Formation of the modern scenic city of Hangzhou:towards conservation integrated urban planning,1950s–1990s

From the 1950s to the 1990s,China underwent a significant transformation of its political system and economy,from socialism to rapid development after the reform and opening up.In the 1980s and 1990s,to meet the demand for housing and urban modernization under the rapid growth of cities,almost all Chinese cities underwent large-scale urban construction,transformation and expansion.With this background of rapid advancement,many cities have lost their traditional urban features and characteristics.However,it was during this period that Hangzhou not only restored the historical scenery of West Lake through multiple projects but also explored overall planning of the city and introduced conservation ideas,making West Lake,which was originally located outside the city,part of the city.This period also shaped the contemporary urban characteristics of Hangzhou with traditional landscape features.To explore Hangzhou’s positive experience and determine the critical junctures and influencing factors,this study observed the entire historical process using morphological methods.Based on a summary of the characteristics of each development stage,this study further focuses on the key issue of how conservation ideas are gradually introduced into urban planning and affect the development process.

Strategic Planning Practices of Hotels in Kenya

This study broadens perspectives of strategic planning procedures in hotels by analyzing hotel managers’perspectives on hotel strategy formulation and planning.The study was a descriptive quantitative study that targeted managers from various Kenyan hotels.180 questionnaires were returned from a sample of 280 hotel managers who had attended management development programs at a hospitality school.The primary goal of the study was to analyze two aspects of the strategic planning process:strategy formulation and strategic planning.The findings revealed that hotels in Kenya have developed methods and are keen on scanning their external environments.However,with the product offerings being so comparable,competitive analysis played an important role in the context.Creating a unique or specialty offering was not a popular option for most hotels.Cost-cutting was the most favored strategic inclination to achieve desired results.The balanced scorecard was underutilized in the sector.While managers were involved in the strategic planning process,other lower cadre employees were not,they were provided with the targets for the hotels’organizational goals to be achieved.The findings reveal that with similar products and services,the industry creates a hostile business climate with fierce rivalry and must invest in the most obvious alternative of cost reduction to survive.Alternative product innovation is not common in this industry for developing a differentiation approach that allows a property to control a market.

GIS Application in Urban Flood Risk Analysis: Midar as a Case Study

The significance of this study lies in its exploration of the advanced applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in assessing urban flood risks, with a specific focus on Midar, Morocco. This research is pivotal as it showcases that GIS technology is not just a tool for mapping, but a critical component in urban planning and emergency management strategies. By meticulously identifying and mapping flood-prone areas in Midar, the study provides invaluable insights into the potential vulnerabilities of urban landscapes to flooding. Moreover, this research demonstrates the practical utility of GIS in mitigating material losses, a significant concern in flood-prone urban areas. The proactive approach proposed in this study, centered around the use of GIS, aims to safeguard Midar’s population and infrastructure from the devastating impacts of floods. This approach serves as a model for other urban areas facing similar challenges, highlighting the indispensable role of GIS in disaster preparedness and response. Overall, the study underscores the transformative potential of GIS in enhancing urban resilience, making it a crucial tool in the fight against natural disasters like floods.

Underground space planning in Helsinki

This paper gives insight into the use of underground space in Helsinki,Finland.The city has an underground master plan(UMP) for its whole municipal area,not only for certain parts of the city.Further,the decision-making history of the UMP is described step-by-step.Some examples of underground space use in other cities are also given.The focus of this paper is on the sustainability issues related to urban underground space use,including its contribution to an environmentally sustainable and aesthetically acceptable landscape,anticipated structural longevity and maintaining the opportunity for urban development by future generations.Underground planning enhances overall safety and economy efficiency.The need for underground space use in city areas has grown rapidly since the 21 st century;at the same time,the necessity to control construction work has also increased.The UMP of Helsinki reserves designated space for public and private utilities in various underground areas of bedrock over the long term.The plan also provides the framework for managing and controlling the city’s underground construction work and allows suitable locations to be allocated for underground facilities.Tampere,the third most populated city in Finland and the biggest inland city in the Nordic countries,is also a good example of a city that is taking steps to utilise underground resources.Oulu,the capital city of northern Finland,has also started to ‘go underground’.An example of the possibility to combine two cities by an 80-km subsea tunnel is also discussed.A new fixed link would generate huge potential for the capital areas of Finland and Estonia to become a real Helsinki-Tallinn twin city.

