Trend of <i>Cryptosporidium</i>Infection among Children below 24 Months in an Informal Urban Settlement, Kenya

Cryptosporidium infection is estimated to cause 2.9 million diarrheal cases yearly among children aged under 24 months in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies have shown long-term climatic variations can affect infectious diseases. The burden of cryptosporidiosis in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa is well characterized. However, the trend of Cryptosporidium infection is not known, especially in informal urban settings. This study therefore sought to determine cryptosporidiosis trends, and further explore the association between year and Cryptosporidium infection among children below 24 months in Kibera urban informal settlement in Kenya. Data collected by the Kenya Medical Research Institute longitudinal study in Tabitha clinic in Kibera from 2009 to 2015 were used. At least 3000 children aged < 24 months receive free health care at the clinic. In the longitudinal study, children presenting with diarrhea were eligible for stool sample collection (n = 477), out of which 421 stool samples were tested using TaqMan™ Array Card (TAC) polymerase chain reaction panel that included a target for Cryptosporidium genus. Data for the 421 children were included in the analysis. Logistic regression was used to explore the difference between the seven years and cryptosporidiosis. Overall, the pooled data indicated that 23.5% of the children who were tested had Cryptosporidium infection, with the highest proportions of Cryptosporidium-positive cases observed in 2015 (45.2%). The logistic regression results also indicated that children who were tested in the year 2015 were more likely to have Cryptosporidium infection (OR = 3.39;95% CI: 1.44 - 7.96;p = 0.005) than those in 2009. Watery stool was also found to be an important symptom of cryptosporidiosis. There was a high prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among young children, especially in the most recent year. Routine testing of Cryptosporidium infection using molecular methods, constant monitoring and identification of the infection sources is therefore necessary towards reducing the disease burden in the low resource settings.

Urban Settlement Spatial Analysis in Permanent Preservation Area of M’boicy Watershed River, Foz do Iguaçu City in Brazil

Irregular urban settlement increases environmental impacts, especially when these occupations occur in fragile location, as the environmental preservation areas. In these areas, also defined as Permanent Preservation Area (PPA), the presence of watersheds is common, which is the factor that increases the need of protecting them from anthropic actions. Those actions deteriorate the environment and mainly the watercourses. This research objective is to identify and estimate the environmental risks of M’Boyci watershed River PPA occupied areas by urban population. The risk analysis approach, at this PPA in Foz do Iguacu City in Brazil, is able to support public interventions in order to reestablish the PPA natural conditions. To reach this goal, it was necessary to use cartographical representation images, generated from digital orthophotos analyzed through free geographical information systems. The overlap and the contrast of geographical data related to preservation in urban areas show that urban occupation reaches almost 40% of the permanent preservation area. Complementarily, it is evidenced that the development of a risk map identifies PPA areas characterized by a greater concentration of irregular settlement, contributing to the planning process of residents, relocation actions and recovery of degraded areas.

Climate Chang Impacts on Coastal Urban Settlements in Nigeria

At present,there are substantial scientific uncertainties about the nature and magnitude of climate change impacts that might result from an effective doubling of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere of the coastal urban settlements of Nigeria.This is because a large percentage of Nigeria’s urban population lives in coastal cities.This study examines the potential impact of climate change on the coastal cities of Lagos and Port Harcourt using the Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Induced Climate Change（Magicc-Scengen）and Geographical Infor-

ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THE EVOLUTION OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN FACTORS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENT——Take the Lanzhou Valley Basin as An Examples

Lanzhou Valley Basin is composed of two smaller diamond-shaped basins striking from NW to SE and including 6 river terraces. The lower terraces remaining even and smooth are main sites for city buildings. The main function of Lanzhou urban settlement is a ferry and transport centre. Lanzhou used to be an im-portant crossing site and post on the 'silk road',and then became a transport and trade centre in Northwest China. In the middle part of the 17th century, Lanzhou became the capital of Gansu,a new province. The development process of Lanzhou urban settlement indicates that urban settlement is a system consisting of natural environment and human society based on the former.

