Effects of heavy metals on soil microbial community of different land use types

To evaluate soil environmental quality of introduced new crops and other traditional crops,and to understand the importance of response of soil microbial community to heavy metal stress,rhizosphere soil samples of different land use types(Sphagnum farming,rice field,grassland and bare land) in Dading Village,Duyun City,Guizhou Province of China were selected as research objects.The differences of soil chemical properties,heavy metal concentration and microbial community among different land use types were compared.The abundance and structural diversity of microbial communities in soil samples were analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing,the relationship between soil pollution characteristics and microbial community in farmland was studied.The results showed that the different land use types planting different agricultural products under the same growing environment were subject to different heavy metal pollution.Soil chemical properties and heavy metals had significant effects on the soil microbial community.Proteobacteria,Actinobacteriota and Acidobacteriota were the most dominant groups of bacteria.The soil microorganisms responded more actively to the variability of pH,SOM and AK contents,although the variability was not high.With the increase of pH value,the abundance of the dominant species Proteobacteria also increased.Verrucomicrobiota had a better tolerance to the heavy metal Hg.Verrucomicrobiota and Firmicutes had strong resistance to the heavy metal Cd.These results deepen our understanding of the changes and aggregation of microorganisms under different land use patterns in heavy-metal contaminated farmland soils.

A study on chemical forms of heavy metals in the sediments of Zhujiang River and its estuary

The five chemical bound forms of Fe, Al and Mn in sediments in the main channel of the Zhujiang River.and its estuary, namely, exchangeable, carbonic, oxidative, organic and residual (in crystal) forms, were determined. The method of sequential extraction was used for separating the five bound forms.The main chemical form of the three elements in the sediments of the Zhujiang River and its estuarine zone is the residual one. The exchangeable form exists only in a small fraction.Correlationships between the concentration of a certain form of heavy metals and Eh. pH and salinity were discussed. The principles of geochemistry are used to explain the mechanism of heavy metal transport in the river.It was also found that the distribution rule of the chemical forms of Fe, Al and Mn in sediments in the lower reaches of the Zhujiang River was similar to the one in the lower reaches of the Yamaska River.

Fraction Distribution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils around the Mining Area in Zhijin

The pollution characteristics of Cd,Cr,Cu,Zn,Ni and Hg in agricultural soil around coal mining area were studied. After longterm mining activity,the soil around mining area was polluted by 6 elements to different degrees. Especially for Cd,its concentration was 3. 2times that of the National Soil Environmental Quality Standard Ⅱ. The values suggest that the contamination degree from strong to weak in soil is in the order of Hg > Cu > Cr > Zn > Ni > Cd. BCR sequential extraction results show that the order of average percentage about weak acid soluble fraction( F1) is that Cd > Ni > Zn > Cu > Hg > Cr,the order of 6 heavy metals available fraction( F1 + F2 + F3) is that Cu( 56. 89) > Cd( 50. 95) > Ni( 41. 52) > Zn( 35. 06) > Hg( 23. 04) > Cr( 4. 88). The RAC results indicate that soils were in a moderate potential ecological risk by pollution of Cd,and at the same time,Cu,Zn,Ni,Hg should be noted.

Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Carbonate-Derived Laterite and Enrichment of Its Iron Oxide Minerals

In this paper the seven-step continuous extracting method was employed in the studyof chemical forms of the six heavy metals Co, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Mn. The result shows thatthe metals in the laterite are present in the chemical form of crystalline iron oxides andresidues, and they are transformed toward organic and exchangeable forms in the surface soil.Linear regression analysis indicates that the above heavy metals have a positive correlation withthe crystalline iron oxide minerals. The crystalline iron oxide minerals have a very importantrole to play in the enrichment of heavy metals, especially the solid components in the laterite.

