Quantitative Analysis of Spatial Vitality of Urban Built-up Area: A Case Study of Shenzhen

As an important goal of urban design research,the evaluation of urban spatial vitality has been widely concerned.Taking Shenzhen as an example,the urban built-up area of Shenzhen was identifi ed using improved DENsi-Graph analysis,from the perspective of quantifi cation of urban spatial morphological features.The accessibility of urban streets,degree of construction and architectural form,and degree of functional mixing were quantitatively analyzed through space syntax,space matrix and mixeduse index(MXI),and the spatial vitality of urban built-up area was evaluated.Research results demonstrated that the improved Densi-Graph analysis could better identify the built-up area of Shenzhen,and the overall classifi cation accuracy was 0.810.The analysis results of spatial vitality showed that the urban spatial vitality in Shenzhen urban built-up area was well created.The street accessibility of Shenzhen generally hindered the creation of urban vitality;the spatial matrix value in the north of Shenzhen urban built-up area was lower;and the MXI of most areas within the study area was above the medium.

Examining Rate of Built-Up Areas on the Vegetation Cover along River Riara Riparian within Kiambu Town, Kenya

Urban river riparian spaces and their natural systems are valuable to urban dwellers;but are increasingly affected and ruined by human activities and in particular, urbanization processes. In this research, land sat and sentinel satellite imagery apt for change detection in vegetation cover, both landsat and sentinel imagery, covering the period between 1970 and 2021 in epochs of 1973, 1984, 1993, 2003, 2015 and 2021 years were used to establish the correlation between vegetation cover and built-up area along River Riara river reserve. The images were analysed to extract the built-up areas along the river reserve, including the buildings, and the rate of human settlements, which influenced vegetation cover. Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were computed using the Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) and the Near Infra-Red (NIR) bands to show the rate of change over the years. Results indicate NDVI values were high, compared to NDBI values along river Riara in the years 1973 and 1993 implying that there was more vegetation cover then. However, in the year 2021, the NDVI indicated the highest value at 0.88, with the complementary NDBI indicating the highest NDBI value at 0.47. This represents a significant increase in built-up areas since 2015 more than in previous epochs. Either, there was a significant increase in NDBI values, from 0.24 in 1993 to 0.47 in 2021. More so, the R-squared value at 0.80 informed 80% relationship between NDBI and NDVI values indicating a negative correlation.

利用珞珈一号提取城市建成区的方法对比分析

采取单独使用珞珈一号(Luojia1-01)夜间灯光数据、构建植被调整NTL城市指数(VANUI)、Luojia1-01和兴趣点(Luojia1-01&POI)指数3种方法提取了2018年成都市的建成区,并利用总体精度和Kappa系数对比了3种方法的提取精度。结果表明,Luojia1-01的高分辨率在建成区提取方面有广阔的应用,但单独使用会产生信息误提的问题;VANUI提取的建成区在内部和边界细节信息方面表现更优,但存在孔隙较多、图斑破碎的问题;Luojia1-01&POI指数提取的建成区范围效果最好、精度最高。研究结果为Luojia1-01与其他类型数据的结合提供了参考,进一步证实了POI数据结合夜间灯光数据提取建成区的高精度与可靠性。

Dynamics of Urbanization and Its Impact on Land-Use/Land-Cover: A Case Study of Megacity Delhi

