Urban Forest Layout of Taiyuan City

According to China's urban forest construction concept of "networking forest and water, i.e. networklike distribution of urban forest and urban water system, the built-up area and neighboring natural environment of Taiyuan City were investigated to explore the urban forest construction layout of the city and proposed the overall layout as "one ring, one river, two nets, three mountains, eleven watersheds and multiple cores".

Study on Urban Forest Construction Concepts and Layouts in Taizhou City

Taizhou is an economically-developed port city on the golden coastline of China, characterized by typical coastal and combined green cores, mountains and waters, and special plants. This paper analyzed natural conditions and city features of Taizhou, assessed current construction of local urban forests, and proposed pertinent construction concepts in view of diversifi ed needs of urban development on forest construction. On the basis of the city development, principles of urban forest layout were put forward, and the overall structure of "one core, one belt, two rings, three corridors, four groups, fi ve windows, and multiple bases" was given for the construction of urban forest in coastal landscape cities, in addition, the effect and feasibility of the layout were analyzed.

Analysis of problems in urban green space system planning in China

This paper discusses the major problems in urban green space system （UGSS） planning at both general and special planning levels in China. At general planning level, the problems of the UGSS are mainly from the ignorance in the characteristics of urban nature spaces and the limitation factors of the urban planning system. Great importance is attached to the green spaces in the built area of city, but the green spaces in surrounding areas of the city is unnoticed. Furthermore, because the area of UGSS planning is strictly limited by the administrative zoning, the green space system loses its integrity and rationality in spatial patterns. The schedules of urban development planning mismatched the paces and progresses of the ecological restoration cycles. At special plan level, the problem of the UGSS in China is that the green spaces quantity was over emphasized but the rationality of their layouts is neglected.. Meanwhile, the requirement of the spatial structures and the green spaces layouts to balance between the urban development and the natural ecological environments is often ignored. With regard to the layouts in the UGSS planning practices, the existing problems are the compromising to the existing land-uses, the ＇filling in＇ approach to plan green spaces and an over-emphasis on the layout patterns.

Low Carbon Urban Design Concept Planning of Handan Eastern New District

Currently urban issues show a dramatically increasing rely on auto use,which seriously affects the sustainable development of the city and makes how to build low-carbon cities become one of the urgent problems to be solved in the process of urban development.Therefore,low-carbon cities have become principles for China’s next generation of growth and the research hot spot of urban traffic planning.By taking a look at the concepts such as Compact City,transit-oriented development(TOD)city and‘small block’zoning,the article combined the relationship between urban spatial layout patterns and traffic development mode to build a green,low-carbon and sustainable urban development model.Finally,taking the urban design of the new district in the east of Handan City as an example,this research applied the concepts and approaches to planning practice,hoping to provide reference for building low carbon cities.

Renewal and Transformation of Old Urban Area of Medical Sage Temple in Nanyang City Based on the Concept of Life Circle

China’s urbanization level has reached a new stage.Urban development has changed from incremental expansion to inventory renewal.The demand of residents for a good living environment and compact living space is increasing.How to realize the intensive development of land based on human needs has become an urgent problem to be solved in urban development.Based on the planning concepts of inventory planning and life circle,this study made the renewal and transformation of old urban area of Medical Saint Temple in Nanyang City and analyzed the current spatial characteristic elements.Optimize the layout of public space in combination with residents’living needs,improve the functions and quality of urban areas,and build a healthy and sustainable development model to improve the living environment of the community and provide reference for the future urban renewal and transformation.

坚持“四水四定”推动经济社会高质量发展——以宁夏回族自治区“四水四定”创新实践为例

坚持“四水四定”,强化水资源刚性约束,既是缓解我国水资源供需矛盾、保障水安全的必然选择,也是推动高质量发展、建设美丽中国的客观要求。文章以宁夏回族自治区为例,深入分析了宁夏回族自治区“四水四定”改革实践,总结了相关经验启示,为探索以水资源节约集约利用推动经济社会高质量发展提供了参考。

Debris flow runout behaviors considering the influences of densely populated buildings