Impacts of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic amendments supplementation on soil nutrient,enzyme activity and heavy metal content

Excessive use of agro-chemicals （such as mineral fertilizers） poses potential risks to soil quality. Application of organic amendments and reduction of inorganic fertilizer are economically feasible and environmentally sound approaches to de- velop sustainable agriculture. This study investigated and evaluated the effects of mineral fertilizer reduction and partial substitution of organic amendment on soil fertility and heavy metal content in a 10-season continually planted vegetable field during 2009-2012. The experiment included four treatments： 100% chemical fertilizer （CF100）, 80% chemical fertilizer （CF80）, 60% chemical fertilizer and 20% organic fertilizer （CF60＋OM20）, and 40% chemical fertilizer and 40% organic fertilizer （CF40＋OM40）. Soil nutrients, enzyme activity and heavy metal content were determined. The results showed that single chemical fertilizer reduction （CF80） had no significant effect on soil organic matter content, soil catalase activity and soil heavy metal content, but slightly reduced soil available N, P, K, and soil urease activity, and significantly reduced soil acid phosphatase activity. Compared with CF100, 40 or 60% reduction of chemical fertilizer supplemented with organic fertilizer （CF60＋OM20, CF40＋OM40） significantly increased soil organic matter, soil catalase activity and urease activity especially in last several seasons, but reduced soil available P, K, and soil acid phosphatase activity. In addition, continu- ous application of organic fertilizer resulted in higher accumulation of Zn, Cd, and Cr in soil in the late stage of experiment, which may induce adverse effects on soil health and food safety.

Mineral materials as feasible amendments to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils

Four minerals, agricultural limestone （AL）, rock phosphate （RP）, palygorskite （PG）, and calcium magnesium phosphate （CMP）, were evaluated by means of chemical fractions of heavy metals in soils and concentrations of heavy metals in leachates from columns to determine their ability to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils. Two urban soils （calcareous soil and acidic soil） polluted with cadmium, copper, zinc and lead were selected and amended in the laboratory with the mineral materials） for 12 months. Results indicated that application of the mineral materials reduced exchangeable metals in the sequence of Pb, Cd Cu Zn. The reduction of exchangeable fraction of heavy metals in the soils amended with different mineral materials followed the sequence of CMP, PG AL RP. Reductions of heavy metals leached were based on comparison with cumulative totals of heavy metals eluted through 12 pore volumes from an untreated soil. The reductions of the metals eluted from the calcareous soil amended with the RP, AL, PG and CMP were 1.98%, 38.89%, 64.81% and 75.93% for Cd, 8.51%, 40.42%, 60.64% and 55.32% for Cu, 1.76%, 52.94%, 70.00% and 74.12% for Pb, and 28.42%, 52.74%, 64.38% and 49.66% for Zn. Those from the acidic soil amended with the CMP, PG, AL, and RP were 25.65%, 68.06%, 78.01% and 79.06% for Cd, 26.56%, 49.64%, 43.40% and 34.68% for Cu, 44.44%, 33.32%, 61.11% and 69.44% for Pb, and 18.46%, 43.77%, 41.98% and 40.68% for Zn. The CMP and PG treatments were superior to the AL and RP for stabilizing heavy metals in the polluted urban soils.

Spatiotemporal simulation and predication of heavy metal(loid) concentrations in coal chemical industrial areas with a soil environmental capacity model

Heavy metal (loid)(HM) accumulation in the soil and the HM spatiotemporal distribution have important implication for soil pollution prevention and remediation. The present study investigated the concentrations and spatiotemporal distributions of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As) in the topsoil of a coal chemical plant in Ningxia Aulonomous region (Ningxia), China. Topsoil samples (/?= 153) were obtained using the checkerboard method, and the HM concentrations were determined. The soil residual rates of the five HMs were measured with leaching experinients and were applied in a soil environmental capacity model to predict the quarHitiHive variation of the HM concentrations. The predicted results were employed to estimate the HM spatiotemporal distribution within 2() years with the Kriging technique. The number of sampling sites, where all five HM concentratio ns exceed their corresponding background values in Ningxia, would be increased from 0 to 90% within 1() years of the plant operation. In addition, Pb and Cd were distributed along the traffic routes. Mercury and As were distributed near fuel gas emission vents. Chromium was mainly accumulated in slag dumps. The study may provide the theoretical and practical foun d at ion for future HM pollution control in coal chemical plants.

Heavy metals contamination characteristics in soil of different mining activity zones

Depending upon the polluted features of various mining activities in a typical nonferrous metal mine,the contaminated soil area was divided into four zones which were polluted by tailings,mine drainage,dust deposition in wind and spreading minerals during vehicle transportation,respectively.In each zone,soil samples were collected.Total 28 soil samples were dug and analyzed by ICP-AES and other relevant methods.The results indicate that the average contents of Zn,Pb,Cd,Cu and As in soils are 508.6,384.8,7.53,356 and 44.6 mg/kg,respectively.But the contents of heavy metals in different zone have distinct differences.The proportion of oxidizing association with organic substance is small.Difference of the association of heavy metals is small in different polluted zones.

Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Forms of Cadmium in the Medicine Food Homology Plant Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.

Although Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.is a renowned medicine food homology plant,reports of excessive cadmium(Cd)levels are common,which affects its safety for clinical use and food consumption.To enable its Cd levels to be regulated or reduced,it is necessary to first elucidate the mechanism of Cd uptake and accumulation in the plant,in addition to its detoxification mechanisms.This present study used inductively couple plasma-mass-spectrometry to analyze the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in different tissues of P.grandiflorum.The experimental results showed that Cd was mainly accumulated in the roots[predominantly in the cell wall(50.96%-61.42%)],and it was found primarily in hypomobile and hypotoxic forms.The proportion of Cd in the soluble fraction increased after Cd exposure,and the proportion of insoluble phosphate Cd and oxalate Cd increased in roots and leaves,with a higher increase in oxalate Cd.Therefore,it is likely that root retention mechanisms,cell wall deposition,vacuole sequestration,and the formation of low mobility and low toxicity forms are tolerance strategies for Cd detoxification used by P.grandiflorum.The results of this study provide a theoretical grounding for the study of Cd accumulation and detoxification mechanisms in P.grandiflorum,and they can be used as a reference for developing Cd limits and standards for other medicine food homology plants.

Risk assessment of heavy metals in topsoil along the banks of theYangtze River in Huangshi, China

High concentrations of heavy metal in farmland threatens food production and human health. Our study assesses soil quality and the distribution of Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni, to identify possible sources of heavy metals along the banks of the Yangtze River in Huangshi. Heavy metal concentrations of 22 topsoil samples were measured using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry instrument and data was analyzed by multivariate statistic approaches. Heavy metal contamination risk assessment was performed using a combination of the Nemerow multi-factor index method, the Hakanson potential ecological risk index method and the Muller index of geo-accumulation method. These methods determined similar results indicating that cadmium(Cd) poses a health risk to residents at the study site while Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni do not. The Nemerow multi-factor index method demonstrated that 18 samples were heavily polluted, three moderately polluted and one lightly polluted. The Muller index of geo-accumulation method found ten samples were moderately to strongly polluted by Cd, five were moderately polluted, six were lightly to moderately polluted and one was lightly polluted. The Hakanson potential ecological risk index method proved six samples were strongly polluted, seven were moderately polluted and nine were lightly polluted. Since our sampling sites were all in agricultural lands, we recommend the potential ecological risk index method as the most effective given it not only considers the range of pollutants contributing to soil pollution but factors in heavy metals toxicity. We are apt that the source of the high concentrations of Cd found in topsoil is derived from alluvial sediments upstream of the Yangtze River with a high percentage of residual speciation and a low percentage of exchangeable speciation distribution of Cd. This in turns indicates that a high concentration of Cd in soil had little impact on the natural environment. However, 31.9% of the iron-manganese oxides bound speciation indicating that such levels of Cd in soil would be potentially hazardous to the crops, particularly if exposed to a reductive condition.

Extraction of copper and zinc from naturally contaminated copper mine soils： Chemical fractionation analysis and risk assessment

以铜矿受污染土壤为对象,研究柠檬酸(CA)、草酸(OA)、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、氨三乙酸(NTA)四种提取剂对铜和锌的浸提效果。分析六种土壤样品中酸溶态、还原态、氧化态、残渣态形式存在铜和锌的占比。研究结果表明:当提取剂的溶度小于0.02 mol/L时,相较于其他三种提取剂,EDTA对于铜的提取效果最好,在相同提取剂浓度下,EDTA比其他提取剂的提取效率至少高15%。当提取剂的溶度小于0.02 mol/L时,EDTA对锌的提取效果最好。分别测定四种提取剂提取前、后铜的化学赋存形态,发现以酸溶态和还原态形式存在的铜被大量提取,含量显著减少。评估环境风险发现,提取之后环境风险显著下降。