THE EVOLUTION OF SETTLEMENT LOCATION AND DISTRIBUTION IN URBAN-RURAL INTEGRATION

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Analyzing land use characteristics of rural settlements on the urban fringe of Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, China

The objective of this paper is to analyze land use characteristics of rural settlements in urban fringe so as to provide references for optimizing the regional distribution of rural settlements, consolidating rural settlements, and coordinating urban-rural integrated development. The methods of spatial statistical analysis, buffer analysis, Ripley's K function, kernel density analysis based on GIS(Geographic Information System) were used to analyze the characteristics of scale, spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of the rural settlements in Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing Municipality of China. The fractal dimension formula was also developed to reflect fractal feature of the rural settlements. The results show that, the scale of rural settlements in Liangjang New Area takes on distinct characteristics of spatial differentiation along with changes in elevation, gradient, location, geohazards distribution, and the like. The fractal characteristic of rural settlements has obvious regional variations subject to the 6 factors of location in the Liangjiang New Area. Overall, the worse the terrain conditions are, the larger the fractal dimension values become. The better the locationconditions, the larger the fractal dimension values are. The spatial pattern in the township scale presents three kinds of distribution as being aggregated, uniform and random. In contract, the spatial pattern in the plaque scale displays a banding distribution from a general view with several aggregation zones centering on each town center. From the results, we can see that the characteristics of rural settlements in urban fringe are more complicated. For such kind of rural settlements in special regions, in the rural land consolidation more attention should be paid to improve the rural living environments and public services, as well as to promote the harmonious relationship between the urban and rural areas.

The Role of Private Water Vending in Nigeian Peri-Urban Informal Settlements: Implication for Policy Makers

This paper presents a study of water vending in 3 informal settlements of Yola North in Adamawa State of Nigeria. These settlements represent the fast growing urban areas often dwelling in unplanned and unsecured tenure. Access to safe water supply has great influence on the health, economic productivity and quality of life of the people. But meeting this need is one of the major challenges facing the urban communities of Nigeria today. A field survey was conducted in the area with 100 observations of households in each of the three informal settlements. These settlements are Sabongari -University village, Vinikilang and Wuro Jabbe. The survey solicited for response concerning household water source, water per capita use and household size. Findings revealed that about 92% of respondent in Sabongari-University village, 66% in Vinikilang and 87% in Wuro Jabbe depend on vended water from borehole, hand dug well as well as surface water sources which are delivered by hand pushed trucks. Owing to the absence of piped water networks in the study area, households are forced to rely on available water sources which are precursor to water borne diseases. It is advocated that the public agencies should evolve special programs for regularizing informal settlements, meaning the legalization of land tenure, layout corrections and service upgrading if service is to meet the poor informal dwellers.

Urban-Ecological Survey for Small Settlements

Climate change is not just a global problem. When ecological conditions are altered by people, local climate will also be transformed. This local climate change is particularly pronounced within urban areas. This can, for example, lead to urban heat islands, which can amount to up to 10 K in large cities. In addition to this, there is also an extensive effect on local wind fields, air pollution control as well as on an urban water balance. An area-wide confirmation of this urban climate effect is only possible through extensive and usually expensive empirical surveys or complex modelling. For this reason, studies of the urban climate are mainly carried out in large cities. However, even in small settlements local climate can have a negative impact on humans. In order to plan settlement developments which are suitable for urban climate, local conditions must first be analysed. Currently used methods cannot provide low-cost solutions which deliver sufficient findings with regards to how detailed and current the data are. The approach of gathering urban-climate-relevant indicators locally, even in small settlements, in order to identify possible problem areas, is already providing a starting point for ecological urban development. Many of these indicators only start showing an effect when used in combination with other indicators. In order to record these interdependencies and to obtain detailed and robust primary data for suggested courses of action, two different indicators must be evaluated and then illustrated e.g. in a matrix. This allows for individual sub-areas, which hold potential for a particular climatic phenomenon in settlements, to be easily and effectively visualized, and thus identified.

The Research on Determinants of Moving Labors’ Settlement in Urban Area

Based on the analysis of the factors affecting the migration of moving labor and the explanation of becoming permanent urban residents,this research takes migration mode(migration) as the dependent variable,sex(sex) ,age(age) ,monthly income(income) ,education degree(edu) ,working experiences(exp) ,social relation(relation) ,and social security(security) as the independent variables.According to the investigation of China Agricultural University in the year 2009,Logistic Binary Choice Model is used to construct the corresponding econometric model and to measure the effects of influencing factors on the selection of migration mode.Result shows that education degree,personal ability,social relation,and social security are the major influencing factors determining the peasant households becoming permanent urban residents;and human capital and social security construction are of great significance to the improvement of farmers’ income and life quality.