The rapid expansion of urban areas due to rise in population and economic growth is increasing additional demand on natural resources thereby causing land-use changes especially in megacities. Therefore, serious problems associated with rapid development such as additional infrastructure, informal settlements, environmental pollution, destruction of ecological structure and scarcity of natural resources has been studied carefully using remote sensing and GIS technologies for a rapidly grown megacity namely, Delhi. The present work evaluates the land use/land cover (LULC) changes and urban expansion in Mega city Delhi and highlights the major impact of rapid urbanization and population growth on the land cover changes which needs immediate attention. The results indicate that the city is expanding towards its peripheral region with the conversion of rural regions in to urban expansions. Built-up area of Delhi witnessed an overall increment from 540.7 km2 to 791.96 km2 or 16.86% of the total city area (1,490 km2 ) during the study period 1997 to 2008 which mainly came from agriculture land, waste land, scrub-land, sandy areas and water bodies. The increment in forest cover of 0.5 % is very small when considering the increment in built up category to 17%. Total area of waterbodies has reduced by 52.9% in a ten year period (58.26 km2 in 1997 to 27.43 km2 in 2008) with shallow waterbodies now having a dismal presence. LULC changes are studied with the urban growth parameters such as population, vehicles, gross state domestic product etc. The results lay emphasis on the concepts of urban planning to be applied such that more consideration is towards the preservation and management of natural land use classes which will increase the quality of life in an urban environment.

Statistical Change Detection in Water Cycle over Two Decades and Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Surface and Sub-Surface Water Flows

Urbanization is termed as physical transformation of landscapes that alter the natural regime of the environment of its surrounding resulting in further changes in macro as well as micro climate of the region [1]. Urban areas are continually facing problems of water scarcity and urban flash floods. Recent news from IPCC report 2010, CIESIN’s Global Rural Urban Mapping Project [2] and World Water Vol. 7 2007, it is clear that urban land area has doubled and affected the hydrological cycle. The components of hydrological cycle affected are Infiltration, Runoff and Evaporation and the causing components are derived by studies as land use, land cover, water withdrawal and urban developments. Thus water availability, water recharge and water cycle are all destabilized in course or urban development. The paper is an attempt to correlate and identify the periodical changes in urban water cycle, during urbanization of Bhopal City, India, during last twenty years and above. The observations are based on GIS mapping of the study area from 1991 to 2009 using rational method of runoff and recharge calculations and statistical analysis of related built-up areas. Also change in natural course of drainages with the help of GIS imageries which have been detected during twenty years that help to observe the adaptation of natural system to urban course. Also the observations show an interesting relation which can be used for further research and sustainable development [3].

Analysis of the Relationship between Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation and Built-Up Indices in Upper-Hill, Nairobi

Designing “liveable” cities as climate change effects are felt all over the world has become a priority to city authorities as ways are sought to reduce rising temperatures in urban areas. Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect occurs when there is a difference in temperature between rural and urban areas. In urban areas, impervious surfaces absorb heat during the day and release it at night, making urban areas warmer compared to rural areas which cool faster at night. This Urban Heat Island effect is particularly noticeable at night. Noticeable negative effects of Urban Heat Islands include health problems, air pollution, water shortages and higher energy requirements. The main objective of this research paper was to analyze the spatial and temporal relationship between Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normalized Density Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Built-Up Density Index (BDI) in Upper-Hill, Nairobi Kenya. The changes in land cover would be represented by analyzing the two indices NDVI and BDI. Results showed the greatest increase in temperature within Upper-Hill of up to 3.96&#176C between the years 2015 and 2017. There was also an increase in impervious surfaces as indicated by NDVI and BDI within Upper-Hill and its surroundings. The linear regression results showed a negative correlation between LST and NDVI and a positive correlation with BDI, which is a better predictor of Land Surface Temperature than NDVI. Data sets were analyzed from Landsat imagery for the periods 1987, 2002, 2015 and 2017 to determine changes in land surface temperatures over a 30 year period and it’s relation to land cover changes using indices. Visual comparisons between Temperature differences between the years revealed that temperatures decreased around the urban areas. Minimum and maximum temperatures showed an increase of 1.6&#176C and 3.65&#176C respectively between 1987 and 2017. The comparisons between LST, NDVI and BDI show the results to be significantly different. The use of NDVI and BDI to study changes in land cover due to urbanization, reduces the time taken to manually classify moderate resolution satellite imagery.