Debris flows pose serious risks to communities in mountainous areas,often resulting in large losses of human life and property.The impeding presence of urban buildings often affects the runout behavior and deposition of debris flows.But the impact of different building densities and sizes on debris flow dynamics has yet to be quantified to guide urban planning in debris flow risk zones.This study focused on a debris flow that occurred in Zhouqu County,Gansu Province,China on August 7th,2010,which was catastrophic and destroyed many buildings.The FLO-2D software was used to simulate this debris flow in two scenarios,i.e.the presence and the absence of buildings,to obtain debris-flow intensity parameters.The developed model was then used to further analyze the influence of large buildings and narrow channels within the urban environment.The simulation results show that considering the presence of buildings in the simulation is essential for accurate assessment of debris flow intensity and deposition distribution.The layout of buildings in the upstream urban area,such as large buildings or parallel buildings which form narrow channels,can affect the flow velocity and depth of debris flow heading towards downstream buildings.To mitigate damage to downstream buildings,the relative spacing(d/a)between upstream and downstream buildings should not exceed a value of two and should ideally be even lower.These findings provide valuable insights for improving the resistance of mountainous cities to urban debris flows.

如何优化乡村小规模学校布局

乡村小规模学校布局优化是城乡教育一体化发展的重点和难点,更是确保乡村儿童接受公平优质教育的重要基础。但现实中,小规模学校布局仍存在诸多问题:布局分散程度高;决策中缺少科学的程序和技术;布局规划中学校教育资源不足、弱势学生入学机会不均等;校际空间隔离,跨校资源共享难以稳定持续等。因此,应进一步明确小规模学校布局优化的逻辑理路:以教育规划理论引领布局优化的教育功能发挥;以“公平、效率、质量”框架重构布局规划目标;以“集中+分散”布局结构为乡村振兴奠定教育服务基础;以“入学可达性提升”促进乡村儿童入学机会均等;以资源均衡配置促进城乡学校一体化发展。同时,围绕“空间可达、服务范围、学校规模、校际发展优质均衡程度、能否促进学校传承乡土文化”等维度因地制宜设置学校布局标准,并提供支持性策略,主要包括:综合区位因素,构建小规模学校布局与乡村振兴规划融合系统;以参与式GIS技术为基础,优化学校布局规划程序;强化各级政府责任,妥善处理好布局规划中的伴生问题;共享教育资源,促进小规模学校与县镇学校一体化发展。

大城市工业用地布局演变中的城市问题研究——以西安市为例

改革开放以来在我国经济转型过程中大城市工业用地的规模和布局发生了巨大变化,并影响城市的空间形态。以西安市为例,基于多源数据,采用定量与定性相结合方法,研究发现1974—2019年西安市工业用地面积呈先持续增长后快速减少变化趋势,空间布局在园区化集聚的过程中具有显著的工业用地郊区化与城市中心用地去工业化特征,布局模式则经历了由改革开放初期“组团布局+扇形扩展”向增量规划时期“圈层扩展+跳跃扩张+轴向集聚”至存量规划时期“外围园区化集聚”转变。帮助企业纾困、城市增长、生活居住条件改善与土地经济价值是推动工业用地布局演变的主要驱动力。工业用地郊区化与城市中心去工业化加剧了职住分离、交通拥堵等城市问题,不利于城市健康可持续发展。

基于改进潜能模型的城市公园绿地可达性评价与优化布局研究——以重庆市江津区为例

城市公园绿地空间布局因城市的自然条件和社会经济条件不同而具有差异性.当前国内外研究多聚焦发达地区和大城市,而小城市和典型城市的公园绿地可达性研究鲜见,且在案例代表性和数据精度方面还有一定的局限性.选择西南山地类型的重庆市江津区中心城区为案例,以居民小区出入口与公园绿地出入口为研究主体,构建改进潜能模型和网络分析方法,揭示其空间特征和存在问题,参考位置分配模型与调研结果,得出优化布局方案并检验.结果表明,江津区中心城区城市公园绿地布局与服务水平空间差异明显.提出拟新建7个游园与5个社区公园,并将部分公园绿地进行合并扩建或新增出入口.

