CO_2 Emission Induced by Urban Household Consumption in China

Household consumption is one of the important factors that induce CO2 emission.Based on input-output model,this article calculated the intensity of CO2 emission of different income groups and seven provinces in China,and then estimated total CO2 emission induced by urban household consumption from 1995 to 2004 in China based on statistic data of household living expenditure.The results show that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption had increased from 1583 to 2498 kg CO2 during 1995-2004.The ratio of consumption-induced CO2 emission to total CO2 emission had risen from 19% to 30% in the past decade.Indirect CO2 emission accounted for an important part of the consumption-induced emission,the ratio of indirect emission to consumption-induced emission had risen from 69% to 79% during the same period.A significant difference in consumption-induced CO2 emission across different income groups and different regions has been observed.CO2 emission per capita of higher income groups and developed regions increased faster than that of lower income groups and developing regions.Changing lifestyle has driven significant increase in CO2 emission.Especially,increases in private transport expenditure(for example,vehicle expenditure) and house building expenditure are key driving factors of growth in consumption-induced CO2 emission.There are big differences in the amount of CO2 emission induced by change in lifestyle across different income groups and provinces.It can be expected that lower income households and developing regions will increase consumption to improve their livings with income growth in the future,which may induce much more CO2 emission.A reasonable level of CO2 emission is necessary to satisfy human needs and to improve living standard,but a noticeable fact is that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption in developed areas of China had reached a quite high level.Adjustment in lifestyle towards a low-carbon society is in urgent need.

Comparative Analysis of Disparity in Demand for Fresh Fish between Rural and Urban Households in Cameroon

The past decades have exhibited changes in the consumption of fresh fish. In developing countries, factors affecting fish consumption are different between urban and rural households. This study comparatively analyses the disparity in demand for fresh fish between rural and urban households in Cameroon. Using random sampling, data on the weekly consumption of fresh fish were collected between April and May 2015;30 households lived in rural localities while 30 lived in urban areas of Buea Municipality. Consumer’s income, the price of fresh fish, family size, gender and age of consumers represented parameters of interest. These were analyzed using the independent sample t-test. Results revealed that the availability, the income level and price affected fish consumption of rural dwellers while price, taste, income and affordability determined the consumption patterns of urban dwellers. The study equally revealed that the higher the price of fresh fish, the higher the demand for its closed substitutes and the higher the size of the household, the higher the quantity demanded. Gender, education and marital status did not affect the quantity demanded;family size and age negatively influenced consumers’ decision to buy while consumers’ income and price of fresh fish positively influenced consumers’ weekly and monthly expenditure on fresh fish. The study proposes that more information be provided to consumers regarding the numerous nutritional benefits of fresh fish for both rural and urban dwellers. Also, policy makers and marketers need to improve the availability of fresh fish in rural and semi-urban settings.

The Impact of Poverty Alleviation Policy on Urban Household Demand

Many policies and measures for poverty alleviation have been undertaken by the Chinese government, but few researchers have explored its experience and lessons. This research focuses on household needs like food, clothing, housing, household equipment and supplies, transportation and communication, education and entertainment, healthcare;and also focuses on food items such as grains, meat, eggs, milk, vegetables, fruits and others in urban China. In poor households, the average disposable income per capita is less than or near per capita expenditure;and the Engels coefficient is often over 40%. The data from 1997-2012 in this research is in the provincial level from the Information Website of Development Research Center of the State Council (or “DRCnet”). The authors used the two stage ELES-AIDS (Almost Ideal Demand System) to estimate the price elasticity and expenditure elasticity of the household’s expenditures. According to the results, it is recommended that the government should follow economic law and improves policy efficiency, especially its food policy to alleviate the poverty of low income residents.

