Problems on the application of geographic information systems to urban environmental management

Geographic information systems (GIS) are a widely used tool in urban planning and management. More and more cities and decision-makers require its attributes of promptness, precision and visualization. But the application of GIS in urban environmental management is still a new field and relevant researches are getting on tardily. As a subsystem of GIS, an urban environmental management geographic information system (UEMGIS) should be a complex multi-discipline and multi-objective tool to perform quantitative multi-dimension analysis and to transfer the results into an expression legible to an ordinary user. It should be a dynamic system of prompt functions based on upgradable databases, and be composed of many subsystems respectively specialized in items about water, air, waste and noise as well as relative standards and regulations. However, existing UEMGISs mostly rely on the basic GIS too much to design the actual requirements of applications and managements in themselves, and the unavailability of sufficient fundamental data has retarded their improvement. In the design of a UEMGIS, the standardization of data classification should be taken into consideration to make the data exchangeable and shareable among its subsystems and within every subsystem, and the applicable error limits for input data should be defined in accordance with the user抯 required precision of data out. Data acquisition can be easy and quick if remote sensing, global positioning system (GPS) and other technologies are combined with GIS. Rapidly progressing information technologies have been giving a bright prospect for the melioration of UEMGIS that will have great potential and wide application in environmental conservation.

A Framework of Environmental Modelling and Information Sharing for Urban Air Pollution Control and Management

More effective environmental pollution control and management are needed due to the increasing environ-mental impacts from a range of human activities and the growing public demands for a better living environment. Urban air pollution is a serious environmental issue that poses adverse impacts on the health of people and the environment in most metropolitan areas. In this paper,we propose a geoinformatics augmented framework of environmental modelling and information sharing for supporting effective urban air pollution control and management. This framework is out-lined in terms of its key components and processes including: 1) an integrated,adaptive network of sensors for envi-ronmental monitoring; 2) a set of distributed,interoperable databases for data management; 3) a set of intelligent,robust algorithms and models for environmental modelling; 4) a set of flexible,efficient user interfaces for data access and in-formation sharing; and 5) a reliable,high capacity,high performance computing and communication infrastructure for integrating and supporting other framework components and processes.

Using Geospatial Information Systems in Analyzing Urbanization Impacts on Stream Habitats in Southern Mississippi Coastal Ecosystem

The proliferation of urban development with concentration in population and human-environment interaction has intensified around urban environments. This has resulted in the degradation of urban environments, overuse of natural resources and widespread pollution of ecosystems, The patterns of design initiatives continue to follow unsustainable path with impacts on stream ecosystems. Accordingly, the paper adopts geospatial information systems and sustainability principles for the identification and sequential mapping of stressors impeding natural systems in Southern Mississippi. The results not only reveal that the study area experienced some significant changes in its watershed environments, but the stream habitat ecosystem remains under stress. The recommendations for mitigating the problems range from policy considerations to the adoption of ecosystem approach.

A GIS-Based Evaluation of Environmental Sensitivity for an Urban Expressway in Shenzhen, China

Urban eco-environmental degradation is becoming inevitable due to the extensive urbanization, popula- tion growth, and socioeconomic development in China. One of the traffic arteries in Shenzhen is an urban expressway that is under construction and that runs across environmentally sensitive areas （ESAs）. The environmental pollution from urban expressways is critical, due to the characteristics of expressways such as high runoff coefficients, considerable contaminant accumulation, and complex pollutant ingredi- ents. ESAs are vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances and hence should be given special attention. In order to evaluate the environmental sensitivity along this urban expressway and minimize the influences of the ongoing road construction and future operation on the surrounding ecosystem, the environmental sensitivity of the relevant area was evaluated based on the application of a geographic information sys- tem （GIS）. A final ESA map was classified into four environmental sensitivity levels; this classification indicates that a large proportion of the expressway passes through areas of high sensitivity, representing 11.93 km or 52.3% of the total expressway, and more than 90% of the total expressway passes through ESAs. This study provides beneficial information for optimal layout schemes of initial rainfall runofftreatment facilities developed from low-impact development （LID） techniques in order to minimize the impact of polluted road runoff on the surrounding ecological environment.

