Identity of Urban Spaces: Assessment and Evaluation

As a major symbol of civilization,the city was built by man for his security and comfort.It is not only a settlement,but also an urban development which has been identified with the spirit that has been breathed into the community.Urban identity which is also known as collective identity,has gained meaning through the content of objective manifestation and the creation of flashbacks,citizens’memories and mental associations.That is what makes urban dwellers become citizens.Although the identity of the city is a result of civic culture,it still has an influence on the process of citizenship and can also be a reason for developing criteria related to the participation and assessment of its inhabitants.According to the view that identity is a set of traits and characteristics that distinguishes the dignity of a person and a society from other individuals and communities,a city becomes characterized and independent by adhering to these criteria.Despite the importance of identity as one of the richest qualitative aspects of urban life that gives meaning and fulfilment to the human quiddity,this complicated and expanded concept has still not been seriously considered,especially in relation to urban spaces.In fact,identity in architecture and urban spaces has recently diminished,since the main focus lies on building spaces for optimized profit and not for high quality living areas.In this research paper,parameters affecting urban identity are evaluated,and strategies and guidelines to promote these parameters are finally presented.

Effective Instructions in Design Process of Urban Public Spaces to Promote Sustainable Development

Public spaces in cities have long been the basis used for the expression of cultural values and social relations. Cultural and social systems have an old two-sided relation. This means that the establishment and continuity of social relationships strengthen the values and norms;on the other hand, culture determines the conditions and the formation of social relationships. Therefore, to create a bonding connection between people and the city, urban public spaces are the focal points which still need to be noticed more effectively by designers and managers. There are components which help the designers design more efficient urban public spaces and, as a consequence, there will be more vitality in cities. In today conditions, sustainability issues, as the solutions of having better future conditions, can considerably affect these components and give the society the opportunity of having more capable public spaces. Sum of studies in the field of sustainability and the subsequent sustainable public spaces researches mainly express three components of environment, economy and society, among which environment section is more significant than two others, so that the importance of climatic design components has been tangibly noted in public space designing. The aim of this paper is reviewing urban public spaces and sustainability notions and, as the result, reaching to some instructions for designing sustainable urban public spaces which have important impacts on these types of places. By doing this, not only the possibility of getting closer to the identity of cities, but also the necessary ground for the strong presence of sustainable urban public spaces in cities, are provided. The research method is descriptive-analytic and library research method is used for data collecting.

Urban Public Space Development in Harbin Driven by Music Culture Intervention

"Social event driving" has become a way to promote urban development, create urban public spaces and create a city image. As one of the important big cities in northeastern China, Harbin enjoys the reputation of "The Music City", and its public space development is inextricably linked with the driving of music culture. This paper started with the analysis of the correlation between the development of urban public spaces and the development of music culture in Harbin, and studied the influence and driving role of music culture on the construction and development of urban public spaces.

Strategy research on new urban space development and new deepwater terminal in Hengsha

From a strategic perspective,the paper presents a forward-looking thinking supported by interdisciplinary of modern logistics,estuary and coast,environment and ecology,economic management and mathematical statistics. It leads to a reasonable solution to space expansion by reclamation. Construction of new deepwater terminal is the best usage of land resources and can strengthen the status of Shanghai as an international shipping center,thus support the preparation and strategic decision of future urban development of Shanghai.

Analysis on Micro Creative Space Development from the Perspective of New Urbanization View Field——Taking Micro Creative Garden of Gongshu District as an Example

With the rapid developmem of new urbanization, a number of micro creative space has emerged in China. The micro creative space of Gongshu District in Hangzhou has experienced a rapid and mixed development. Considering the existing problems of those space, the following measures can help those space realize an organic urban growth： arranging the layout comprehensively, optimizing industrial agglomeration, improving the planning management quality and optimizing public platform serx, ice support. The good development of micro creative garden can promote the full flow of creative element, so as to accelerate city economic structure transformation, increase city space efficiency and promote the city innovation development.

