The Impact of Urban and Rural Education Gap on Student Achievement Differences

With our country’s social development,the gap between urban and rural education has become increasingly obvious,especially the difference in student achievement.This study aims to explore the impact of the urban-rural education gap on student achievement.The study adopts a quantitative analysis method to collect and analyze the academic performance,learning resources,and social resources of urban and rural students.The results show that the unbalanced distribution of educational resources in urban and rural areas is the key factor leading to the gap in students’achievement.For example,urban education resources are abundant while rural education resources are relatively scarce.At the same time,the difference in social environment and family economic status also have a significant impact on student achievement.The differences between urban and rural areas,particularly in terms of family economic conditions and their ability to invest in education,further widen the gap between urban and rural education.The results of this study can provide a reference for reducing the gap between urban and rural education and improving the academic performance of rural students.A fair education policy is essential to narrow the gap between urban and rural education resources distribution,so as to improve the equality of education in society.

The Social Assistance of Migrant Workers and the Urban Minimum Living Security System

The surplus rural labors transferring to the city is an inevitable trend in the economic development of the reform and opening up. The household register system has made urban migrant workers free from the social security system and drift on the brink of city. Social assistance system concerning their interests is few. This article starts with the current situation of rural migrant workers in social assistance system, states the necessity and feasibility for bringing the migrant workers into the urban minimum living security system and according to the characteristics of the migrant workers on the reasonable classification, finally talks about existing obstacles and countermeasures of the migrant workers joining into the urban low income system. I believe that with the continuous reform of the registered permanent household register system, the continuous development of urbanization, the basic life of migrant worker will be guaranteed.

Improvement Of Rural Social Security System and the Service Government Construction

The establishment and improvement of the social system is an important indicator of a nation political cultures and social development, and is the basic guarantee of social harmony. In recent years, our urban social security system is maturing, but rural social security system is almost a blank, affecting the economic and political development, and the progress of the farmers, and restricting the process of service government construction.Service government is a new model of government, which orients the purpose of fundamental interests for the whole people. The rural and the farmers are the focus of our country, and the improvement of rural social security system is the key point for solving the problems. Therefore, it is really important to deal with the relationship between the improvement of rural social security system and the service government construction.In my essay, based on the analysis of the theory of rural social security system and the service government, I will put forward the ideas of the improvement of rural social security system and the service government construction.

Integration of urban and rural minimum living standard security system

With the acceleration of urbanization, the lifestyles and living expenses of farmers and urban residents is increasingly more and more similar .However, from the measures in terms of the minimum living guarantee, the level of protection of rural and urban residents really have a large gap. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee noted ＂to promote urban and rural minimum living security system and rural development＂, ＂to speed up and improve the social security management system and operate the service system＂,These tell us that only to realize the integration of urban and rural subsistence allowances, improve the underpinning of the social security system, can we build a moderately prosperous society.

The effects of social security expenditure on reducing income inequality and rural poverty in China

Social security has,as one of its primary aims,the provision of financial support to those deemed to be poor or facing the threat of poverty.Based on China's national statistical data covering social insurance,social assistance,and social welfare between the period 1978–2018,this paper evaluates the effect of social security expenditure in reducing income inequality and rural poverty with cointegration analysis.It was found that there is a positive correlation between social security expenditure and the income gap of urban and rural residents in the long run,but the effect is very limited;nearly 99%of the changes of the urban–rural income gap come from its own contributions.Further research also shows that the elasticity of rural poverty incidence to social security expenditure is–0.2255,which indicates social security expenditure helps reduce rural absolute poverty.Based on these findings,the policy implications can be that much social security expenditure and a more equitable social security system should be encouraged.It will become one of the major anti-poverty strategies after 2020 in China when we win the battle against absolute poverty.