URBAN INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT INFORMATION SYTEM FOR CHINA′S COASTAL PORT CITIES

The Paper mainly applies multi-disciplinary theory, methods and geographic information system (GIS) technology to study the investment environment for coastal port cities. The methods of studying urban investment environment using GIS prompted. In this peper, it is mentioned that the study of investment environment with GIS can be divided into 3 layers of macro scope, medium scope and micro scope in the paper. A powerful user-friendly UIEIS (Urban Investment Environment Information System) has been designed to study the urban investment environment. A series of application analysis models (including investment environment assessment models,investment site selection models, documental data management models, statistical data.graph display model, economic analysis and prediction models, network analysis models) are developed for investment environment studies in coastal port cities. Ningbo, a very important coastal port city, is chosen as a pilot study city.

Developing web-based urban energy environmental database

Unbalanced energy consumption distribution caused by the concentration of facilities and population topples the natural energy equilibrium of a city and causes environmental problems such as urban tropical night,heat island phenomenon,global warming deterioration.Therefore,to secure eco-friendliness and sustainability of a city,it is necessary to introduce measures to alleviate the unequal distribution phenomenon of urban energy consumption from the city planning stage.For this purpose,the first step is to understand the current energy environment.The urban energy environment is affected by many factors in addition to gathering of buildings.Therefore,there is a limit to fully understanding advanced urban energy environment with only simple statistical urban information management technique.Research on methods of analyzing urban energy environment through simulation of recent urban scale is underway.There is not enough discussion about basic informaion databases for environmental analysis simulation of urban energy.This study presents a method using GIS(geographic information system) and web-based environmental information database as a way to improve the simulation accuracy.First,environmental information factors used for urban simulation were derived,and a web-based environmental information database targeting Daegu metropolitan city of Korea was built.Then,the urban energy environment was analyzed on a trial basis by linking the database with GIS.

环境信息披露背景下城市群绿色协调发展路径研究

城市群对增强集聚效应、优化资源配置、推动技术创新、增强区域竞争力具有重要意义,在“双碳”背景下推动城市群绿色协调发展更是受到政府和社会的广泛关注。环境信息披露通过人口、经济、生态三大系统对城市群绿色协调发展产生重要影响。中国已陆续形成19个重点建设城市群,探索环境信息披露背景下的城市群绿色协调发展对中国区域经济发展具有重要作用。基于环境信息披露的视角,中国城市群发展尚存在协同引力效应较弱、区域产业绿色发展与环境表现不平衡、生态环境资源配置后继乏力、发展路径依赖创新能力不足等问题,在建设规划过程中需要优化顶层设计、探索转型升级、坚持合理布局、引导协同创新,推动城市群绿色协调发展。

环境地质信息系统支持下的城市水文风险评估与管理

文章详细论述了环境地质信息系统的体系架构、数据组织以及功能模块,立足环境地质信息系统,分析了其在城市水文风险评估与管理中的应用,从海量、动态、多元的环境地质数据支持,到GIS空间分析方法、数据挖掘算法、人工智能算法等城市水文风险评估方法支持等方面详细论述了城市水文风险评价、分级、管理的应用场景,助力城市水文灾害预测、风险管控、应急管理。

非正式空间促进环境-行为-价值协同的工业遗产更新——以天津第一机床总厂城市更新设计为例

非正式空间以灵活多变的功能特性高度契合当代社会人群的行为需求,承载着多重价值。分析环境空间与人的行为之间的相互影响,构建其互动关系理论模型。通过剖析非正式空间的内涵与价值潜力,明确环境-行为-价值的协同作用对工业遗产更新的重要意义。以天津第一机床总厂城市更新设计为例,从空间利用率、交往可能性及感知维度3个层面提出环境-行为-价值协同作用下的激活策略,为工业遗产更新及相关研究提供新视角。