Rural-urban Migration, Rural Household Income and Local Geographical Contexts——A Case of Northwestern Guangxi, China

This paper aims to examine New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) in the northwestern Guangxi, China and investigate the relationships among rural-urban migration, rural household income and local geographical contexts. Stratified sampling and typical case study were adopted and 236 questionnaires were collected from four vil- lages, Daxin, Lixin, Longhe and Yongchang. We analyzed the rural-urban migration rate, household income and local geographical factors, focusing on the ratio of remittance income to total household income. Data descriptions and sta- tistical methods, such as Pearson Chi-square test, Contingency coefficient, Eta, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, multiple comparisons (LSD test, Tamhane T2, Dunnett T3 and Dunnet C test) were used. The results are as follows. Rural households’ income is diversified in survey villages so the motivation of rural-urban migration in the study area can be partly explained by NELM. The migration rate of households (the percentage of households with migrants in survey households) in survey villages varies from 50% to 86%, while the proportion of remittance income to house- hold income is in the range of 30% to 80%. In the village of Yongchang, with the least average arable land area per household, the remittance income plays a vital role in household income (80%). And the statistical findings show that the proportion is significantly and negatively correlated with arable land area per household. The conclusion is that di- rect effect of migration, i.e., the contribution of remittance to household income, is negatively correlated with the con- tribution of resources to local income.

Calculation and decomposition of regional household energy consumption in China:based on perspectives of urbanization and residents' consumption

Demographic urbanization caused great changes in scale of residents' consumption and residents' lifestyle and then impacted changes of regional household energy consumption. This paper expanded Logarithmic Mean Decomposition Index method through introducing variables of urbanization and residential consumption into the model. It also analyzed the influences of six factors as energy structure, energy intensity, population scale, urbanization, residential consumption, and consumption inhibit on regional household energy consumption. Results showed that in 2003-2012, impact of urbanization on regional household energy consumption of Chinese three areas was significantly higher than population size. The "population gathered in eastern region" phenomenon caused eastern region getting the largest population scale effect. Driving force of residential consumption on regional household energy consumption was much higher than the other five effects. Due to the comparative advantage of residential consumption compared with government consumption, investment, and net export, the decrease of consumption ratio promoted the growth of regional household energy consumption. Energy intensity in Chinese three regions kept reducing in 2003-2012. The progress of energy utilization technology slowed the growth of regional household energy consumption, and energy intensity effect was most significant in the central region.

Rural-urban Migration,Rural Household Income and Sustainable Development in Rural Areas of China

The objective of this paper is to investigate the rela- tionships among rural-urban migration,rural household income and sustainable development in rural areas of China.The typical case study is done and 288 questionnaires are collected from five villages in Hebei and Guangxi provinces,China.The migration and remittance status,household income and sustainable devel- opment of rural areas are analyzed on the basis of questionnaires. Rural-urban migration is becoming a part of routine life in rural areas.And remittance is an important component in rural house- hold income.Rural-urban migration increases the arable land area per labor,which releases the tight human-land relationship in villages.In total,the migration increases the rural household in- come and accelerates the sustainable development of rural areas.

Multi-Actor Geo-Collaborative Device for Collecting Household Waste in Urban Areas: A Case Study of Lamkansa District, Casablanca, Morocco

The aim of this paper is to develop a Multi-Actor Geo-Collaborative Device to improve the processes of household waste collect (HWC) in urban areas. The proposed device will be tested in the Lamkansa district, in the southwestern part of Casablanca city, Morocco. The approach used is a systemic analysis of communication in order to act on a territory. We have been inspired by several methodological developments concerning multi-actor processes of land use planning. We focused our work on the involvement of the inhabitants in the process of household waste collect. The results show that the urban population can help and contribute to the development of complementary solutions to improve the urban environment and their living environment. Moreover, by integrating citizens in HWC processes, as well as decision communication, we can reduce household waste management costs and make it faster and more efficient, through a geo-collaborative, participatory and incentive logic. The approach described in this article is original, not only considering the technologies used to present and share the collected information, but also regarding the concept of integrating several actors in a collaborative/incentive mode. It arouses great interest by combining geomatics with communication and information sciences. It contributes to improve the participation of the inhabitants in the life of their urban environment in order to establish a reinforced dialogue on the future of their city and public health. Also, it involves the development and testing of new devices and tools for multi-actor collaboration.