The Approaches to Narrowing Urban-Rural Income Gap——From the Perspective of Rural Social Security

From the situations about the incomes and life quality of the urban and rural residents,the thesis briefly introduces the status quo of the urban-rural income gap and explores the impact of the income gap on social economy:firstly,it hampers economic development;secondly,it is detrimental to the social development.Then the thesis analyzes the role of a sound social security in narrowing urban-rural income gap:at first,it broadens the institutional environment of improving the agricultural efficiency;secondly,it eliminates the uncertainties influencing the farmers' income;thirdly,it improves the farmers' capacity to increase income;at last,it enhances the farmers' consciousness of wealth.Next the thesis inquires into the problems existing in the system of rural social security:the first problem is more obviously fragmented system;the second is inadequate security projects and narrower coverage;the third is an obvious lack of equality in urban and rural security;the fourth is even less sound management system;the last is the lagging of legislation.Afterwards the thesis proposes the countermeasures and suggestions to improve the system of rural social security and narrow urban-rural income gap:firstly,to integrate the social security system in rural areas;secondly,to perfect security projects and enhance the security system;thirdly,to integrate the administrative management of social security;at last,to enforce the legal system.

Construction Strategies of Social Security System for Wan-jiang Urban Belt's Migrant Workers

Theoretical debate and practice exploration on social security of migrant workers were introduced.The political direction and security layer on social security for migrant workers in Wan-jiang urban belt were analyzed:the first layer is to implement wage payment guarantee and employment injury insurance;the second layer is to emphasize serious disease insurance and endowment insurance;the third layer is unemployed insurance and social assistance.The primary strategy of building a social security system for migrant workers in Wan-jiang urban belt was put up:wage payment guarantee system that is united in certain regions should be promoted;employment injury insurance system that is undertaken by enterprises should be built;a social health care system for serious diseases should be set up;multi-layers endowment insurance system for migrant workers should be created;vocational training and training in how to start a business should be built as well as the unemployment insurance system;social assistant system based on the basic cost of living allowances should be set up.

Social Security of Land-losing Farmers in Urban Demolition——A Case of Hedong Village, Chengzhong District,Liuzhou City

Based on the survey of peasants from 40 households who are chosen at random and have lost their land in the Hedong Village of Liuzhou, the status quo of land expropriation and social security of land-losing peasants are expounded. The social security problems of peasants in urban demolition and peasantsh desperate demands are analyzed as follows. For example, the Main problems after the peasants losing their lands cover the substandard of resettlement, which can not maintain the former living standard; the source of income has changed and the relevant security mechanism has not been established; the peasants who have lost their land are in desperate need of more stable jobs and stable income. In view of the current situation, the countermeasures and suggestions for establishing social security mechanism for peasants who have lost their land are put forward. The measures cover establishing the subsistence allowances for land-losing peasants; establishing the guarantee system for aged people; building medical care system; providing employment and training opportunity, trying to increase the channels of employment for farmers and fostering the employment security system for peasants who have lost their land.

Human Security, Poverty Pattern and Social Order in Igbo Rural Communities of Contemporary Nigeria

The Igbo have their homeland in seven states of Nigeria mainly Imo, Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Delta and Rivers. They are receptible to new ideas and adapt easily to change. The ramifications of human insecurity, poverty, social disorder, poor coherence and poor integration appear to haunt them and the gravity is felt more in the rural communities. The factors are traceable to many pathetic issues. The pathological consequences do affect Igbo stability and navigation in the Nigerian socio-economic environment. The causality constitutes the physical, human, natural, financial and social assets. It is recommended, among others, that the people should return to core values and norms, stick to their own noble identities, have a framework for tackling insecurity and hunger, target the youth in poverty reduction measures and tackle the herdsmen menace. Equally, the abused philosophies used to support dangerous and strange behavior should be tackled.

China's Social Security System for the Urban Poor

China'ssocialsecuritysystemiscomposedofthreefields:basiclivingsecurityforunemployedstaffandworkers,unemploymentinsuranceandminimumlivingseeurityforurbaninhabitants.Thebasiclivingconditionofunemployedstaffandworkersareguaranteedbyemploymentservicecent...