Industrial Heritage Protection in the Period of Inventory Planning

After entering the 21 st century,under the influence of urbanization and industrial transformation,China's industrial heritage protection is faced with enormous challenges.In the next 10 years,China's urban planning will enter a turning period from increment planning to inventory planning.Among objects of effective land use,industrial use will stand in the breach,which pushes the industrial heritage to the crossroad of protection or non-protection.Therefore,it is essential to study how to effectively use industrial land under the premise of protecting industrial heritage value.In view of these issues,this paper presents some thoughts about how to protect cultural value of industrial heritage in the period of inventory planning.

Analyzing the Urban Hierarchical Structure Based on Multiple Indicators of Economy and Industry: An Econometric Study in China

For a city,analyzing its advantages,disadvantages and the level of economic development in a country is important,especially for the cities in China developing at flying speed.The corresponding literatures for the cities in China have not considered the indicators of economy and industry in detail.In this paper,based on multiple indicators of economy and industry,the urban hierarchical structure of 285 cities above the prefecture level in China is investigated.The indicators from the economy,industry,infrastructure,medical care,population,education,culture,and employment levels are selected to establish a new indicator system for analyzing urban hierarchical structure.The factor analysis method is used to investigate the relationship between the variables of selected indicators and obtain the score of each common factor and comprehensive scores and rankings for 285 cities above the prefecture level in China.According to the comprehensive scores,285 cities above the prefecture level are clustered into 15 levels by using K-means clustering algorithm.Then,the hierarchical structure system of the cities above the prefecture level in China is obtained and corresponding policy implications are proposed.The results and implications can not only be applied to the urban planning and development in China but also offer a reference on other developing countries.The methodologies used in this paper can also be applied to study the urban hierarchical structure in other countries.

Optimization of train plan for urban rail transit in the multi-routing mode

The train plan of urban rail transit under multi-routing mode can be divided into three parts： train formation, train operation periods and corresponding train counts of each routing in each period. Based on the analysis of passen- ger＇s general travel expenses and operator＇s benefits, the constraints and objective functions are defined and the multiobjective optimization model for the train plan of urban rail transit is presented. Factors considered in the multi- objective optimization model include transport capacity, the requirements of traffic organization, corporation benefits, passenger demands, and passenger choice behavior under multi-train-routing mode. According to the characteristics of this model and practical planning experience, a three-phase solution was designed to gradually optimize the train formarion, train counts as well as operation periods. The instance of Changsha Metro Line 2 validates the feasibility and efficiency of this approach.

城市群规划实施效果评估研究——以长株潭城市群为例

长株潭城市群经济发展对于湖南省以及中国中西部地区的发展至关重要,且该城市群规划实施的效果对其他城市群有重要借鉴意义。基于此,文章根据2000-2017年地级市面板数据,采用合成控制法,评估长株潭城市群规划实施后对城镇化和环境质量的影响。评估分析表明,长株潭城市群规划的实施推动了城市群城乡融合,在一定程度上促进了城镇化的进程,但对环境造成了一定的负面影响,其原因在于长株潭城市群内城市之间的非均衡发展。因此,城市群应着眼于制定合理规划,促进城市均衡发展,重点落实城乡融合和生态文明;各级政府应加强公共治理,强化监督和治理责任,以更好地实现城市群规划的既定目标。

城市规划健康影响评估理论框架构建

健康影响评估为预测城市发展、城市规划方案和项目的健康效益提供框架,但在融入我国城市规划中仍面临内容体系不清、技术流程不明、模型体系未建立和工作方法缺失等问题。本文构建了城市规划健康影响评估理论框架,系统性地明确了面向城市规划的健康影响评估内容体系、技术流程、模型体系和工作方法。面向城市规划的健康影响评估可从“健康风险控制影响评估”“健康资源支撑保障评估”和“健康行为促进效益评估”3个方面开展;主要技术流程包括参照对象确定、评估范围界定、评估框架构建、评估方法选取和评估开展5个步骤;模型体系由核心模型、相关模型和外围模型构成;最后,规划编制团队与健康影响评估团队可协作推进健康影响评估“全过程”融入规划。本文可为面向城市规划开展健康影响评估提供基本的理论、方法和机制指导。

基于云模型的城市轨道交通应急预案评价

城市轨道交通应急预案是应急机构和人员处理运营突发事件的指南,在应急管理中发挥着极其重要的作用,评价其优劣具有重要意义.为了解决在评价过程中存在评价指标主观性过强及评价结果难以量化等问题,引入CRITIC法和云模型理论,提出了二者耦合的城市轨道交通应急预案评价方法.根据实际情况建立了城市轨道交通应急预案评价指标体系,采用CRITIC法确定了各指标的权重,运用云模型的基本算法生成评价云和结果云,通过云的数字特征和云图比较直观地展现评价结果,得到待评价预案的评价等级.以某城市轨道交通应急预案为例,验证了评价方法的合理性与有效性,为应急预案的评价提供了新的理论依据.

