上、下3km气层间的臭氧含量及其吸收太阳辐射加热率的时空分布.结果表明:(1)臭氧分布的空间梯度从赤道指向两极,而加热率则是分别由高纬和低纬指向副热带,这样的经向梯度可能是驱动对流层顶结构变化的一种重要因素;两者空间分布的季节变化显著,但其对应关系并不完全一致,1月和4月的空间结构与7月和10月的相反,随季节调整具有突变现象;东亚及青藏高原是季节变化相对稳定的区域.(2)在热带对流层顶控制区加热率与臭氧含量呈正相关,而极地对流层顶控制区各季节有所不同,还与太阳赤纬变化相关联;各纬度间加热率季节变化的位相和变率都存在差异,但南半球相对较为一致,最大距平为±2×10-4K.d-1,北半球则较复杂,最大正距平为4×10-4K.d-1;两半球的季节周期位相趋于相反.(3)除赤道外,臭氧距平的季节变化位相超前于加热率距平2～3月,并且发生在季节变化的调整期;最大距平出现在南极的8月大于0.4DU,3～4月则小于-0.2DU,而北极为±0.2DU.(4)臭氧含量和加热率的年际与年代际演变关系对应一致,并具有多尺度的结构特征;但两半球及赤道的时空演变差异明显,30°S～30°N间副热带控制区的加热率变幅剧烈,最大距平为±2.5×10-4K.d-1,高纬和两极的变幅在不同演变期各不相同;臭氧的变幅结构与之相反,北极的最大距平分别大于0.25DU和小于-0.35DU.(5)20世纪70年代以前及70年代中期,两半球的正负距平具有相反的演变结构,而90年代是负距平演变最剧烈的时期.

西北太平洋风速垂直切变异常对热带气旋活动年际变化的影响

应用中国《台风年鉴》资料、欧洲中心40年月平均再分析资料和NOAA的逐月海温资料,研究了西北太平洋(5°—30°N,110°E—180°)风速垂直切变异常对热带气旋(TC)活动年际变化的影响。研究发现,西北太平洋所有TC、风暴以上级别的TC(TSTY,即达到热带风暴级别及以上的所有TC)和所有台风(WTY,包括台风、强台风和超强台风)年频数与西北太平洋风速垂直切变都显著负相关。西北太平洋风速垂直切变大小对生成源地在南海(5°—30°N,110°—120°E)TC和西北太平洋西部海域(5°—30°N,120°—150°E)TC的影响较小,而对西北太平洋东部海域(5°—30°N,150°E—180°)生成的TC影响最大:即西北太平洋风速垂直切变负异常年,有利于西北太平洋东部海域TC生成发展,使得负异常年较正异常年TC频数偏多和源地平均位置偏东;并且风速垂直切变的变化对TC频数和生成源地影响的显著性,随着TC强度的增加而增加。对TSTY生成环境场的进一步分析表明,西北太平洋风速垂直切变偏小年,季风槽偏强位置偏东,它的东端位于宽阔的太平洋洋面,与弱风速垂直切变区相配合,暖的海温加上低层强烈的正涡度和强烈辐合,且相应的高层有强的气流辐散区,这些环境场都有利于TSTY在主要源地尤其是西北太平洋东部海域生成,这是风速垂直切变偏小年TSTY偏多和生成源地偏东的重要原因。

对流层顶变化对上对流层/下平流层臭氧分布的影响

上对流层和下平流层(UT/LS),位于8—25km高度之间,是大气中一个很特殊的区域。大部分的臭氧分布在下平流层,在下平流层臭氧的含量发生一个很小的变化,就会对气候和地面的紫外辐射产生很大的影响。而作为气象参数的对流层顶,是充分混合、缺乏臭氧的上对流层和层结稳定、臭氧丰富的下平流层之间的边界或过渡层,其变化对臭氧总量和分布有直接和明显的影响。本文使用二维模式模拟研究对流层顶变化对臭氧在UT/LS分布的影响。模拟结果表明对流层顶的季节变化对UT/LS的臭氧分布有明显的影响,臭氧的局地变化可以超过10％。在冬季北半球中纬度对流层顶高度升高1km时,模式结果表明对臭氧分布的影响比较显著,局地变化可超过6％,但是对臭氧总量的影响较小,变化不超过5DU,小于观测资料统计分析的结果。