Predicting chemical speciation of metals in soil using Visual Minteq

From soil contamination and risk assessment perspectives,it is imperative to understand the ecological processes occurring in soils.Certain soil processes greatly affect chemical speciation of potentially toxic metals(PTMs),and thus also influence their biogeochemical activity.The current study analyzed chemical speciation of eight PTMs(Cd,Cr,Fe,Cu,Mn,Ni,Zn,and Pb)in upper and lower soil layers for 15 agronomic fields of Vehari-Pakistan using Visual Minteq software.The divalent forms of most PTMs(PTM^(2+))generally predominated in both soil layers(79.9%overall occurrence).However,chromium revealed a different pattern of chemical speciation(95.8%as CrOH^(+))compared to other PTMs.The mean percentage of all the PTMs2+was slightly higher for the lower soil layer(81.3%)than in the upper layer(78.4%),the trend being same for all the PTMs,except Cr.This higher PTMs^(2+)percentage in lower soil layers than upper layers was due to lower content of organic matter and other anions such as Cl^(−)and HCO_(3)_(−).The mean percentage ages of all the PTMs^(2+)was similar among all the 15 agronomic fields,which was confirmed by strong Pearson correlation values(R^(2)>0.95).The PCA graph grouped all the agronomic fields and PTM^(2+) closely,except Cr^(2+) and Cu^(2+).This grouping confirmed the similar chemical speciation of PTMs,except Cu and Cr in studied fields.

Determination of Essential &Toxic Metal and Its Transversal Pattern from Soil to Tea Brew

The soil pH of tea garden was acidic (4.6 - 5.3) with organic contents ranging between 0.91% - 1.09%. Available po- tassium concentration was predominantly found in the range of 167 - 208 mg/kg followed by the nitrogen (150 - 189 mg/ha) and phosphorus (42 - 169 mg/kg). The Fe content was the one of the predominant heavy metal in soil (5494 - 5627 mg/kg) followed by Mn (245 - 435 mg/kg), Zn (30 - 111 mg/kg) and Cu (22 - 51 mg/kg). The concentration of toxic heavy metals Pb, Ni, and Cd in tea leaves, made tea and its infusions were too low. The level of most abundant essential heavy metals in tea infusion was Zn ranging from 0.09 - 0.52 mg/kg followed by Mn 0.10 - 0.42 mg/kg. The level of Fe and Cu was ranging from 0.068 - 0.073 mg/kg and 0.007 - 0.04 mg/kg in tea infusion respectively. The levels of all es- sential and the toxic metals were thus obtained were compared well with the other parts of the world.

Soil Heavy Metal Pollution Around the Dabaoshan Mine,Guangdong Province,China

在 Dabaoshan 矿的附近的土壤污染，广东省，中国，通过全部的集中的决心和有毒的金属， Cu， Zn， Cd，和 Pb 的化学种形成被学习，用诱导地联合的血浆质谱法。结果证明在过去的十年，公害被 Cu， Zn， Cd，和 Pb 的联合引起，与跟踪和是的酸矿排水影响土壤的主要污染来源。显著地高级(P ≤ 0.05 ) 作为与稻，花园，和控制土壤相比在跟踪 Cu， Zn， Cd，和 Pb 被发现，与一般水准 1 486， 2 516， 6.42，和 429 mg kg ? 1 分别地。这些金属连续地从跟踪和废水下游地被驱散，并且因此他们在水稻土的集中象 567 一样高， 1 140 ， 2.48 ，和 191 mg kg ? 1 ，分别地显著地更高( P ≤ 0.05 )作为与那些相比在花园土壤。从所有土壤类形的上述金属的顺序的抽取的结果证明剩余部分是主导的形式。然而， Fe-Mn 氧化物和有机物一定的金属的数量比那些跳到在可交换的形式存在的碳酸盐或那些相对高。当金属能从一个惰性的状态被转变到一个活跃状态，潜在的环境风险将与时间由于这些金属增加。

Characteristics of biomass ashes from different materials and their ameliorative effects on acid soils

The chemical characteristics,element contents,mineral compositions,and the ameliorative effects on acid soils of five biomass ashes from different materials were analyzed. The chemical properties of the ashes varied depending on the source biomass material. An increase in the concrete shuttering contents in the biomass materials led to higher alkalinity,and higher Ca and Mg levels in biomass ashes,which made them particularly good at ameliorating effects on soil acidity. However,heavy metal contents,such as Cr,Cu,and Zn in the ashes,were relatively high. The incorporation of all ashes increased soil p H,exchangeable base cations,and available phosphorus,but decreased soil exchangeable acidity. The application of the ashes from biomass materials with a high concrete shuttering content increased the soil available heavy metal contents. Therefore,the biomass ashes from wood and crop residues with low concrete contents were the better acid soil amendments.