生态正义导向下的城市绿地发展预测及布局策略研究——以日照市主城区为例

生态文明建设背景下,生态正义站在人与自然和谐共生的高度谋划当代城市绿地的科学发展。遵循生态正义的价值理念,探究生态正义对城市绿地布局的影响机制;通过基于生态正义约束规则的FLUS模型对日照市主城区城市绿地发展模拟与预测的实验研究,提出生态正义导向下的城市绿地布局策略,即普惠均绿、按需供绿、自洽留绿、就地增绿、保育遗绿。期望以国土空间专项规划为契机,丰富城市绿地布局价值体系,创新城市绿地系统布局策略。

基于改进蚁群算法的城市生态景观空间布局优化方法

布局优化过程多采用粒子群算法,但由于缺少对景观因子综合权重的计算,优化后景观的生态阻力阈值较低,优化效果较差。为此,基于改进蚁群算法提出城市生态景观空间布局优化方法。通过对城市生境质量的分析与评测,计算生态景观环境适应度,求取城市生态景观格局指数,构建生态景观空间网络,结合筛选出的核心生态源点,计算生态源点之间的最小累积阻力距离和所有斑块之间的最小路径,构成潜在生态景观廊道。根据生态景观的敏感性,确定景观因子的综合权重,以景观斑块的最大闭合度、最大连接度以及最高连通率为目标函数,构建优化模型,引入改进蚁群算法对其求解,以此获取最佳优化方案。实例论证分析结果显示,所提方法优化后得到的景观生态阻力阈值较高,空间布局优化效果较好。

宁波都市区森林城市群建设现状、发展指标与总体布局——基于中欧合作研究的城市群森林建设规划

区域是生态环境的共同体,需要协同在城市群尺度推进森林城市群建设。基于对宁波都市区森林城市群建设现状的分析,结合上位规划要求及国内外经验,构建包括7项一级指标(生态资源总量、生态网络、生态保护修复、生物多样性、生态文化、生态福利、区域协同)、24项二级指标的宁波都市区森林城市群建设指标体系;同时,立足宁波都市区现状与发展目标,形成都市区“两山三湾一岛链”,中心区“两屏一区、多廊多点”,生态建设核心区“绿心、绿隔、绿核、绿廊、绿网、绿园”的森林城市群分层布局。研究结果不仅对宁波都市区森林城市群的落地建设具有指导作用,也对我国其他地区森林城市群建设具有重要的参考价值。

北上广深蓉与东京轨道交通覆盖人口的比较分析

为探究不同城市轨道交通服务与人口分布和城市功能布局之间的关系,以北京、上海、广州、深圳、成都以及日本东京为对象,以距离和时间作为圈层划分依据对比分析了6个城市轨道交通覆盖人口的空间特征,研究了其与城市功能布局的耦合关系。进一步从输送能力的角度定量分析6个城市轨道交通运营组织与覆盖人口的关系。研究结果表明:轨道交通覆盖人口呈径向递减趋势;15 km圈层之外,中国5个城市轨道交通覆盖人口占区域内全部人口的比值已经低于10%,而东京仍旧高于20%;中国5个城市的主要功能区集中在城市中心区,东京的主要功能区分布较为分散但依旧拥有较高的轨道交通覆盖率,其对城市空间结构的支撑作用更加显著。6个城市轨道交通的输送能力与覆盖人口从整体上看均呈现正相关性,东京轨道交通的相关性体现为通过更加灵活的交路组织和运力分配实现供给与需求的匹配。

人口老龄化背景下城市医疗设施布局公平性与优化研究——以张家口市主城区为例

面对社会人口老龄化以及突发的公共卫生事件带来的就医问题,医疗设施布局公平性是解决该问题的关键一环。研究利用Depthmap和ArcGIS软件,对张家口市主城区中各个区域不同层级的医疗设施可达性、医疗设施点覆盖率及其医疗设施空间分布情况进行分析研究,发现主城区内医疗设施布局的公平性存有以下主要问题:交通可达性分布不均、优质医疗设施过于集中、部分地段基础医疗设施重叠度过高。基于以上问题,建议加强信息化远程医疗服务,加大医疗设施建设投入,合理优化医疗设施的空间布局。

从重点布局到适度均衡:我国城市群高等教育布局重构的目标与策略研究

目前,我国城市群高等教育正在进入新一轮布局重构阶段。新的发展阶段,我国城市群高等教育布局重构面临政策方向更加明确以及国家综合实力、竞争力和影响力明显增强等机遇,但同时也面临区域高等教育布局矛盾凸显、教育数字化转型下高等教育结构改革任务艰巨、人才自主培养层次亟待提升、高等教育体制机制滞后制约地方化发展等挑战。为此,我国应明确城市群高等教育布局重构的特征,在此基础上对其进行目标设计,坚持“做大基部,做优主体,做强顶部”,实现从重点布局到适度均衡的战略转变,具体做到:推进区域高等教育布局重构科学规划,支持各级政府科学决策;适应人口结构和产业布局新趋势,建立区域高等教育布局新模式;适应高等教育普及化和地方化趋势,适度调整高等教育入学率指标;以19个国家级城市群为依托,分级打造区域高等教育新高地;加强高层次人才培养,重点加强博士层次创新人才培养;面向经济和社会发展需求,主动调整学科专业结构。

