Analysis of Distribution of Public Toilets within Walking Range around Communities of the Elderly under the Model of Community Home-based Care for the Elderly: A Case Study of Changxindian, Fengtai District, Beijing

In recent years,under the influence of multiple factors such as traditional ideas and living economic conditions,the aging population in China continues to increase.Most of the elderly are more inclined to aged at home,and the first places for elderly activities are communities and the surrounding environment,which greatly affects the convenience of life and happiness of the elderly.In this paper,Changxindian area in Fengtai District of Beijing was as the research object,and detailed calculation and analysis were carried out by using POI data and arcGIS software.The relative location of residential areas and surrounding public toilets was explored,and the best location of public toilets in the daily walking area under the model of community home-based care for the elderly was further studied.

Research Progress on the Home-based Healthcare Plan for the Elderly with Chronic Diseases

Objective:To develop a home-based care plan for the elderly person with chronic diseases based on the status of their home-based care needs and relevant literature.Methods:The clinical data consisted of 132 patients who were 60-year-old or older with chronic diseases from June 2019 to May 2020 were selected and categorized into control and treatment groups of 66 patients each.For the experimental group,a care team for chronically ill elderly receiving regular post-treatment bome-based care.Meanwhile,a general clinical care team for chronically ill elderly receiving regular treatment for the control group.The effectiveness of these two healthcare models was evaluated and analyzed.Results:Results showed that satisfaction and effectiveness of home-based care among the elderly with chronic diseases were statistically better(P<0.05)than those in the usual care group.Conclusion:Providing home-based care services to elderly patients with chronic illnesses helps them to improve their chronic disease condition,patients are more receptive to home care,and patients have higher rates of recovery and treatment satisfaction.

Significant Differences in Elderly Health between Urban and Rural Communities: A Literature Review

This study aimed to examine measures pertaining to elderly health in urban versus rural settings, and to identify differences in the health of elderly people living in urban and rural communities through a literature review. An electronic literature search was performed using PubMed for English articles published in peer-reviewed journals up to August 2018, with the following search terms: “urban”, “rural”, “comparison of community”, “elderly health”, and “comparison of community health”. A total of 35 articles were extracted for a critical full-text review, and six articles that met the inclusion criteria were subjected to analysis. Measures related to elderly health in urban and rural communities were classified into the following three categories: functional abilities, health, and health perception. Five of the six articles described functional abilities (e.g., social function) and health (e.g., mental health, depression) as categories with significant differences in elderly health between urban and rural communities. The results suggest that elderly health measures related to social function and mental health or depression are more important outcome measures of effective person-centered integrated community care systems from the perspective of community characteristics. As there were only a few articles reporting on elderly health according to differences in environment between urban and rural communities, further investigation is globally warranted.

The impact of care for grandchildren on the supports for elderly parents of first-generation only-child parents in urban China

The support elderly parents receive from their grown-up children and the care they provide for grandchildren reflect the intergenerational relationships in Chinese families.Using data on only-child families in urban China from a 2015 survey conducted by the Institute of Population and Labor Economics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,this paper studies the status of care provided for grandchildren by parents of first-generation only-child in urban China and considers the effects this support has on the elderly.The data shows that over 80%of only-children parents have cared for their grandchildren.Most only-children also provide support for their elderly parents.Care for grandchildren provided by grandparents increases the economic and housekeeping support for the elderly provided by only-children.Only-children are the main beneficiaries of the intergenerational support that comes from the care for grandchildren provided by elderly parents.If the elderly parents have adequate retirement income and have little or no need for financial support,such intergenerational support resembles“altruism”.However,if the elderly parents do not have adequate retirement income,the satisfaction of their needs depends on resources like time and money available to their only-children.

Empirical Study and Model Construction on the Efficiency of the Different Urban Elderly Care Modes Based on Complex Scientific Management

For the problem of improving the efficiency and optimizing the resource allocation in urban elderly care,by using complex scientific management method and the empirical analysis on the efficiency of the urban elderly care modes,this paper proposes that the key is to balance supply efficiency between the long-term and short-term elderly care modes.The short-term pattern is to enhance urban residents’confidence,and the long-term one promotes the sustainable development of the elderly care to prevent the aged poverty due to oldness and illness.This paper suggests that the building of"government assistance+community leadership+enterprise cultivation"mode can improve the overall efficiency of the urban elderly care to reach the Pareto optima,and fulfil the goals of the urban elderly care by providing a security and enjoyable life.