城市轨道交通列车时刻表和车底运用计划研究进展与综述

列车时刻表与车底运用计划是城市轨道交通运营规划的重要环节,也是运营企业实现降本、增效、提质的基础。围绕该领域的最新研究进展,从研究问题、建模方法和求解算法三个方面,对列车时刻表和车底运用计划问题进行了系统梳理和综述。在研究问题方面,既有文献侧重于列车时刻表优化、时刻表与车底运用协同优化,以及可变编组条件下的列车时刻表优化。在建模方法方面,文献主要采用一般整数规划和离散时空网络两类方法。在求解算法方面,启发式方法因其操作简便、灵活高效而被广泛应用;精确算法因能提供全局搜索和求解质量的评估机制,成为当前常用的方法;此外,强化学习方法在求解上述问题中也得到初步应用。未来研究需要关注通信、控制等技术变革带来的列车运营模式创新及其衍生的新问题,探讨城市轨道交通与其它交通方式的一体化融合,设计高性能求解算法以应对大规模城市轨道交通运营管理问题的计算挑战。

基于多准则决策方法的避难场所选址模型研究

针对避难场所规划选址中的现实问题与需求,从方法易操作和可实施角度出发,构建了面向城市规划业务流程与工作实践的防灾避难场所选址模型。该模型基于多准则决策方法(MCDM),以避难场所选址的安全性和均好性为主要目标。模型综合考虑了人口密度、建筑质量、交通系统和避难场所设施配置四项选址影响因素,并采用AHP-熵权法确定影响要素权重。以江阴市为实证案例,套用模型经过两轮评估及编码者测试,最终明确了备选避难场所资源的优先建设排序,验证了模型的可行性与实用性。研究提出的影响要素和量化指标易于取得,打分方法便于操作,适用于城市规划阶段的避难场所规划选址与建设时序决策。

超特大城市更新专项规划编制的“五维”技术体系研究——以北京为例

根据对超特大城市的更新现状分析,从市级城市更新专项规划编制视角总结了规划编制面临的挑战,即空间资源复杂性、更新诉求复杂性与制度设计复杂性。从空间维度、组织维度、方法维度、动力维度与实施维度5个维度阐述了城市更新专项规划编制的思维变革,并搭建了超特大城市更新专项规划的“五维”技术体系。同时,将该“五维”技术体系引入北京城市更新专项规划的编制实践,探讨了城市更新专项规划的工作目标与定位、技术框架与要点、部门协同与规划实施等的内在逻辑与技术体系方案,归纳总结了在资源评估、政策创新、更新方法与平台搭建等方面可借鉴、可推广的工作方法。

面向实施的国土空间详细规划转型思路研究

在国土空间规划体系下,详细规划直面具体的规划落地实施,是空间治理的基础抓手,需要重点研究面向实施的详细规划转型思路。调研分析国内50余个城市已有的详细规划工作情况,梳理出规划实施中出现的典型问题与需求。结合存量时代高质量发展的新形势、新要求,从构建国土空间资源的多维协同机制、加强面向规划实施的灵活适应性、完善依法行政的编管一体实施路径3个角度提出详细规划的转型思路。

城市更新规划的框架体系与内在逻辑研究——以广深为例

基于土地发展权配置的视角,以广深城市更新实践为例,提出了国土空间规划体系背景下城市更新规划的编制与管控内在逻辑、空间层次和内容框架。进而从城市更新背景、土地发展权配置方式两方面解释了城市更新规划编制与管控模式的差异。研究发现,城市更新中的“政府—市场”关系、土地增值收益分配机制和实施主体选择决定了更新规划的框架体系和编制逻辑。广州城市更新由政府深度主导土地增值收益分配,更新规划管控要素广泛,强调更新专项规划的统筹引领和要素层级传导;深圳城市更新在政府统筹下坚持市场化运作,在规划管控等方面向市场分权。分析广深两地城市更新规划管控体系及更新绩效的差异,应深入理解更新规划背后的“技术—政策—实施”逻辑。