Responsive Prototypes： Urban Machines as a Framework for the Digital City

Over the last few decades, a diverse and expanded practice has emerged from the increasingly collaborative work developed among architects, urbanists, artists, and media designers. This collaboration has more and more developed a particular landscape of projects which share the same operative principles and modes of operation. The city at large has been the context where these projects have been implemented and developed with the will of bringing these types of experimentation to the people and to the public and social scale. Cities are continuously produced through entropic processes that mediate between complexity and immediacy. Information technology operates as a linkage able to set up new rules for communication between man and matter. In this framework, by looking at spatial interventions in the urban space, the aim of the paper is to dissect the modes in which spatial practitioners operate in the digital city through ＂Urban Machines＂ and how information technology becomes a tool for place-making. The paper looks at integrated systems or machines that have spatial, social, and environmental implication in how we experience the city. Machines imply ＂something that has been constructed＂ and ＂function with a specific purpose＂ while being composed by parts that respond to a ＂functioning whole＂. These interventions start from sharing the same principle： How do we generate through technologically mediated experiences opportunities for new types of production of（social）space？; How such systems shape our urban experience and deploy forms of participation in civic life？.

环境信息公开、绿色金融与城市绿色创新

基于2015—2021年城市面板数据,实证检验环境信息公开对城市绿色创新的影响。基准回归结果表明,环境信息公开能够显著提高城市的绿色创新水平。中介效应检验结果显示,环境信息公开可以通过推动绿色金融发展促进城市绿色创新,绿色金融亦能够通过提高环境信息公开水平促进城市绿色创新,即环境信息公开与绿色金融在提升城市绿色创新水平方面能够产生协同作用。门槛效应检验结果显示,随着绿色金融的发展与创新水平的提高,环境信息公开对城市绿色创新的促进作用具有边际递增的非线性特征。异质性分析结果表明,环境信息公开的绿色创新效应在东部城市、非省会城市、资源型城市以及二氧化硫污染控制区城市更为显著。

Urban Settlement Spatial Analysis in Permanent Preservation Area of M’boicy Watershed River, Foz do Iguaçu City in Brazil

Irregular urban settlement increases environmental impacts, especially when these occupations occur in fragile location, as the environmental preservation areas. In these areas, also defined as Permanent Preservation Area (PPA), the presence of watersheds is common, which is the factor that increases the need of protecting them from anthropic actions. Those actions deteriorate the environment and mainly the watercourses. This research objective is to identify and estimate the environmental risks of M’Boyci watershed River PPA occupied areas by urban population. The risk analysis approach, at this PPA in Foz do Iguacu City in Brazil, is able to support public interventions in order to reestablish the PPA natural conditions. To reach this goal, it was necessary to use cartographical representation images, generated from digital orthophotos analyzed through free geographical information systems. The overlap and the contrast of geographical data related to preservation in urban areas show that urban occupation reaches almost 40% of the permanent preservation area. Complementarily, it is evidenced that the development of a risk map identifies PPA areas characterized by a greater concentration of irregular settlement, contributing to the planning process of residents, relocation actions and recovery of degraded areas.

环境规制对绿色经济效率的空间影响——以长江中游城市群为例

基于2005—2020年长江中游城市群面板数据,从环境规制对绿色经济效率的空间影响机理出发,运用空间杜宾模型探讨环境规制对长江中游城市群绿色经济效率的影响。结果表明:(1)长江中游城市群的正式、非正式环境规制和绿色经济效率在空间上均存在正相关关联性。(2)正式、非正式环境规制对长江中游城市群绿色经济效率具有显著促进作用,受正向空间溢出效应影响,环境规制能提升邻近城市绿色经济效率。区域上,正式、非正式环境规制对武汉城市圈、环长株潭城市群和环鄱阳湖城市群绿色经济效率均具有显著正向作用。(3)研发投入和经济发展对长江中游城市群绿色经济效率具有显著正相关影响,地区开放程度具有显著负相关影响,固定资产和产业结构的影响作用不明显。