Rural Residential Space Differentiation and Social Ecology

After reviewing the rural development in China since the establishment of new China,the paper has pointed out that the promotion of urbanization and construction of new socialist countryside have led to the migration of a number of rural people,the damage of traditional communities,rural social hierarchy and social separation.With the movement of people,a large area of rural lands have been abandoned and land resources been wasted.In view of these problems,it is considered that it should not adopt urban construction mode blindly in rural planning,but reconstruct rural social ecology and introduce non physical pattern planning based on rural development and villagers'status,providing a solid basis for physical pattern planning,so as to guide urban-rural coordinated development.

Look from the empty nester problem of urban and rural dual structure of society

More and more empty nest has become a social problem that couldn＇t ignore. The problem of empty nester is the essence of urban and rural dual structure social changing. The emergence of empty-nesters is a serious problem in China＇s social development process, with the aging of the population increasing, urban-rural divide more and more obvious. The condition of the human society has gradually formed the rural and the division of labor and the dual structure of the city. This paper expounds the connotation, significance and characteristics of empty nest elderly, analyzes on the problems existing in current urban and rural society and the problem of empty nest elderly in the new situation puts forward the suggestions and countermeasures.

Policy Needs for Social Security in the Process of Citizenization of the Peri-urban Farmers:A Case Study of Hefei City

We conduct a survey of transformational towns and villages in High-tech Development District, Yaohai District and Shushan District, Hefei City. Using data, we analyze the "sideline effect" and inherent contradiction of transformational cities, research the policy needs for social security and its trend in the citizenization process of the peri-urban farmers. On this basis, we construct the social security policy system that can adapt to the accelerated process of urbanization. Finally, we put forth the following recommendations for the social security policy in the citizenization process of the peri-urban farmers: distinguishing different groups' policy needs for social security; attaching importance to people's dynamic policy needs for social security in urbanization; focusing on the adaptability of social security policy transformation in urbanization; attaching importance to the social psychosocial environment of social security policy transformation in urbanization; achieving the trinity of non-farm conversion, urbanization and citizenization in the process of urbanization; strengthening the government's dominant position in the building of social security policy system.

Practice and Research on Construction of Basic Life Security Program for Land-Expropriated Farmers in China

To set up basic life security program （BLSP） for land-expropriated farmers in the process of urbanization is an effective measure to solve existing issues in China. Theprogram, which Zhejiang Province initiated in the world, has great significance. Through deep investigation in ten cities, the thesis has normatively evaluated current situations, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of basic life security program for land-expropriated farmers in Zhejiang. Furthermore, it put forward some academic suggestions to further perfect and improve the system.

Land-losing Farmers' Citizenization in the Process of Urbanization

Starting from the status of citizenization of land-losing farmers,problems in the citizenization are analyzed,such as the difficulty in land-losing farmers' economic life after turning into citizens,employment difficulties of land-losing farmers after living in the city,and the prominent problems in social security of land-losing farmers.Causations for the citizenization problems of land-losing farmers are analyzed.Firstly,institutionalized rejection is the root of the obstacle in citizenization of land-losing farmers.Secondly,exclusion from social security system is a fundamental reason.Thirdly,exclusion of land-losing farmers from both urban citizens and themselves is the subjective factor.Fourthly,exclusion of land-losing farmers from urban employment is the objective factor.Based on these,countermeasures are put forward:formulating a reasonable price of land transfer;establishing a reasonable land compensation and benefit-sharing mechanism;setting up a multi-level social security system for land-losing farmers;increasing the human capital investment in land-losing farmers to enhance their employment status;and improving the cultural quality of land-losing farmers to realize the change in lifestyle.

过去20年城乡高中生的教育效用与教育志向:基于三个出生队列的历史比较研究

本研究采用时间滞后设计,考察过去20年我国高中生教育效用和教育志向水平的年代和城乡差异,以及二者与个体学业成绩、父母学历之间关系的年代和城乡差异。分别在1999年、2010年、2018年对来自相同的三个地区(包括城市和农村)、相同学校的高中生进行问卷调查,使用协方差分析和回归分析进行数据分析。结果发现:(1)自1999年至2018年,城乡高中生的教育效用都遵循先下降、后回升的变化趋势;在教育志向上,城市高中生无明显变化,而农村高中生教育志向上升并超越城市高中生;(2)高中生教育效用、教育志向受父母学历和学业成绩等微观因素影响,且受年代和城乡宏观社会历史因素调节。相比于其他年份,2010年时成绩较差学生的教育效用更低、2018年时成绩较差学生的教育志向更高;自1999年至2018年,低父母学历对农村高中生教育志向的影响方式由“枷锁效应”转变为“鞭策效应”。我国过去20年的社会变迁使城乡高中生对教育的价值认同发生系统性变化,且宏观社会历史因素的演变改变了教育的价值认同形成的微观机制。