市政污泥中重金属处置技术研究进展

论述了市政污泥中重金属的污染来源、污染现状及危害,着重阐述了市政污泥中重金属的处置技术及其优缺点,并对重金属处置的研究进行展望,为市政污泥中重金属污染治理的相关工作提供技术支持。

不同奶牛粪水还田量对苜蓿生长及土壤理化性质的影响

为探讨规模化奶牛养殖场粪水还田对苜蓿生长及土壤理化性质的影响,本研究设计了5种(0、150、300、450、600 m^(3)/hm^(2))经固液分离发酵后的奶牛粪水还田量的试验。通过测定不同还田量下的苜蓿产量、品质、土壤养分含量及重金属含量变化,结果表明:粪水还田能显著提高苜蓿干草产量,随着还田量的增加,产量增加显著,600 m^(3)/hm^(2)的处理下苜蓿全年干草产量达到19369.0 kg/hm^(2);施用粪水不会降低苜蓿的粗蛋白和相对饲喂价值;粪水还田会显著增加土壤的pH和含盐量,同时会提高土壤有机质含量,在全年不施肥的条件下,各处理土壤中有效氮、速效磷和有效钾均表现为下降水平,随着粪水还田量的增加,下降幅度越小,仅靠粪水还田不能满足全年的苜蓿生长需要,应结合施肥效果更佳。粪水还田会增加土壤中铜、镉、砷、铅、铬等重金属的含量,各重金属含量均以600 m^(3)/hm^(2)的水平下增加最大。综合考虑,建议奶牛粪水还田量控制在300~450 m^(3)/hm^(2)范围内,以实现对苜蓿产量和土壤质量的双重改善。

南京市大气颗粒物中重金属的健康与生态风险评价

大气颗粒物中的重金属不仅污染生态而且影响着人体健康,其化学形态和生物有效性对于评价健康和生态风险具有重要意义。对比探究了南京市工业区和市区细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的生物有效性和总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的生态风险,基于2016―2017年采集的工业区和市区的PM_(2.5)和TSP样品,分析了样品中Pb、Cd、Mn、Cu等元素。结果表明:(1)PM_(2.5)中Cd具有较高的生物可给性,对人体健康有较大的威胁,应严格控制其排放;(2)工业区TSP的重金属平均污染程度高于市区,其中Cd和Pb元素处于极强生态危害等级。

荒漠草原不同重金属污染对牛枝子叶片—土壤生态化学计量特征的影响

探究荒漠草原牛枝子(Lespedeza potaninii)在不同重金属污染梯度下的生长状况,通过其不同重金属污染梯度下牛枝子叶片及土壤中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量的变化以及对其他土壤理化性质的变化,明确在不同重金属污染梯度下牛枝子对养分的利用状况、生态适应策略。结果表明:在不同污染梯度下牛枝子叶片总C含量变化差异不明显,牛枝子叶片全N、全P含量呈先上升后下降的趋势。土壤总C、全N、全P含量在对照组CK下最高,随着重金属污染梯度的升高整体呈下降的趋势,随着重金属污染梯度的升高,土壤速效P、速效K、电导率整体上呈先上升后下降的趋势,土壤碱解氮整体呈下降趋势,土壤pH变化不显著。牛枝子叶片全N与全P与土壤总C呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),土壤总C与土壤全N、土壤C/N、C/P、N/P表现出极显著正相关(P<0.01)。在低浓度重金属下促进植物吸收营养元素,但过了其承载的重金属浓度时就会阻碍植物对营养元素的吸收。

纳米伊/蒙粘土对铅和镉污染土壤钝化效果研究

本文选取矿区周边铅和镉复合重金属污染的农田土壤,添加纳米伊/蒙粘土,进行了农田铅和镉钝化试验,评价纳米伊/蒙粘土降低溶液铅和镉浓度以及降低土壤铅和镉有效态含量的效果。结果表明,纳米伊/蒙粘土对溶液铅和镉离子吸附过程遵守Langmuir等温模型,其饱和吸附量分别是263.16mg·kg^(-1)和13.32 mg·kg^(-1)。与对照相比,添加1%纳米伊/蒙粘土,醋酸提取的土壤铅和镉有效态浓度分别下降了34.07%和34.04%;196天后分别下降23.74%和45.86%,说明纳米伊/蒙粘土能一定程度降低土壤铅和镉有效态浓度,形态分析表明纳米伊/蒙粘土可同时促进土壤铅和镉从不稳定态向稳定态转化。