天山北坡经济带城乡聚落格局变化与影响因素分析

以天山北坡经济带城乡聚落为研究对象,采用景观格局指数、地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析、位序-规模法等分析1980-2020年间城乡聚落格局的变化,结合地理探测器从自然、区位及社会经济因素探究城乡聚落格局的影响因素。结果表明:1980-2020年间,城乡聚落数量、规模持续扩张且趋于集聚,前20 a扩张以耕地、草地为主,后20 a以未利用地为主;城乡聚落密度变化显著,高密度区主要集中在各绿洲呈现“多核集中分布”特征,中密度区沿高密度区周围扩张,低密度区沿绿洲边缘分布并在非绿洲区有扩张;首位聚落规模发展较好,趋于位序-规模曲线,中型聚落略微发育,小型聚落数量持续减少;交通等区位因素是天山北坡城乡聚落格局的首位影响因素,社会经济因素次之,自然地理因素影响较小,各影响因素差异显著。

城市产业结构如何影响流动人口的定居意愿——基于结构方程模型的实证研究

在经济高质量发展的大背景下,产业结构转型升级正在持续进行,如何提高流动人口的定居意愿、实现以人为核心的新型城镇化是学界广泛关注的话题。然而现有针对定居意愿的研究多局限于收入、心理等个人属性,忽略了产业结构等客观因素对定居意愿的制约与塑造。通过多群组结构方程模型,从理论和实证两方面研究了城市产业结构对流动人口定居意愿的路径和机制。研究发现,个人就业质量和心理认同作为中介变量,解释了产业结构对定居意愿所产生的较强的间接影响;流动人口所从事的行业类型在该影响路径中具有显著的调节效应;不同产业的流动人口在定居意愿的影响路径上存在显著差异,第二产业群体更关注就业质量,第三产业群体则近似相同的受到心理认同和就业质量的影响。基于此,本文提出制定差异化的政策,提供符合产业需求的就业机会,增强流动人口心理认同的建设,进而推动当地的城镇化和市民化进程。

人居环境视野下城市更新片区开发模式探究

城市更新片区开发是我国目前城市化进程转型的重要举措。研究从人居环境的理论层面出发,思考了城市更新片区开发的相关因素,分析了片区开发规划设计的“点、线、面”的具体操作,探讨了其运作模式及城市更新政策层面的一些具体模式,进而结合我院承揽的西安灞桥区及河北沧州城市更新项目,对城市更新片区开发模式进行了相关研究,对TOD模式、POR公共资源导向型模式、产城融合型模式以及旅游资源型模式进行总结,对同类项目有一定借鉴意义。

中国西部旅游城镇化与人居环境的时空耦合协调性及驱动力

本文在构建旅游城镇化与人居环境耦合协调理论框架的基础上,运用耦合协调模型、空间引力模型、地理探测器等方法,实证分析2005-2019年中国西部旅游城镇化与人居环境的时空耦合协调性及驱动力。结果表明:①旅游城镇化与人居环境综合指数均值呈上升态势,旅游城镇化发展水平增速快于人居环境,但人居环境指数整体高于旅游城镇化。②旅游城镇化与人居环境耦合协调度的中级协调区域居多,2017年以后演变为高级协调,耦合协调类型逐渐由旅游产业滞后型向同步发展型转变。③旅游城镇化与人居环境耦合协调度空间趋势极不均衡,空间联系强度呈现出以宁夏–陕西–重庆–贵州为主轴的链状式空间关联格局。④耦合协调度差异是不同驱动因素共同作用的结果,国际旅游收入是主导性驱动,人均社会固定资产投资是根本性驱动,A级景区数量是原生性驱动,其中国际旅游收入与A级景区的交互影响作用解释力最强。

安第斯山脉的绿色基础设施:高山人居的合作性景观设计策略

以“绿色基础设施”为核心概念,剖析了拉丁美洲的安第斯山脉地区的城市化不同历史进程中孕育出的传统绿色基础设施要素和体系。以秘鲁卡奇河流域的阿亚库乔的城乡结合区域为例,具体展现了在气候变化和政府规划职能不完全的情况下,当代高山人居需要基于传统智慧、与社区内外的多主体联动,在知识生产和转化过程中进行多维合作,才能推动绿色基础设施体系成型和运作,以应对人地和城乡发展不平衡的挑战。分析指出,绿色基础设施与高山聚落的空间社会文化密不可分。借助《安第斯城市化》项目,探讨了宏观流域、中观城乡一体化和微观社区尺度各自对应但相互耦合的的三种景观设计策略。上述设计研究和景观策略在安第斯山脉语境中展现了绿色基础设施的多样构成、综合作用和合作意义,并为中国的绿色基础设施体系建设提供借鉴。

