Seismic Microzonation Study of South Asian Cities and Its Implications to Urban Risk Resiliency under Climate Change Scenario

In this study, an attempt has been made to review the existing framework of earthquake risk resiliency for the urban agglomerates of South Asian earthquake-prone countries (Afghanistan;Bangladesh;Bhutan, India, and Pakistan) with aim of suggesting a plausible model for earthquake risk resiliency for urban agglomerates of the region under the influence of uncontrollable climate change scenario. We demonstrated that the existing infrastructures can be retrofitted to mitigate and reduce the nature and extent of damages to structures to the greater extent whilst site response based comprehensive seismic microzonation is very much required for new settlements and for long-term sustainable urban planning by adopting multi-disciplinary investigations using integrated tools consisted of geophysical, geological, and geotechnical methodologies, which in turn help understand how and why underneath sub-surface layers get amplified to cause destruction of buildings and severe damages to critical infrastructures of South Asian Cities. It is inferred that implementation of fourth level comprehensive seismic Micro, Nano, Pico and Femto zonation study for almost all strategic cities of South Asia is a need of an hour in particular, and of the seismically prone regions of the world, in general, which would be helpful for generating a series of new parameters for development of multi-dimensional risk resilient building design codes for the safer and sustainable infrastructures of urban settlement. The methodology has wide-scale applicability to different kinds of structures and typology of the buildings.

Planetary health risks in urban agriculture

Urban agriculture is gaining recognition for its potential contributions to environmental resilience and climate change adaptation,providing advantages such as urban greening,reduced heat island effects,and decreased air pollution.Moreover,it indirectly supports communities during weather events and natural disasters,ensuring food security and fostering community cohesion.However,concerns about planetary health risks persist in highly urbanized and climate-affected areas.Employing electronic databases such as Web of Science and PubMed and adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines,we identified 55 relevant papers to comprehend the planetary health risks associated with urban agriculture,The literature review identified five distinct health risks related to urban agriculture:(1)trace metal risks in urban farms;(2)health risks associated with wastewater irrigation;(3)zoonotic risks;(4)other health risks;and(5)social and economic risks.The study highlights that urban agriculture,while emphasizing environmental benefits,particularly raises concerns about trace metal bioaccumulation in soil and vegetables,posing health risks for populations.Other well studied risks included wastewater irrigation and backyard livestock farming.The main limitations in the available literature were in studying infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance associated with urban agriculture.

GIS Application in Urban Flood Risk Analysis: Midar as a Case Study

The significance of this study lies in its exploration of the advanced applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in assessing urban flood risks, with a specific focus on Midar, Morocco. This research is pivotal as it showcases that GIS technology is not just a tool for mapping, but a critical component in urban planning and emergency management strategies. By meticulously identifying and mapping flood-prone areas in Midar, the study provides invaluable insights into the potential vulnerabilities of urban landscapes to flooding. Moreover, this research demonstrates the practical utility of GIS in mitigating material losses, a significant concern in flood-prone urban areas. The proactive approach proposed in this study, centered around the use of GIS, aims to safeguard Midar’s population and infrastructure from the devastating impacts of floods. This approach serves as a model for other urban areas facing similar challenges, highlighting the indispensable role of GIS in disaster preparedness and response. Overall, the study underscores the transformative potential of GIS in enhancing urban resilience, making it a crucial tool in the fight against natural disasters like floods.