资源导向下城市边缘乡村集群化规划方法研究——以杭州富阳五村为例

快速城镇化背景下,城市边缘地区作为城乡要素渗透频繁的过渡地带,已成为社会经济最为活跃但发展问题较突出的重点区域。而在常规单村独建规划模式下,该地区乡村多暴露出资源利用低效、产业模式趋同、环境建设无序、治理效益不佳等切实问题,阻碍了城乡高质量协调发展。为此,文章针对当前发展瓶颈,以资源这一核心线索为导向,提出了一套针对城市边缘乡村的集群化规划方法。基于集群本底资源的系统解读,挖掘整合价值资源,从产业经济、功能定位、空间建设及基层治理4个层面,构建联动发展、错位互补、系统导控、协商共治的关键路径,以此助推乡村集群的资源有效利用与社会经济振兴。最后,以浙江省杭州市富阳区5个村庄的集群化规划实践为例,探讨该方法的实施路径与效应机制,以期为同类地区乡村未来发展提供思路参考与案例借鉴。

战略性、科学性、协调性、操作性——“行为导控”视角下对县级国土空间总体规划的反思

分析县级国土空间总体规划实践困境,认为其根源在于以客观空间为对象的终极蓝图与计划解构式规划编制实施路径,难以适应规划作为各类行为导控依据并落实用途管制意图的改革初心。由此本文通过分析国土空间与行为互动的社会关系及动态过程内涵,在行为导控视角下提出协调用途秩序与活力、约束空间行为底线及适应动态实施的规划原则。在此基础上结合县级国土空间总体规划实践探讨面向行为导控的编制实施策略,包括支持引领行为方向的内容体系,规制行为底线的用途管制规则,以及适应行为过程的动态实施机制,以期规划在揭示空间使用规律的前提下,维系国土空间整体格局协调并为多元价值演绎提供路径与机会,体现战略性、科学性、协调性与操作性。

河湖岸线保护与利用规划编制关键问题探讨

编制河湖岸线保护与利用规划是河湖长制工作的重要任务以及河湖管理的重要抓手。研究了中国现有岸线保护与利用规划编制成果,采用对照验证、示例说明、理论分析、专家咨询等方法,对规划编制工作中岸线边界线划定、岸线功能区划分、岸线长度统计等关键问题展开了探讨;对照《河湖岸线保护与利用规划编制指南(试行)》相关内容,梳理了各地的做法,分析了各自的优缺点;在此基础上提出了应对上述关键问题的处理原则和解决思路。研究成果表明:为了更好地推动岸线保护与利用规划编制工作,应从法律层面明确河湖岸线的定义,由更高层级机构组织开展编制工作,因地制宜地划分岸线边界线和岸线功能区,同时应注意合理地统计利用岸线长度。

城市绿心地区TOD站点周边空间规划方法研究——以贵阳市S1线数博大道站为例

党的二十大报告指出:“加快发展方式绿色转型.推动经济社会发展绿色化、低碳化是实现高质量发展的关键环节.”城市绿心地区TOD开发建设对于实现经济社会发展绿色化、低碳化具有重要意义,然而目前有关于城市绿心地区TOD周边片区的空间规划研究与实践较为匮乏.在此背景下,本研究首先从空间营造、产业发展、交通出行、人群画像四大方面对城市绿心地区TOD开发优势进行分析.其次对城市绿心地区TOD站点周边空间规划方法进行探索,总结为四大方面:一是打造“融心-引绿-营境”的绿色空间结构,二是构建“高端-健康-智慧”的绿色产业体系,三是发展“高效-便捷-多元”的绿色交通方式,四是营造“宜人-低密-活力”的绿色人居环境.最后通过贵阳市S1线数博大道站的规划实践,总结出城市绿心地区TOD站点周边片区的空间规划要点.研究以期为TOD理论以及城市绿心理论的完善提供参考,以及进一步指导城市绿心地区TOD站点周边的规划建设实践.

基于VR的沉浸式规划方法与实践探索

文章梳理了虚拟现实(VR)与城市规划相结合的研究,包括虚拟漫游、辅助设计研究和公众参与等,针对其特征和局限性,提出具有沉浸式体验、全流程覆盖、多主体协同特性的沉浸式规划方法及其总体框架,并以实际项目为例构建具有基础功能的规划场景,邀请相关人员体验评价。结果表明沉浸式规划方法在要素表达效果上与传统方法各有优劣,能帮助使用者更好地感知空间的同时,还存在着操作不便、场景不够精细等不足。最后,文章对沉浸式规划方法和VR未来的发展提出了展望。