乡村振兴助力农村养老:现实驱动、作用机理与实现路径

党的二十大提出要全面推进乡村振兴。助力农村养老既是乡村振兴的重要任务,也是农村养老的压力使然。当前,农村面临着人口快速老龄化、家庭养老功能弱化、留守与空巢老人现象严重、养老保障体系不完善等现实问题,在乡村振兴的过程中,需要大力推进农村养老保障体系建设。乡村振兴的举措、目标、原理与农村养老保障体系建设的举措、目标、原理具有内在一致性,推进乡村振兴的过程,也是加强农村养老保障体系建设的过程。应该大力推进乡村产业振兴,为农村养老奠定坚实的经济基础;推进乡村人才振兴,为农村养老提供人才支撑;推进乡村文化振兴,营造良好的农村养老氛围;推进乡村生态振兴,为农村老年人创造舒适的生活环境;推进乡村组织振兴,为农村养老提供坚强的组织保障。

社会保障参与有助于农村土地流转吗?——基于劳动力转移的中介效应

随着我国城乡社会保障制度逐步完善,农民对土地的依赖得到缓解,农村劳动力非农就业比例提高,农村土地流转供给不断增加。基于中国家庭追踪调查2012—2018年数据,构建了双重固定效应模型,旨在考察社会保障参与对农村土地流转的影响,同时分析了劳动力转移的中介效应。研究结果表明:参与新型农村养老保险对农村土地转出具有显著影响;参与新型农村合作医疗保险对于农村土地转出的影响并不显著,但是显著抑制农村土地转入;劳动力转移在新型农村养老保险对农村土地转出的影响中发挥着中介作用,在新型农村合作医疗对农村土地流转影响中发挥的中介效应不明显。

城乡融合进程中村落共同体秩序变迁及重建的实践逻辑

城乡融合进程中村落共同体秩序变迁的多元动力机制及多样实践样态,使得村落共同体秩序重建呈现出过渡性、动态性、复合性等实践特征。本研究基于新发展社会学理论启示,构建内生力、政府力、市场力三维一体分析框架,以贵州省H市S镇L村为例,从生产生计、社会生活、文化习俗、村落治理四个维度系统阐释村落共同体秩序变迁及重建的实践逻辑。研究发现,居住空间集聚化和社会空间社区化转型过程中,伴随着生计结构、治理模式、社会关系以及文化心理等不同维度的嬗变和重塑。新发展社会学视角下的村落共同体秩序重建,是内生力、政府力和社会力等多元主体辩证互构的过程,其实践形态表现为经济共同体、生活共同体、文化共同体和治理共同体“四体同构”的动态实践;其间涉及生计方式、组织结构、治理模式及文化心理等不同维度的动态演化,势必会引发价值冲突、利益博弈甚至社会稳定风险。

我国乡村老龄化现状及其对粮食生产的影响与应对

根据2020年最新人口普查数据,我国乡村老龄化率为17.72%,先于城市步入中度老龄化社会。我国乡村老龄化整体呈现出老年抚养比增速快、低龄老人务农比例高等特征,与国际主要发达国家相比我国乡村老龄人口就业占比相对较高。分区域看,粮食主产区乡村老龄化增幅更多、老年抚养比更重、老龄就业比重更高;全国乡村老年抚养比28.13%,但粮食主产省份达31.28%。通过定性梳理乡村老龄化对农户参与粮食种植及其粮食生产行为效率等的影响,提出积极应对乡村老龄化、保障粮食安全的思路与对策建议。