Open Space Implications in Urban Development: Reflections in Recent Urban Planning Practices in Nepal

Open space has various implications in urban development planning and has been integrated in recent urban planning approaches and practices in Nepal.The open spaces are not only important for(re)shaping the urban form but are also important for enhancing urban social life and disaster risk management,particularly for dense cities.As most of the cities in Nepal have been growing haphazardly,the cities lack sufficient open space.However,the value of open space in dense cities like Kathmandu has been recognized more after the Gorkha Earthquake 2015 as the open spaces were extensively used for risk relief,treatment,recovery,and rehabilitation during and after the earthquake.With this background,this paper presents the major planning initiatives in Nepal and discusses how recent urban plans have provisioned and initiated open spaces development by reviewing concurrent urban planning practices,particularly reviewing Periodic Plans,Integrated Urban Development Plan,Smart City Plan,and Land Development Plan.The development of open areas has not been given much attention in the earlier urban planning practice but recent urban development planning has emphasized with a special focus which is very important for sustainable and safer city development and is expected to address the current bulging urban issues of spatiality and sociability.Therefore,it is very important for integrating open space implications in city planning and such open space should be conceptualized according to the city’s geography,landscape as well as socio-cultural contexts.

Urban Three-dimensional Expansion and Its Driving Forces——A Case Study of Shanghai,China

Urban expansion is a phenomenon of urban space increase,and an important measuring index of the process of urbanization.Taking Shanghai as an example,the changes of urban average height and built-up area were studied to represent city's vertical and horizontal increases respectively,and statistical methods were used to analyze the driving forces of urban expansion.The research drew following conclusions:1) The urban expansion process of Shanghai from 1985 to 2006 had a clear periodic feature,and could be divided into three stages:vertical expansion in dominance,coordinated vertical and horizontal expansion,and horizontal expansion in dominance.2) The average height and quantity of buildings in core city were significantly bigger than those in suburbs,but the changing speed of the latter was faster.And 3) urbanization process was the major driving force for the city's horizontal expansion,while industrial structure improvement was the key driving factor for the vertical expansion.Those two driving forces were simultaneously affected by city's political factors.

Study on Ecological Development of Urban Parks

Research background,significance,characteristics and planning methods of the ecological development of urban parks were elaborated.This paper took green space planning of Xishan Park in Qianxi City for example,explored the application of ecological development theories in green space planning of urban park.

Development Path of Urban-rural Integration

The urban and rural areas are regarded as two major components of the regional economic system. Only through joint balanced development of the two can we achieve overall economic optimization and social welfare maximization. But the great social division of labor has separated urban areas from rural areas,which casts the shadow of city-oriented theory on cooperative relations between urban and rural areas. Mutual separation between urban and rural settlements and independent development trigger off a range of social problems. We must undertake guidance through rational development path of urban-rural integration,to eliminate the phenomenon of urban-rural dual structure,and promote the sustainable development of population,resources and environment in urban and rural areas as soon as possible.

Japanese Ways of Developing Urban Underground Recreation Space

This paper defines the concept of urban recreation space at first, and then?focuses on the six aspects of experience in?functional orientation, joint development, business planning, environment designing,?recreational route designing, operation and management based on reviewing the development process of the underground street in urban recreation space in Japan.?The results show that the overall planning and detailed design of urban recreational space in Japan is worth learning and drawing lessons for all countries in the world.

Qualitative Research Methods in Spatial Urban Development： A Methodological Investigation of Approaches into Urban Development Based on Centralities in the Context of a Medium-Sized European City

Dispersed and peripheral spaces in the urban core are influenced both by the trend towards constant growth as well as social ways of life which are constantly evolving. Following a connotation, these two factors therefore play a crucial role in defining the alternation of urban space--in particular, that of the centers. The main focus of this research article is on the methodology used in the survey and evaluation of ＂centralities＂ as well as their developments over the past four decades （1974-2014） in approaches to urban development that has been developed in Graz.~ The analysis has drawn on the four editions （＂evolution＂） of approaches to urban development as conceived by the city of Graz in order to examine their verbal characteristics in regard to centralities. At the same time, the analysis does not examine presentations of plans which exist in supplementary forms （e.g., explanatory reports and supplemented plans）--it restricts itself solely to the various plans set out in the STEKs.2 The highest degree of accuracy has been applied to the notion of ＂centralis＂ in approaches to urban development. The goal of the research project was to depict the modulation of the notion of ＂centrality＂ in the urban context as a space-forming dimension. Furthermore, it clearly shows the extent to which the notion of the ＂centre＂ （in the widest sense of the word） has become distanced from qualitative, spatial development and at the current time of urban development is experiencing a sort of Renaissance. In the field of ＂urban development＂, architectural references in the context of＂centrality＂ have scarcely been researched. This has led to the opening-up of a complex interdisciplinary research field. In order to make the complex architectural determinants of ＂centrality＂ more accessible to the participating disciplines, approaches to urban development have been explored in the form of a social and spatial analysis.