对流层顶折叠检测新方法及其在中纬度灾害性天气预报中的应用

对流层顶折叠是中纬度地区对流层上层—平流层下层区域(简称UT/LS)内的一个重要的大气现象,它与气旋生、暴雨强对流触发以及降水增幅密切相关。由于这些天气条件下的大气状况异常复杂,因此目前国际上普遍采用的基于干大气条件的对流层顶折叠检测方法存在很大局限性。本文在借鉴已有的卫星资料和数值预报相结合的模式识别法的基础上,通过统计分析的方法建立了高层大气水汽与广义湿位涡、臭氧浓度的关系以及对流层顶折叠与高空急流的位置关系,同时考虑了动力对流层顶高度在判识过程中的辅助作用,建立了一套基于FY-2E静止气象卫星遥感数据的,适用于与暴雨强对流有关的对流层顶折叠动态监测新方法。在利用FY-3A和FY-3B反演的臭氧总量、臭氧垂直廓线以及ECMWF Interim资料计算的位涡等资料对算法进行精度验证的基础上,将该方法在2012年7月21日北京特大暴雨天气过程以及2013年5月14~17日华南大暴雨天气过程的监测和分析上进行了应用,并取得了较好的效果。从应用效果看,本文提出的这种对流层顶折叠识别方法是合理可行的,并具有一定的应用价值,可为中纬度地区暴雨强对流天气的监测和预警提供参考指标。

夏季南亚高压与邻近上对流层下平流层区水汽变化的联系

利用1979—2015年ERA-interim月平均再分析资料,分析了夏季南亚高压(SAH)与邻近上对流层下平流层(UTLS)区水汽空间分布特征,讨论了二者的相关关系和因果联系。结果表明:(1)在对流层上层,水汽大值区位于南亚高压的东南侧,并随高度升高向西北倾斜到100 hPa,水汽大值中心基本位于南亚高压中心附近。(2)南亚高压偏强(弱)时,南亚高压东部UTLS区水汽显著偏多(少),而南亚高压西北部水汽异常不显著。(3)南亚高压偏强(弱)时南亚高压中部UTLS区水汽偏多(少)可能与南亚高压对水汽的抽吸和对水汽输送屏障有关。(4)而南亚高压东南侧UTLS区水汽偏多(少)时南亚高压偏强(弱)可能与深对流输送的水汽潜热释放有关。

夏季云顶高于对流层顶事件对东亚天气型及上对流层—下平流层大气结构的影响

采用A-Train系列卫星的AURA/MLS水汽、温度资料,CALIPSO/CALIOP云物理资料,结合ECMWF气象再分析资料,分析了东亚地区云顶高于对流层顶事件（Cloud Top Above the Tropopause,CTAT）的区域分布,及其对上对流层—下平流层（Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere,UTLS）水汽和温度结构的影响。结果表明：亚洲季风区的夏季CTAT发生率是30%~55%,为全球最强区域;东北亚的夏季CTAT发生率是15%~20%,为中纬度最强分布区。以CTAT为指标的合成结果表明：15~30°N的东亚—西太平洋UTLS,水汽呈＂上干下湿＂的异常分布,温度呈＂上冷下暖＂的异常分布,该结构与该区域热带气旋合成的结果一致,说明热带气旋是该区域CTAT形成的主要天气系统;35~50°N的东北亚UTLS,水汽呈＂上干下湿＂的异常分布,温度呈＂上暖下冷＂的异常分布,该结构与该区域温带气旋合成的结果一致,说明温带气旋是该区域CTAT形成的主要天气系统。

北京地区对流层顶变化及其对上对流层/下平流层区域臭氧变化的影响

根据2001～2003年期间获得的大气臭氧探空资料，揭示了北京地区上空对流层顶高度的某些变化特征及其对上对流层（UT）和下平流层（LS）区域内大气臭氧含量变化的影响。结果显示：北京地区上空对流层顶高度的平均值约11．1km，其变化范围为7．7～14．4km，臭氧层顶始终处在对流层顶下方约0．9km高度处。对流层顶高度变化与臭氧总量变化之间的关系相对较弱。通常情况下，LS中的臭氧积分量明显高于UT中的相应值，并且二者呈相反的季节变化特征。北京地区上空仲夏和初秋季节第一对流层顶出现的频数明显减少，在第一对流层顶消失的情况下，LS中的臭氧积分量明显减少，而UT中的臭氧积分量明显增加，臭氧量减少最多发生在200～100hPa层次中，而臭氧量增幅最大的层次是400～250hPa。

利用卫星大气成分资料分析夏季亚洲季风区平流层-对流层输送特征

首先利用臭氧探空资料验证了Aura-MLS卫星反演臭氧产品在青藏高原地区的可信度,然后基于2005年和2006年夏季的数据产品确定了亚洲季风区夏季对流层向平流层的输送通道。结果表明,青藏高原及其周边区域上对流层-下平流层(UT/LS)中,一氧化碳(CO)和臭氧(O3)浓度散点分布大体上呈现出典型的"L"型分布,夏季季节内变化反相关特征表现最明显的高度位于150 hPa附近。从时间变化上看,7月份相关系数最大,说明该月份对流层-平流层物质交换最为强烈。100 hPa高度位于对流层顶高度以上,具有对流层特性的大气主要分布在青藏高原东南侧、孟加拉湾、印度半岛、阿拉伯海以及阿拉伯半岛等区域上空,说明该区域可能是亚洲季风区夏季对流层向平流层物质输送的一个主要通道。