离家的诱惑:县域数字普惠金融与流动人口留居意愿

文章将县域数字普惠金融指数与中国流动人口动态监测调查数据相结合,实证分析了数字普惠金融对流动人口留居意愿的影响。研究结果表明:县域数字普惠金融发展能够显著提高流动人口的留居意愿。从影响机制来看,数字普惠金融发展能够通过促进流动人口创业、就业以及提高其在流入地的收入进而促使其留居。个体异质性分析表明,数字普惠金融强化了男性、非农业户口、已婚、身体健康以及高学历的流动人口的留居意愿;地区异质性结果指出,数字普惠金融促进流动人口留居的作用在东、中、西部县区无差异,人口规模越大的县区越能发挥数字普惠金融的“留人效应”,但一线城市的区县或因生活压力较大而抑制了外来人口留居。在数字技术迅猛发展、人口结构转型以及优化劳动力配置的背景之下,文章为数字普惠金融如何促进流动人口留居提供了一定的微观证据,也为县域新型城镇化的推进提供了有益参考。

时空感知:基于历史地理信息的北京西北郊聚落空间解析

城郊聚落处于城乡环境长时段的互动影响中,积存形成多元历史文化要素,促进城市建成区的蔓延或更新,并支持与历史建成环境的融合,其空间演变是探索聚落当代发展的重要支撑点。利用历史地理信息(HGI)的方法,在梳理历史、识别资源、明确价值的前提下,对北京西北郊聚落发展作历史演变规律探索,总结出北京西北郊聚落具有城乡统筹、中心吸引、多元共生的发展特征,并在多尺度层级中呈现耦合向关联转向、地缘向业缘适配、廊道对要素牵引等演变倾向。综上,时空感知下的聚落空间解析为探索地域聚落的在地性发展路径提供有效指导。

基于“空间正义”理论的老旧住区更新机制优化研究

随着城镇化进程的快速推进,城市进入了严控增量、盘活存量、适当减量的规划新时期。从新中国成立以来,随着使用年限的增长,我国存在着大量的老旧居住区,它们面临着设施老化、环境恶化等诸多问题。文章基于空间正义理论视角,分析空间正义理论的内涵,以及在城市规划的新时期实现空间正义对于城市老旧住区更新的重要意义,提出更新过程中存在权力参与更新方式不正义、市民权利表达不正义、更新结果不正义的现象,并从政策正义、过程正义、结果正义三个方面提出优化老旧住区更新机制的若干策略,以期为老旧住区更新提供借鉴。

城市群流动人口居留意愿网络特征分析及空间模式划分

基于2017年CMDS数据,运用社会网络分析、地理空间分析方法,解析中国京津冀、长三角、珠三角、成渝、长江中游及哈长城市群的流动人口居留意愿网络空间结构差异,划分其空间模式。研究发现,城市群居留网络整体上呈不同等级的“圈层”结构,距离衰减效应显著。居留网络结构特征迥异,沿海城市群流动人口来源腹地广,京津冀和长三角集聚效应明显,流动人口居留意愿更高;珠三角城市群居留强度低,结构松散。内陆城市群吸引范围有限,居留意愿低,成渝城市群居留联系弱,内外部流动相对均衡,长江中游城市群呈现弱集聚与轻均衡特征,哈长城市群内部结构紧凑,外部联系松散。不同区位、不同规模、不同发展阶段的城市群其居留意愿网络空间格局差异明显,流动人口居留选择具有明晰的地域指向。沿海城市群应加大区域低中心性城市发展,创造更多的就业机会,以吸引人口流入;内陆城市群应优化产业结构布局,平衡人口流出与流入,避免区域人口过度流失。

乡村振兴背景下黄河流域农村居民点分布格局的时空演变及其驱动力分析

本文利用景观指数、核密度估计、土地转移矩阵和地理探测器的方法,以城市群为研究单元,分析了1980-2020年黄河流域农村居民点的时空演变特征和驱动力。结果表明:①农村居民点总体用地规模在不断扩大,主要由旱地转换而来;中原城市群农村居民点密度变化最大;除关中平原城市群外,其他6个城市群农村居民点的形状变得更为规则。②农村居民点空间分布为“东南部聚集,西部、北部较分散”,呈现出更为密集的发展趋势,中原城市群变化最为明显。③农村居民点主要分布在高程1 km以下、距河流2~5 km处,其规模与距道路的距离成反比;道路是影响兰西、宁夏沿黄、关中平原和山东半岛城市群居民点分布的主要因素,而高程是影响呼包鄂榆、晋中和中原城市群居民点分布的主要因素。