Impact of Urbanisation on Land Use/Land Cover in Puducherry City, India

The change of land use plays a major role in the developmental activity of a developing country. Due to rapid growth of urbanisation and dramatic increasing population, the fertile agricultural land has been converted to built-up area with respect to the demand for housing requirement and to the need for basic infrastructure facilities. The quantum of open space and surface water bodies has also been encroached. There has been a rapid growth of population in Puducherry city from 3.48 million in 1991 to 5.44 million in 2011. Hence the conservation of natural resources becomes one of the major challenges especially in small and medium town. This study was conducted to assess the effect of change on land use in urban agglomeration area of Puducherry city for the duration period from 1997 to 2017. There has been an increase in population in Puducherry city mainly attributed to higher scale of migration from adjoining rural areas and medium town for better education, job opportunities and quality life. Hence, it has been strongly recommended for stringent Development Control Regulations to quantify the urban sprawl and manage the impact of urbanisation of land use/land cover in Puducherry city.

Analyzing Urban Expansion and Spatial Growth Patterns in Barahathawa Municipality of Central Tarai Region, Nepal

The rapid transformation of rural settlements into municipalities in Ne­pal has brought significant changes in land use,and urban expansion and growth patterns mostly through the conversion of agricultural land into the built-up area.The issue is studied taking a case of the rapidly growing town,Barahathawa Municipality of Tarai Region of Sarlahi District.After the declaration of the municipality,several new roads have been opened and upgraded;and the municipality is well-connected to the national transportation network.After promulgated the Constitution of Nepal 2015 and functioning the elected local body,the municipality budget has been increased significantly as a result of increasing municipal investment in so­cio-economic and physical infrastructure development and environmental protection which has attracted people,goods,and services creating the zone of influence on the municipality.One of the changes found in the munici­pality is the increasing built-up area and expansion of urban growth through the decreasing agricultural land.Urban growth has been observed taking place around the Barahathawa Bazaar and main roadsides.The built-up area in Barahathawa municipality has remarkably increased by 183percent with the decrease of shrub and agricultural land within 10 years.Implica­tions of such spatial and temporal dynamics have been a core issue of urban planning in most of the newly declared municipalities in Nepal.

Global mapping of urban built-up areas of year 2014 by combining MODIS multispectral data with VIIRS nighttime light data

An improved methodology for the extraction and mapping of urban built-up areas at a global scale is presented in this study.The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)-based multispectral data were combined with the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite(VIIRS)-based nighttime light(NTL)data for robust extraction and mapping of urban built-up areas.The MODIS-based newly proposed Urban Built-up Index(UBI)was combined with NTL data,and the resulting Enhanced UBI(EUBI)was used as a single master image for global extraction of urban built-up areas.Due to higher variation of the EUBI with respect to geographical regions,a region-specific threshold approach was used to extract urban built-up areas.This research provided 500-m-resolution global urban built-up map of year 2014.The resulted map was compared with three existing moderate-resolution global maps and one high-resolution map in the United States.The comparative analysis demonstrated finer details of the urban built-up cover estimated by the resultant map.

Underground space use of urban built-up areas in the central city of Nanjing:Insight based on a dynamic population distribution

With the expansion of cities and the emergence of various urban problems,urban underground space has been developed as a solution.In China’s urban transition context,there is a need for the development of underground space in urban built-up areas.In this casestudy of the central city of Nanjing,we used spatial analysis and statistical methods to characterize the underground space use of urban built-up areas from a dynamic spatiotemporal perspective.We first analyzed the relationship between the population distribution and the underground space use of the central city of Nanjing based on a Baidu heat map,which can reflect the real-time population distribution,and then,we explored the spatiotemporal characteristics and spatial structure of the underground space use in urban built-up areas.The analysis results provide a reference for planning to improve and optimize the layout of underground space in the central city of Nanjing and,more generally,for the stock-type planning of underground space in urban built-up areas.