基于DRIVE-Urban模型的长沙市区暴雨内涝灾害研究

以城市内涝模型DRIVE-Urban为基础,对长沙市区内的两次典型内涝事件进了街道尺度(10 m分辨率)和6个不同重现期(5年、10年、20年、30年、50年和100年)下的模拟,并根据模拟结果确定了内涝风险等级和风险区划。结果显示DRIVE-Urban模型能够很好地反映市区内街道积水的淹没情况,两次内涝点命中率(POD)分别达到了64%和67%,且随着重现期增大,积水面积也逐渐增大,积水面积最高占比甚至达到了市区总面积的8.2%,约96.51 km~2。内涝的风险等级分为低风险、中风险、较高风险和高风险。高风险和较高风险区域主要集中在岳麓区东部、天心区北部、芙蓉区、开福区南部、雨花区北部以及高新区南部,而高新区北部、岳麓区西部和雨花区南部风险等级较低。

Holistic Disaster Risk Evaluation for the Urban Risk Management Plan of Manizales,Colombia

Disaster risk depends on both the physical vulnerability and a wide range of social, economic, and environmental aspects of a society. For a better risk understanding, a holistic or integrated perspective was considered when risk was assessed for the city of Manizales, Colombia. This assessment accounts not only for the expected physical damage and loss, but also for the socioeconomic vulnerability factors that favor secondorder effects in a disaster. This comprehensive approach allows the identification of different aspects related to physical vulnerability, social fragility, and lack of resilience that can be improved, thus enhancing integrated disaster risk management actions. The outcomes of this comprehensive assessment are currently being used as input to update the disaster risk management plan of Manizales.

Study on Ecological Risk of Land Use in Urbanization Watershed Based on RS and GIS:A Case Study of Songhua River Watershed in Harbin Section

By using RS and GIS technology,the ecological risk index ( ERI) was constructed based on the analysis of land use change and structural characteristics in urbanization watershed of Songhua River in Harbin section. Afterwards,the spatial distribution and change characteristics maps of ERI obtained by using block Kriging were analyzed to reveal the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics,change rules and formation mechanisms of ecological risk based on land use under the background of urbanization,and to minimize land use risk during urbanization process. The results showed that during the past 18 years,moderate ecological risk level was major,while proportion of high ecological risk was the lowest,and the area of higher and lower ecological risk region changed most greatly; high and higher ecological risk were focused on urban region and the transition zone from urban to suburban region,while low and lower ecological risk mainly distributed in forestland with higher vegetation coverage,water bodies,grassland,shrub land and so on. Meanwhile,the transition zone from high to low ecological risk was very obvious. In addition,ecological risk became slightly worse in some region due to the transformation from cropland to residential and urban land,while it became slightly better in other regions because of the transformation from cropland to forestland; the center of gravity in lower ecological risk region shifted most greatly,while the shift was the smallest in high ecological risk region,namely 12. 31 and 0. 57 km respectively.

Urban Risk Generalization in China： Space and Governance

城市风险化作为中国城市发展进程中的问题,是对快速城市化进程可能给整个人类社会发展带来现实或潜在风险的结构特征和内在发展机理的反映和反思。城市风险治理业已构成当代中国国家治理现代化研究的共识性议题。基于＂空间理论＂检视,中国城市风险化实质是普惠型城市空间权益体系尚未构建成熟所引发的社会结构性问题;城市空间发展、调整和修复过程中的不公平、不均衡导致空间结构失衡、功能紊乱及其生态失序。＂空间治理＂作为一种由役物至化人的现代化城市公共治理的创新形态,旨在通过政府、企业、社会、市民等不同主体在空间生产及其权益分配层面上诉求结构合理、功能高效和生态优化的＂空间利益共同体＂,创新城市公共治理的空间结构、动力、机制及其文化生态,以求实现城市空间治理的制度化、复合化及有序化,战略性地防范和化解城市化进程中的风险问题,达致风险时代城市空间配置、增长及其修复的科学性、公平性和可持续性的空间治理愿景。

Urban Residents' Consumption Risk Perception about the Dairy Products

Based on the continuous downturn puzzle of Chinese dairy consumption,with the perception of consumption risk as a starting point,the paper deeply analyzes the main factors which cause the downturn of dairy product consumption of Chinese residents. The results show that the income elasticity of dairy consumption of Chinese urban residents is still notable; the occurrence of dairy safety incidents improves the perception of consumption risk,and accordingly it reduces the promoting role of income to the dairy consumption; the safety incident is the key factor which leads to the fall of dairy consumption of urban residents in recent years,and the perception of consumption risk of lower income group is clearly higher than that of higher income group.