New Path for Integrated Reform of Urban and Rural Household Registration System in the Context of Informationization

In China, household registration system has the problems of unreasonable standard setting and relevant supporting measures failure to keep pace with the development trend. From analysis of current problems and situations, it is believed that household registration system should undertake reform and take a new road by means of informationization. Strengthening informationization management in land, population, education and labor market can better perform urban and rural integration.

The Rural Households in the Process of Rapid Urbanization:Unwilling to Move,Floating and Migratory

I divide the rural households into three types:the rural households unwilling to move;the floating rural households;the migratory rural households.Through questionnaire survey of the married housewives in Anhui Province and Zhejiang Province,I conduct comparative analysis of income and expenditure,change in the status of family members,the couple's housework time,the wives' will to settle in the city and attitude towards life,related to these three types of rural households.Results show that promoting wives' educational level and monthly family income will significantly make the wives in households unwilling to move,have stronger desire to make their children settle in the city;the housework time of the wives in the floating households is 3.4 times that of their husbands,the monthly income of the husbands in the floating households is significantly lower than that of the husbands in the migratory households,with heavy family burden assessed by themselves;the age of the wives in the migratory households is the smallest,and the educational level and income of them are the highest,but the monthly expenditure has not yet significantly expanded,and at the same time,the migratory households have the weakest desire to settle in the city.The recommendations concerning these three types of rural households are put forward as follows:promoting the skills of the members in the households unwilling to move,in agricultural cultivation,development of agricultural products and circulation of agricultural products;paying close attention to the floating rural households;promoting the government,enterprise,households to work together to stabilize the migratory households.

农村成长经历会影响城镇家庭储蓄率吗?——来自CHFS 2019的经验证据

由于城市与农村的经济金融环境存在显著差异,成年前在农村成长的城镇居民比在城市成长的城镇居民具有较高的风险厌恶程度和较低的金融知识水平,从而更加偏向低消费和高储蓄。采用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2019年数据,将“目前居住在城市地区且拥有非农业户口、18岁之前为农业户口”作为“拥有农村成长经历”的界定标准,实证检验城镇家庭户主的农村成长经历对其家庭储蓄率的影响,结果表明:户主拥有农村成长经历的城镇家庭比户主没有农村成长经历的城镇家庭有更高的储蓄率,风险态度和金融素养在其中发挥了中介作用,即拥有农村成长经历的户主会因较高的风险厌恶程度和较低的金融知识水平而导致其家庭储蓄率较高;农村成长经历对储蓄率的正向影响在户主受教育水平较高、家庭资产较少、经济发展水平较低地区(中西部地区)的家庭中更为显著。因此,需要从改善城市的经济金融状况(降低生活成本、增强社会保障、减少不确定性等)入手来释放城镇居民的消费需求,并通过改善风险态度、加强金融教育、缩小城乡差距等渠道来降低农村成长经历对城镇家庭储蓄率的正向影响。

构建嵌套于城市碳账户下的可计算城乡家庭碳账户框架

家庭作为社会最小单元,是消费端的主要参与主体。在消费端基础上确立碳排放责任,有助于厘清基于利益相关者降低碳排放的动力机制。目前个人碳普惠管理实践过程中仍存在消费引发的碳排放边界难以说清、个人负碳市场交易逻辑复杂、个人减排逻辑道义纠结、缺乏稳定的管理体系等问题。若以家庭端作为制度安排和市场交易的基础,建立城乡家庭碳账户就是核心基石。本研究目标为初步构建家庭碳账户框架,明确其账户范围、边界、计算方法和与城市碳账户和个人碳捕获衔接的可扩展逻辑。综述了现有个人碳账户和家庭碳账户的研究现状,基于我国碳排放管理特色,构建城乡家庭碳账户体系,包含资产、权益、负债三大子账户,确定了家庭碳账户核算边界、抽样方式和计算方法。并进一步解释了城乡家庭碳账户与城市碳账户的链接嵌套逻辑,设计了城乡家庭碳账户参与城市碳配额管理的方式,以及区别了城乡家庭碳账户与个人碳普惠。从账户的角度出发,将家庭碳账户与碳市场相结合,“有形的手”碳配额市场与“无形的手”碳减排权益市场相结合,共同为家庭消费端碳减排提供了新的思路,并在一定程度避免了不同核算边界下的责任重叠问题,易于与我国碳管理体系衔接。本文提出的城乡家庭碳账户可作为适应中国碳管理特色的精细化深度减排的重要工具,对以家庭为单元的碳排放额度分配、减排及交易,深度推进碳普惠的激励机制设计,调动城市多级嵌套的碳减体系等具有基础支撑作用。