Chinese City Size Ranking: A Comparative Study of the Urban Built-Up Area Based on Remote Sensing Data

Without a clear and unified definition of the urban built-up area, many city rankings by area are inconsistent, giving rise to confusion among the general public and even scholars. This paper summarizes various definitions of the urban built-up area and proposes three definition methods: all urban built-up areas in a municipal administrative area, concentrated contiguous built-up areas, and urban built-up areas in central cities. From the latest Landsat 8 satellite images, the paper obtains the data of urban built-up area in some of China’s big cities and makes a comparative study between the results of the urban built-up areas by the three definition methods and three other common statistical data. It finds that neither the area data nor the ranking is consistent. Finally, it further explores what causes differences in rankings and gives some advice for improving the definition of the urban built-up area.

一种用于城市信息提取的改进居民地指数

区域或者全球尺度上的城市分布信息提取是目前研究的热点与难点。采用DMSP-OLS夜晚灯光数据直接提取城市信息会受到灯光溢出问题的影响,且溢出问题因灯光光斑大小而异,不易定量分析。采用可见光-近红外遥感影像提取城市信息时,多选取植被丰富的地区,避免了裸土对城市信息提取造成的影响,但限制了研究区域的选择。为了解决以上问题,应用DMSP-OLS夜晚灯光数据和可见光-近红外遥感影像,对居民地指数(human settlement index,HSI)进行改进,构建了改进居民地指数(modified human settlement index,MHSI)。采用MHSI对中国和美国的城市进行了提取实验,并利用中国历年城市统计数据和美国NLCD土地覆盖数据集对提取结果进行验证。实验结果表明,MHSI在解决灯光溢出问题的同时,避免了其他地物类型(裸土、水体和植被)对城市信息提取的影响,一次性实现了区域或者全球城市信息的提取,提取精度优于HSI和MODIS土地覆盖数据集。

发达地区城乡聚落形态的信息提取与分形研究——以无锡市为例

利用 1 970年地形图、 1 984、 1 991、 1 998年的遥感影像 ,通过对无锡市地区遥感影像的光谱特征分析 ,采用仿归一化植被指数法提取无锡市城乡聚落空间信息。在此基础上 ,根据分形理论计算无锡地区城乡聚落空间形态的分数维 ,从分数维的变化 ,分析无锡城乡聚落空间形态的特征。结果表明 ,无锡地区城乡聚落空间形态具有分形现象 ,并且城区和集镇的分数维变化不一致 ,反映了城乡聚落空间形态在不同的阶段 ,其复杂程度。

龙口市城镇聚落空间信息提取与动态变化研究

以胶东半岛龙口市为研究区域,利用1983年地形图、Landsat1992.6和2002.6两个时期的TM影像.首先分析了该区域城镇聚落的影像特征,研究了城镇聚落及其背景地物的光谱特征.并探讨了它们在光谱特征上的可分性;然后分析并建立了基于光谱特征和形状特征的简单决策树模型.对研究区域城镇聚落信息进行了提取。在此基础上,简要分析了胶东半岛龙口市近20年来.城镇聚落动态变化的特点。

基于特征基元的高分辨率遥感影像城市空间信息提取

结合人类视觉机制和计算机尺度空间理论,设计了基于特征基元的高分辨率遥感影像多尺度信息提取技术模式,即先在大尺度上进行粗分割,再进行精细分割,获得特征基元并进行特征表达,通过样本分类和知识推理等实现信息的提取与目标识别。针对城市空间信息的特点,在特征基元提取的基础上,采用马尔可夫随机场纹理分类方法、直方图阈值分割方法、支撑向量机分类方法等完成对城市水体、建筑区、道路和绿化用地的分类提取,构建了一套从高分辨率遥感影像中提取城市空间信息的方法体系。

基于高分二号卫星面向对象的城区周边水体提取方法

高分二号卫星在水体提取时存在波段少,无法使用常规提取算法,且部分暗色水体与建筑阴影难以完全区分的问题。对此,基于面向对象的思想,建立了水体提取知识库,并针对阴影和水体在提取时容易混淆的问题,结合地物光谱、形状纹理特征等信息提出了组合水体指数(CIWIG),构建了水体提取模型。相比归一化水体指数(NDWI)、新综合水体指数(NCWI)、阴影指数(SWI),构建的水体提取模型提取精度更高,总体精度达到98%,Kappa系数达到95%。试验表明,该模型在高分二号影像的水体提取中能有效解决阴影和水体难以区分的问题,提高复杂地物影像上水体提取精度。