Empirical Analysis of Urban Residents' Perceived Climatic Change Risks

The impact of climate change on human survival and security,urban development is even more profound,and receives more and more attention. To explore the perceived status of urban residents for the risks of climate change and put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions,taking Wuhan for example,from the microscopic point of urban residents,we use factor analysis to classify the perceived risks and recognized risk reduction measures,use cluster analysis to divide the urban residents into five groups,and use variance analysis to explore differences in the choice of measures between different cluster groups. We draw the following conclusions: the risk of deterioration of the ecological environment,the risk of economic damage,the risk of damage to the mental health,the risk of damage to the physical health and the risk of damage to the political harmony are the main risks of climate change for urban residents; individuals and families to develop good habits,businesses and governments to strengthen energy conservation,schools and other agencies to carry on the propaganda and education,carrying out multi-agent environment improvement,learn from the West are their recognized risk reduction measures. Depending on the perceived risk,the urban residents are clustered into five groups: those who are concerned about the body and politics,those who are concerned about the mental health,those who are concerned about the economic development,those who are concerned about the ecological safety,and those who ignore the climatic change. For the roles of individual and the family,business and government in the environmental protection,different groups have unanimous views,while for other measures,different groups have different understanding. It is concluded that individuals and families to develop environmentally friendly habits,government to strengthen regulation,businesses to take environmental responsibility,schools to strengthen publicity and education,and exploring the multi-agent participation,are the key to solving the problem.

Cardiovascular Risk Factors (CVrf) in Rural and Urban Areas Mali: Data from the Step 2013 Survey

Background: Traditional cardiovascular risk factors (CVrf) like hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking have been studied extensively through theses in hospital studies. Therefore, recent published data from community based studies are rare in Mali. Available data are old justifying to perform a community based study on traditional CVrf in rural and urban areas. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively performed a study which data stemmed from the last STEPS survey carried out in 2013 in some rural and urban areas of Mali. We studied hypertension, diabetes, tobacco smoking, obesity based on body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio. After bivariates analyses, we conducted a logistic regression with rural/urban as dependent variable using SPSS as analysis software for this purpose. Results: Weight, height, WC and HC were higher in urban area with 69.77 Kg, 169.13 cm, 85.98 cm and 97.26 cm compared to 66.27, 165.42, 81.46 and 93.23 in rural area (p as more prevalent in urban area while elevated waist-to-hip ratio was more prevalent in rural area. But in logistic regression for female, the Odds for Tobacco smoking rural as reference was 0.334 [CI: 0.151 - 0.738] (p = 0.007) and that for WHr is 0.582 [CI: 0.415 - 0.815] (p p p = 0.038). Conclusion: Traditional cardiovascular risk factors have high prevalence in this study and need to be monitored with larger studies. Female predictors were raised waist circumference in favour of urban and tobacco smoking and waist-to-hip ratio in favour of urban dwellers. Male diabetes was the only predictor we found.

Hepatitis C risk assessment,testing and referral for treatment in urban primary care:Role of race and ethnicity