农村康养产业发展的理论阐释、多元实践与政策协同

农村康养产业作为一种新兴业态,是秉承新发展理念,在乡村舒适性资源利用、后生产主义乡村价值兴起、农村产业融合驱动、城乡地域共同体功能再造、康养政策引领与市场开发的共同作用下发展起来的。在实践中,通过对自然资源、文化资源、中医药资源和森林资源的开发,与乡村旅游、文化体验、休闲度假、景观游赏等相融合,发展出田园康养、文化康养、医疗康养和森林康养等新型形态,在一定程度上满足了老年群体多样化的养老需求,建立了互益性城乡交流渠道,推动了乡村产业振兴和社区建设。但目前其发展的体制机制尚不成熟,存在统筹规划力度不足、业态短板比较突出、专业康养人才匮乏、数字化技术融入较低等问题。文章建议从主体、资本、人才、技术的角度构建政策协同的路径,加强顶层设计、突出康养特色、创新职业培训、推进科技创新,实现农村康养产业的可持续和高质量发展。同时,围绕农村康养产业发展,还应加强对城乡互益性养老服务机制的研究,探讨建立衔接有序、功能互补的城乡养老服务网络的可能路径。

城市老年人社区养老服务需求特征与对策——基于吉林市的调查

我国人口老龄化形势严峻,养老服务需求问题成为政府和社会关注的重点问题。区域经济发展不平衡决定了不同城市的养老服务需求工作开展不同步。本文采用问卷调查方式,面向吉林市离退休职工,就生活照料、医疗护理、安全保障、精神慰藉以及社会参与等五个方面对城市社区养老需求进行调查分析。统计和分析结果表明,城市老年人对专业化程度高、有专门管理机构、有持续资金投入的社区养老服务有较高需求,对社区医疗护理服务和精神文化生活服务强烈关注。在此基础上,提出改进和完善城市社区养老服务体系建设的相关对策和建议。

我国失能老人长期照料现状及影响因素——基于城乡差异的视角

利用2011-2012年中国健康长寿调查数据(CLHLS),实证分析了影响我国失能老人长期照料模式选择的因素。结果表明,90%以上的失能老人主要依靠家庭照料,社会化照料形式较少。总体上看,失能老人的家庭人均收入、社区起居照料服务的供给对其选择社会化照料具有正向影响。从城乡差异看,教育程度及社区照料服务的供给状况对农村失能老人照料模式的选择有正向影响,但在城市中并不显著;儿子数与女儿数对其照料模式的选择也有显著差异。因此,政府应加大农村社区照料服务建设,并对经济状况差、失能严重的老人提供财政补贴。

城乡失能老人社区居家照护服务的差异及对策

随着人口老龄化进程的加快,我国失能老人比例不断攀升。城乡失能老人社区居家照护服务发展不协调。在调查的基础上通过对比分析,发现城乡在社区居家照护服务方式、主体、内容以及基础条件等方面均存在较大差异,总体来看城市较之农村有明显优势。应从加大健康教育培训力度和政府照护资金投入、缩小城乡照护服务内容差距等方面统筹推进城乡失能老人社区居家照护服务体系建设,推动社会公共养老服务均等化,改善失能老人的生活质量。

老年人日常照料角色介入的差序格局研究

老年人日常照料是老年人养老的核心问题之一。运用"2006年中国城乡老年人口状况追踪调查"数据对老年人日常照料角色介入的差序格局进行研究。从宏观上看,传统的差序格局仍然存在,但随着社会存在的变化差序格局随之变化,且由于家庭养老人力资源的急剧下降,这种格局存在进一步被打破的趋势。可以预见,处于差序格局最边缘的社会圈层将成为未来老年人照料的重要力量。对老年人日常照料差序格局的城乡化差异作了比较。

城市社区养老模式探析

人口老龄化是中国社会发展中不容忽视的重要问题。随着城市人口老龄化、高龄化程度的不断加剧,传统的家庭养老模式、机构养老模式难以适应我国人口老龄化的现实状况。研究表明,大力发展和完善以健康互助型养老为主导,以社区养老服务资源为依托,以培育专业化的养老服务队伍为依靠的城市社区养老模式是应对城市人口老龄化发展的有效路径。

云南城市空巢老人养老模式选择的影响因素

随着老龄化的加速,空巢家庭的增多,空巢老人的养老问题越来越突出,以什么样的养老模式进行养老,取决于影响养老模式选择的因素。在文献研究及深度访谈的基础上对云南城市空巢老人养老模式选择的影响因素进行了研究,结论是:个人、家庭、健康、经济、社会支持是影响云南城市空巢老人养老模式选择的重要因素。