城市居民生活碳排放及影响因素的时空异质性

基于地图可视化、空间自相关、标准差椭圆和空间马尔科夫链探究中国2006~2020年城市居民生活碳排放的时空特征,并采用时空地理加权模型(GTWR)实证考察城市居民生活碳排放影响因素的时空异质性.结果显示:中国城市居民生活碳排放逐年增长,年均增长率为10.12%,但增速逐渐放缓;呈现东高西低的空间差异特征,且在样本后期呈现逐渐收敛态势.城市居民生活碳排放水平的空间分布呈现显著的空间聚集特征;标准差椭圆呈现向心集聚的趋势,且分布重心逐渐向西南移动,累计迁移了68.97km;居民生活碳排放的动态演进受到邻地城市碳排放水平的影响.各影响因素存在明显的时空异质性.时间趋势上,人口密度、经济发展、对外开放和产业结构在大部分城市促进碳排放,但影响力逐年减弱;技术投入和环境规制则降低碳排放,且影响力逐年增强;空间分布上,人口密度、经济发展和对外开放在南部的影响力更强,而技术投入、产业结构和环境规制的影响力在东部更强.

大型城镇集中安置区搬迁移民生计资本组合对家庭收入影响机理的实证研究

易地搬迁移民已成为防止规模性返贫的重要群体。当前,搬迁移民面临着就业市场风险增大,生计资本存量减少以及家庭增收困难等现实问题,优化移民生计资本内部结构,发挥生计资本间的组合效应,提升生计资本组合对移民家庭收入的贡献作用是解决上述问题的重要途径。学界当前与易地搬迁相关的研究多聚焦分析移民生计资本对家庭总收入的作用机制,较少基于结构功能理论视角,从实证层面探讨生计资本组合对家庭不同收入来源的影响及其相互作用机制。本文以贵州省大型城镇集中安置区移民为研究对象,首先测算移民家庭生计资本,分别采用OLS和分位数回归分析生计资本与家庭收入之间的作用机理,然后采用多元线性回归模型测算生计资本间的互补效应和替代效应,构建了移民家庭收入与生计资本组合之间的矩阵分析模型,分别应用tobit和logit回归进行实证检验,并剖析了不同维度下不同生计资本组合对不同类型收入的影响。研究结果表明:(1)移民生计资本总量有助于提升家庭收入水平。在后搬迁时代,自然资本对家庭收入的边际贡献最小,而社会资本对家庭收入呈现负向影响。(2)五大资本中的人力资本与自然资本、物质资本、社会资本以及金融资本之间存在着普适性互补效应,金融资本与社会资本间存在替代效应。(3)互补性生计资本值越大,移民家庭工资收入和财产收入越高;互补性和替代性资本量均较低的家庭主要以获得转移性收入维持生计。

乡城学生流动对农村家庭劳动供给决策的影响

基于中国追踪调查三期面板数据,选用固定效应面板模型和工具变量模型实证检验乡城学生流动对农村家庭劳动供给决策的影响。研究发现:(1)乡城学生流动导致农村家庭的有酬劳动参与率下降7.75%,并未显著影响有酬劳动时间,并导致非农劳动参与率提升11.28%。(2)机制分析表明,上述结果是由农村家庭内部的劳动分工调整产生的,市场劳动主要承担者倾向于增加有酬劳动时间,家庭劳动主要承担者则倾向于退出市场部门劳动或以陪读为目的进入城市地区参与非农劳动。(3)在不同就读阶段、流动范围和代际结构情境下,乡城学生流动对农村家庭劳动供给决策产生了差异化影响。基于此,从农业转移人口教育成本分摊、农村陪读家长就业扶持、不同情境的差异化帮扶三个角度提出针对性的政策建议。