AIM: To determine rates of hepatitis C (HCV) risk factor ascertainment, testing, and referral in urban primary care practices, with particular attention to the effect of race and ethnicity. METHODS: Retrospective chart review from four primary care sites in Philadelphia; two academic primary care practices and two community clinics was performed. Demographics, HCV risk factors, and other risk exposure information were collected. RESULTS: Four thousand four hundred and seven charts were reviewed. Providers documented histories of injection drug use (IDU) and transfusion for less than 20% and 5% of patients, respectively. Only 55% of patients who admitted IDU were tested for HCV. Overall, minorities were more likely to have information regarding a risk factor documented than their white counterparts (79% vs 68%, P < 0.0001). Hispanics were less likely to have a risk factor history documented, compared to blacks and whites (P < 0.0001). Overall, minorities were less likely to be tested for HCV than whites in the presence of a known risk factor (23% vs 35%, P = 0.004). Among patients without documentation of risk factors, blacks and Hispanics were more likely to be tested than whites (20% and 24%, vs 13%, P < 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSION: (1) Documentation of an HCV risk factor history in urban primary care is uncommon, (2)Racial differences exist with respect to HCV risk factor ascertainment and testing, (3) Minority patients, positive for HCV, are less likely to be referred for subspecialty care and treatment. Overall, minorities are less likely to be tested for HCV than whites in the presence of a known risk factor.

A Preliminary Study on Spatial Spread Risk of Epidemics by Analyzing the Urban Subway Mobility Data

The prevention and treatment of epidemic is always an urgent problem faced by the human being. Due to the special space structure, huge passenger flow and great people mobility, the subway lines have become the areas with high epidemic transmission risks. However, there is no recent study related to epidemic transmission in the subway network on urban-scale. In this article, from the perspective of big data, we study the transmission risk of epidemic in Beijing subway network by using urban subway mobility data. By reintegrating and mining the urban subway mobility data, we preliminary assess the transmission risk in the subway lines from the passenger behaviors, station features, route features and individual case on the basis of subway network structure. This study has certain practical significance for the early stage of epidemic tracking and prevention.

城市社区治理风险的生成及应对

城市社区是社会治理的基本单元,也是风险治理的基本单元。因治理手段不当、治理能力不足或治理资源缺失,形成了以日常生活性风险、社区秩序稳定风险和治理主体公信力流失风险等为主要类型的城市社区治理风险。城市社区治理风险的客观存在,给城市社区治理尤其是城市社区治理质量提升带来了不可忽视的影响。城市社区治理风险的形成,与城市社区治理规模过大、治理对象复杂、治理资源有限和治理规范不足等要素密切相关。提升城市社区治理质量,增强城市居民社区生活体验感和治理成效获得感,需要对城市社区治理风险进行分类治理、培育治理共同体意识和推进整体治理。

组织韧性:城市社区风险治理的机制优化

面对复杂多变、日益严峻的风险挑战,组织韧性是城市社区提升风险防治能力与实现可持续发展的重要方面。如何整合城市社区组织关系、制度规范、社会资源和集群文化以有效提升组织韧性,在应对各种风险挑战和冲击时快速适应、恢复以至在新的基础上实现跃升,成为我国城市高质量发展和社会治理现代化的重要命题。基于组织韧性视角,应以城市社区风险的有效防范与治理为出发点,从组织架构、组织制度、组织技术和组织文化等多元维度系统地探索组织韧性赋能城市社区风险治理的具体路径,并通过采取具有针对性的措施提升城市社区自组织结构、过程、能力和治理模式方面的韧性,从而夯实城市应急治理的制度根基。

城市重大公共卫生风险全过程防控体系构建

在复杂多样的城市风险中,重大公共卫生风险是影响力与破坏力较为严重的一种,探索建立符合中国城市发展进程的城市重大公共卫生风险全过程防控体系迫在眉睫。遵循风险发生过程,以“全周期管理”理念为指引,结合4R危机管理理论、风险管理理论和整体性治理理论,构建重大公共卫生风险全过程动态防控理论框架,同时立足于“以体系为核心”和“以风险为主线”的研究视角,深入分析“全过程动态”的核心意识,将风险防控过程划分为“全面风险评估预警—精准动态响应控制”,进而探讨构建包含风险识别、风险评估、风险评价和决策支持的风险评估体系,以及包含应急响应和常态化控制的风险控制机制的实践路径,提升中国重大公共卫生风险治理水平。