城市社区居家养老服务资源整合的路径研究——以广州“3+X”模式为例

“碎片化”的社区居家养老服务难以满足城市老年人多方面、高质量的需求,以整合社区居家养老服务资源为抓手,实施养老服务综合改革是破解居家养老服务供需矛盾的有效路径。广州“3+X”模式以“大配餐”为突破口,优化社区居家养老服务资源配置,搭建一体化社区居家养老服务共建共享机制。但是,老龄化社会政策不健全、社区居家养老服务性质定位不清、资源的地域限制、公共资源垄断等因素制约着城市社区居家养老服务资源的整合。要实现城市社区居家养老服务资源整合提质增效,就要以积极老龄化和整体性治理理论为基础,厘清社区居家养老服务与公共事务的边界、各级政府与社会力量的责任,完善及整合涉老助残政策及设施,推动精准养老;强化省、市、区、街协调能力,制定统一的社区居家养老服务引导政策和支持措施,减少因政策而产生的区域不平等和过度竞争,破解公共资源垄断;以“公益银行”为平台,搭建助老共同体,推动社区居家养老服务从他助转向互助、自助。

城乡差异、就医惯性与老年人卫生服务利用

现有对城乡老年人卫生服务利用不公平的研究多忽略了长期的城乡差异所导致的隐性的农村老年人就医惯性的存在。本研究在控制了收入、医疗保障和就医可及性等因素的条件下,发现就医惯性的存在;并运用集中指数分解法发现,卫生服务的利用存在不公平,偏向于富人,而就医惯性在两种卫生服务利用中的贡献度分别为12%和5%。这种城乡固定差异造成了农村老年人在身体健康、心理健康和自我照料能力上都显著地低于城市老年人。

城乡老人初次就诊行为的调查研究

利用"中国健康与养老追踪调查"数据,分析影响城乡老年人初次就诊行为的相关因素。通过队列分析和多项logistic分析后发现,老年人的初次就诊行为具有显著的城乡差异、性别差异。其就诊路径为先非正式治疗,后正式治疗;而且无论其健康状况如何,自我治疗都是首选;医疗便利性的影响不具有规律性。建议加强农村基层卫生设施的建设,进一步提高农村卫生体系整体水平,做好"双向转诊制度"的建设工作,形成合理、有序的医疗利用层次,消除农村患者的卫生规避现象。同时,也应重视老年人的定期健康检查,促进医疗行为从"治疗"转向"预防"。

北京市城市居民养老保险与服务体系现状与对策

随着我国人口老龄化的不断加剧,老年人的养老问题逐渐成为社会关注的热点。在养老问题中,最重要的是养老保险和养老服务两个方面。为了了解城市居民养老保险与服务体系构建的现状,本文针对北京市老年人的养老现状进行了调查了解和深入的分析研究。调查发现,城市居民的养老保险参保比例还有待提高,另外,城市的养老服务体系并不健全,仍需进一步的改进。通过对调查结果的深入分析,文章最后对于出现的问题给出了相对应的改进建议。

城乡居民养老观念比较研究

随着近代我国城乡二元结构的形成与演进,共居共财的传统养老实践在城乡之间历经了不同的发展轨迹。城乡养老实践不仅在反馈模式和接力模式之间徘徊与选择,而且对传统模式和现代模式进行了继承与改造,但任何一种养老实践的判断均离不开养老观念的影响。通过"中国大众养老观念"的调查数据,立足城乡居民的划分,以对养老主体、养老内容和养老模式的认知为基础,展现城乡养老观念的逻辑指向。首先,城乡居民均认可了养老责任承担者的多元化,而子女仍然是最理想的养老主体。其次,城乡居民对重要养老资源的认知各有侧重,城镇居民将经济和情感视为影响老年生活质量的关键因素。最后,城乡居民对养老模式的期待保持一致,亲子共居的老年生活方式仍是大众的朴实向往。可见,家庭养老依然是城乡居民最具共识性的基本养老观念,责任伦理赋予家庭养老强大的生命力,由传统家庭养老向现代家庭养老的过渡是我国家本位文化的当代最新发展。因此,我国传统家文化在现代养老观念中投射出的漫长身影是构建具有中国特色现代养老体系的基本出发点。构建具有中国特色的现代养老体系的思路是:发展具有时代特色的养老文化,形成尊老爱老的社会氛围;加强养老规范体系建设,营造老有所养的制度环境;构建以家庭养老为主、社会养老协同的多元养老服务体系。

城市社区长期照料失能老人健康管理初探

目的了解杭州市拱墅区长期照料失能老人的健康现状,为各级政府制定政策,推进失能老人长期照料健康管理工作提供科学依据。方法采用现场调查法,对杭州市拱墅区长期照料失能老人的健康现状进行分析研究。结果杭州市拱墅区836位长期照料失能老人生存状况尚可,生活满意度不高(12.90%),对健康的满意度比对生活的满意度更低(1.09%);失能老人希望提供的社区服务需求主要有家庭康复(65.16%)、定期探访(61.05%)、帮助配药(60.00%)、家庭护理(52.68%)、健康咨询(50.53%),但对社区所提供服务的满意度仅为23.16%。结论各级政府应充分重视长期照料失能老人的健康,制定相应政策,推进失能老人健康管理的发展。