面向车辆个体出行检测的卡口布设优化模型

针对高清卡口检测器可以获取出行者个体级别的细粒度信息但难以实现路网全覆盖的问题,从缺失轨迹重构角度出发,研究了面向车辆个体出行检测的卡口布设优化方法。考虑相邻两次卡口检测序列间的缺失情况,提出缺失轨迹一次重构、二次重构方法。基于一次重构原理,创建流量捕获率、轨迹覆盖率以衡量卡口布设方案对路面交通信息的检测规模;基于二次重构原理,创建缺失轨迹离散度以衡量轨迹重构可靠度。以流量捕获率、轨迹覆盖率作为约束条件,以最大化缺失轨迹离散度作为卡口布设优化目标,构建了面向车辆个体出行检测的卡口布设优化模型,并采用粒子群算法求解。以广州市海珠区某区域路网为例,分全新布设和新增布设两种情况进行算例分析,结果表明:在全新布设场景中,优化后的卡口布设方案相流量捕获率提升了6.20%,轨迹覆盖率提升了2.76%,缺失轨迹离散度提升了139%,在车辆个体出行轨迹检测及重构方面比当前方案获得了更优的效果;在新增布设场景中,依次对新增的1-6个卡口进行优化求解,得到了新增位置和优化结果。

基于机器学习空间聚类的出租车停靠站点布局规划

针对出租车随意停靠给城市交通带来的负面影响,为规范出租车营运秩序、改善出租车营运环境和居民乘车条件,提出一种将出租车出行空间信息与机器学习算法相结合的出租车停靠站点布局规划方法。首先利用出租车GPS轨迹数据提取出租车出行起点,然后采用HDBSCAN聚类算法对起点进行空间密度聚类,形成聚类簇后以其中心点作为出租车停靠站点布局的备选点。最后,为验证所提方法的可行性和有效性,选取重庆市中心城区一土地利用类型丰富、人口密度高的典型区域进行案例分析。结果显示,107个备选点主要分布于商业中心区和居住集中区,与出租车出行高需求区域的空间分布基本吻合;布局的出租车停靠站点在300 m范围内的覆盖率达到76.0%,未覆盖区域主要为城市绿地和水体。研究表明,机器学习算法可实现出租车停靠站点的高效布局规划,但在规划和实施阶段,停靠站点的设置还应结合邻近区域的建成环境特点综合考虑。

高等教育的多中心布局能提高城市创新水平吗

创新驱动发展战略的深入实施有赖于高等教育,但高校作为资源依赖型组织,往往受制于政府目标和市场力量,这种独立性的相对欠缺所带来的高等教育规模扩张,直接推动了高等教育在省域空间的多中心布局,这是否有碍于高等教育对经济社会良序发展的促进作用?以2004—2019年23个省份231个城市作为研究样本,采用固定效应模型和工具变量法进行实证研究,结果表明:第一,高校自主性欠缺所带来的省域高等教育布局多中心化趋势,会对省域内城市的创新水平带来负向影响。第二,基础设施建设的挤出效应是城市创新关键机制。与地方政府博弈互为表里的省域多中心化进程,将通过基础设施建设,放大地方高校规模扩张所具有的投资拉动属性,并最终挤出城市创新;省域层面知识溢出所带来的网络外部性和城市层面的集聚外部性虽然有利于城市创新,但难以克服多中心布局所带来的负面效应。第三,异质性研究发现,多中心布局只是促进了形式公平,但实际上经济发展水平更差、行政级别更低城市的创新水平受到更为明显的负向影响,中心城市对邻近区域创新水平的溢出效应也间接被削弱。因此,加快转变地方政府的经济增长逻辑和尊重高校主体性地位,避免盲目扩张,是优化省域高等教育布局、提高城市创新水平、助推城市经济高质量发展的有效路径。