浅谈GIS在城市环境总体规划中的应用与探索

环保大数据结合地理信息系统是实现城市环境总体规划空间化、促使环境管理转型的重要举措。城市环境总体规划是我国环境规划制度中的一项尝试,实现环境管理由末端治理转向前端控制的基础性、空间性、综合性、战略性规划。本文在分析GIS在环境规划领域的技术优势基础上,提出城市环境总体规划中生态保护红线划定、环境(生态)功能区划、要素空间管控、环境风险防控、产业布局调控五大技术需求。总结GIS在城市环境总体规划中的五大技术应用:空间基础数据处理与评价模型应用、标准化制图与空间信息表达、信息系统管理平台建设、专业软件数据转换、衔接"多规合一"平台等。最后,提出GIS支持下的环境功能区划和生态保护红线评估等功能模块开发、城环总规信息系统上的环境影响评价模块开发以及环境详细规划控制图则编制方法等探索方向。

基于GIS的城市环境工程地质质量模糊评价——以陕西略阳城区为例

通过对陕西略阳城区地质背景和环境工程地质问题的分析和研究,将影响城市环境工程地质综合质量的要素概括为动力地质作用、斜坡稳定性、岩土体地基特征、水文地质特征及人类活动强度等5大类。为尽可能实现多因素的影响和评价因子的量化,将评价因子划分为3级;根据评价因子与人类活动特征的相互影响关系,将评价因子划分为3类,即敏感因子、重要因子和一般因子,建立了质量评价指标体系,并确定了质量评价标准。在GIS支持下,建立了城市环境工程地质质量评价因子数据库。利用GIS空间栅格叠加分析功能,采用3级模糊综合评判方法对略阳城区环境工程地质质量现状进行了综合评价,编制了环境工程地质质量现状综合评价图。

空间决策支持系统的集成体系结构及其实现途径

文章以厦门市环境管理空间决策支持系统为例，提出一个以地理信息系统为中心的环境空间决策支持系统的体系结构新类型，在此基础上构造了基于集成方式实现的环境空间决策支持系统的逻辑结构，并介绍了实现GIS与空间应用分析模型嵌入式紧密集成的具体实现方法和应用例子。

地理信息系统在城市环境管理中应用

地理信息系统在城市科学研究领域中的应用越来越广泛 ,其适时、准确和直观的表达方式也受到越来越多的城市及其决策者的重视。本文对城市环境管理中建立地理信息系统的几个问题 ,包括应用目标、系统构成、系统设计方法等进行了分析 ,并提出了建议 。

公众参与、监管信息公开与城市环境治理——基于35个重点城市的面板数据分析

依据2011-2017年中国35个重点城市面板数据,考量公众参与、监管信息公开对城市环境治理的影响。结果表明:公众参与度提高能形成对政府环境规制和企业污染排放的监督,降低城市污染物的排放强度;监管信息公开能缓解政府、企业和公众之间的信息不对称,提高公众环境认知能力,强化对公众参与城市环境治理的行为激励。畅通公众环境利益诉求的反馈渠道,构建基于环境监管信息公开沟通平台,有助于提高公众和政府共同推进城市环境治理的积极性和有效性。

城市环境管理信息系统的应用与技术

介绍并讨论了地理信息系统在环境方面的应用及技术,根据我国大城市环境污染现状和环境管理的特点,提出了在地理信 息系统技术的支持下,利用数据仓库,建立城市环境污染控制的动态管理系统。

基于不确定信息的城市水源水环境健康风险评价

运用模糊集理论将风险评价模型的参数定义为三角模糊数,构建了水环境健康风险评价模糊模型。应用该模型不仅能够得到健康风险的各种可能值,也可以得到每一可能值对应的隶属度(或相对可信度)。而由α-截集技术,还可以进一步得到相应于不同可信度水平α的健康风险值区间。将该模糊模型应用于华北地区某城市地下水源的环境健康风险评价研究,结果表明:地下水中三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯的致癌风险均超过美国国家环保局推荐的可接受风险(1.0×10-4),可能的变化范围分别为2.06×10-4～22.03×10-4和3.67×10-4～33.29×10-4,相应的最可能风险值分别是7.22×10-4和11.54×10-4;四氯化碳虽也存在超标的可能,但情况并不严重,在不计其它污染物带来的致癌风险的情况下,受污染水源水环境健康危害总风险的可能变化区间为5.86×10-4～56.67×10-4,最可能风险值为19.21×10-4。实例研究表明,以模糊集理论评价水环境健康风险水平是可行的。