土地流转与农村家庭收入差距:家庭发展视角下的经验探讨

土地是农村家庭重要的生产生活资料,土地流转是农村家庭在城镇化进程中生计转型的重要标识,直接影响其收入。基于产权调整逻辑与家庭发展理论,利用课题组2018年全国农村调查数据,以及中国城市统计年鉴数据,采用倾向值得分匹配、多元线性回归模型检验了土地流转对农村家庭收入差距的影响。结果表明,整体而言土地流转的制度设计对缩小农村家庭收入差距具有积极作用,土地转出显著缩小了农村家庭收入差距。同时,土地流转对家庭收入差距的作用受到家庭发展特征的影响。家庭发展目标、代际联系与家庭生命周期从不同的路径影响了土地流转缩小收入差距的积极作用。探讨土地流转对农村家庭收入差距的影响,需要结合自上而下的产权路径与自下而上的家庭发展路径进行综合考量。

医保渐进式整合对家庭消费的影响研究——基于多期DID的准自然实验

以城乡居民基本医疗保险的渐进式整合为视角,基于中国劳动力动态调查数据构建多期DID准自然实验,探究医保整合对居民家庭消费的影响及其相关机制,结果显示:相对于家庭总消费,城乡居民医保整合对家庭非医疗消费的促进效应更显著,且该政策效应具有短期性;城乡居民医保整合能通过增加家庭总收入促进家庭消费,还能调节患病群体与健康群体之间的健康风险,减少医疗支出的不确定性,进而释放家庭消费。由此,应进一步完善我国新时期医疗保障制度,通过继续推进医疗保障体系整合扩面,建立城乡居民医保筹资动态调整机制,构建以健康为中心的医疗保障体系,释放消费潜力,为经济发展赋能。

关于城市生活垃圾数字化管理优化研究

城市生活垃圾管理需要从垃圾分类做起,加强运输过程和处理过程控制,提高管理质量和效率,降低社会影响和资源消耗。文章研究了城市生活垃圾数字化管理优化策略,在明确城市生活垃圾数字化管理现状的基础上,从优化管理体制、完善基础设施、提升技术能力、加强公众引导等方面出发,分析了城市生活垃圾数字化管理优化要点,充分发挥数字化技术的应用优势,融入城市共治理念,提高城市公共管理水平。

乡城跨地方家庭生计韧性测度及其影响因素

城乡融合发展背景下,“跨地方”成为城乡联系的新常态,其对乡村家庭生计韧性产生了重要的影响。“乡城跨地方”是当前乡村家庭的主流形态,识别乡城跨地方家庭生计韧性特征,探究乡村人口流入城市对乡村家庭生计韧性的影响,为乡村家庭生计韧性研究提供了新的视角与思路。以丽水市4县区6村庄为案例,量化测度了不同地区不同类型跨地方家庭生计韧性水平,并与非跨地方家庭做了比较研究,解析了乡城人口流动影响下跨地方家庭生计韧性的影响因素。结果表明:1)乡城跨地方流动能够显著增强交通区位条件差、经济发展水平一般的乡村家庭韧性水平,但对整体发展水平较高的乡村而言,这种乡城人口流动的影响有限;2)乡城跨地方流动的关键在于家庭成员流动后所传递的信息流大大提升了家庭所接受到的知识环境和信息环境,进而通过优化其学习能力提升家庭生计韧性水平;3)这种由于人口流动所获得的信息环境改善,其影响作用大于资金流,而物质流则与此类家庭生计韧性水平无显著相关性;4)除信息流之外,“外出人口比例”“外出人口受教育程度”“外出人口职业稳定性”“外出人口职业培训次数”“外出人口收入比例”也是影响跨地方家庭生计韧性的关键因素。