直线截距直方图城区遥感图像多阈值分割

阈值分割简单有效,但现有的单阈值方法对城区图像分割效果不佳,难以取得令人满意的结果。为了快速准确地对城区遥感图像进行分割,本文提出了基于直线截距直方图倒数灰度熵和人工蜂群优化(artificial bee colony optimization,ABC)的多阈值分割方法。首先,给出直线截距直方图的定义并建立城区遥感图像的直线截距直方图;然后,计算该直方图倒数灰度熵的大小,推导出其单阈值选取公式;最后,将其推广到多阈值选取,并利用人工蜂群优化算法,对多个阈值进行快速精确地寻优,以此最终实现城区遥感图像的多阈值分割。实验结果表明,该方法所分割的图像中多目标的形状、边缘更为准确,纹理及细节特征更加清晰,且所需运行时间仅为同类多阈值分割方法的25%,是一种行之有效的城区遥感图像分割方法。

基于多时相卫星影像滨海卫星新城扩张的时空特征分析——以上海临港新城为例

基于多时相Landsat卫星影像,综合运用基于像元变化的直接比较法和基于光谱分类的分类后比较法(分类精度达85.83%),提取出临港新城2002~2015年三个时相的城镇用地信息,分析城市扩张的变化特征,并通过相关社会经济统计资料对城市扩张的驱动因子进行相关研究。结果表明,2009年成建区面积比2002年增加18.745km^2,为2002年的2.12倍,2015年成建区面积较2009年增加24.945km^2,为2009年的0.9倍,年增长面积是前一阶段的1.33倍,处于城市空间扩张的第二大阶段,发展较为快速。运用单一因子相关分析法,计算得到经济因子和城镇用地面积的相关系数略大于人口因子与城镇用地面积的相关系数,且均与城镇用地面积成显著的正相关,而政策作为经济建设的导向推动因子,因此认为该区域驱动力主要表现在政策因素作用下的社会经济发展。

基于特征位置优选整合的快速城区检测算法

遥感图像中城市区域的自动分析解译是遥感对地观测领域重要的应用方向,针对自动高效城区检测的迫切需求,提出了一种基于遥感图像的城区区域快速检测算法.首先通过智能去雾处理降低薄雾气象条件对检测的干扰,然后通过快速的关键点搜寻进行城区特征位置初选,并以全局与局部约束相结合的策略筛选出高置信度的城区特征位置,最后通过高斯渲染加权的方法整合城区特征位置,并在获得的城区高斯加权图上自适应分割出最终的城区.本算法使用Google提供的卫星图像进行算法验证测试,可得到准确的检测结果.本检测算法可满足遥感图像城区检测自动化、实时化的需求,大大减小了人工判图的工作量,能够广泛应用于机载或星载平台.

绍兴市城镇聚落空间形态信息提取及其演化的分形分析

通过对绍兴市 1984年 8月和 1997年 5月两景不同时相的 TM遥感影像上城镇及其背景地物的光谱特征分析 ,建立城镇聚落信息提取的光谱模型 ,提取城镇聚落形态信息 ,利用中值滤波进行整体化处理 ,后再矢量化。在此基础上 ,利用分形几何理论计算不同时相、不同组合的绍兴市城镇聚落形态的分形维数 ,对比分析其空间形态的变化特征。结果表明 ,绍兴市城镇聚落的空间形态明显具有分形特征 ,而且形态越来越复杂 ,稳定性越来越低 ,发展越来越随意。其中 ,绍兴市区和柯桥镇的发展尤为迅速 ,与其它集镇相比 ,其空间形态的复杂程度更高 ,稳定性更低 。