Discussion on Green Development of Fenlong for Yield Increase, Quality Enhancing, Water Retaining and Multiple Use of Natural Resources

Fenlong green ecological agriculture technology （Fenlong technology）, a new smash ridging farming method developed by Guangxi Academy of Agdcultural Sciences, has been elected as the recommended cultivation technique by the Ministry of Agriculture of China. It replaces the traditional plowshare with spiral drill, and its tilth depth is twice deeper than that by tractor tilthing. It also extends soil nutrient, moisture, oxygen and microorganism, the so-called ＂Four pools＂. Soil nutrient, oxygen, microorganism, light and rainfall use ratio is increased by 10%-100%, creating a platform for natural increase of more than 10% of crop yield. Its application to over 20 kinds of crops in 21 provinces has proved that the yield increases 10-30% with quality enhancing 5% and double water retaining capacity but no more input. When the application area of Fenlong could reach 67 million hm2, the amount of fertilizer can be reduced by 40-50 billion kg, saving 120-150 billion Yuan. In this paper, we put forward the strategy of ＂4＋1＂ （arable, saline-alkali soil, grasslands, Sponge City ＋ rivers） green development in China, and deepened the Fenlong cultivated tilled layer from 16.5 cm to 35 cm for 67 million hm2 arable land, ridged 13.3 million hm2 of saline-alkali soil for 35 cm, and also 35 cm for 67 million hm2 degraded steppe, which could have the following 3 effects： first, the 147 million hm2 of land with Fenlong cultivation could increase loosing soil to 315.491 billion m3, in＊ creasing by 159.26% for 120 million hm2 of arable land with the average tilled layer of 16.5 cm, which has loosing soil of only 198.1 billion m3, that is, the space of the land increases 1.6 times. Second, every hectare of plowland could store up to 450 m3/hm2 of natural rainfall, and the unused 60 m3 of saline-alkali soil and grasslands could store water of 102 billion m3, showing an increase of over 88.89% for the current plowland storage of 54 billion m3 at now, that is, double the natural rainfall storage capacity. Third, the two multiple increase of natural resources application can bring trillions of resource activation, environmental cleaning, food security, citizens, health, economic, ecological and social benefits, and makes the Chinese nation move forward in green development. Its application in ＂big scientific research＂ and ＂One Belt And One Road＂ will contribute Chinese strength to the world.

Construction of Economic Urban Green Spaces with a Case Study of Shijiazhuang City

The accelerating urbanization has brought various problems in environment, land, fund and so on. With the guidance of market economy, economic urban green spaces have become the optimal choice in urban landscaping of China, which can not only improve urban landscapes, ecological environment, satisfy higher spiritual and cultural demands of people, but also create considerable economic benefits, and enhance the coordinated development of economy, society and environment. With Shijiazhuang City as an example, the approaches of constructing economic urban green spaces fit for Shijiazhuang City were analyzed in this study, to provide references for the construction of economic urban green spaces in other cities.

Study on the Spatial Development of Xining City,Qinghai Province of China

Regional development strategies for Xining City were proposed as:supported by Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,eastward development,integrated development of its administrative regions,and overall development of its urban and rural areas.Specifically,① Choosing a development orientation different from Lanzhou City,fully playing its own advantages,forming dual cores of this region;enhancing the industrial division and cooperation with Lhasa,pushing the joint regional development;realizing the integrated development with Haidong area(east of the Qinghai Lake);strengthening its spatial connection with Ge'rmu and Delingha,expanding its economic hinterland.② Integrating tourism development spaces,building the Greater Xining Economic Zone,pushing the construction of new countryside,realizing the integrated development of urban and rural areas.It was proposed that a "control area of urban development" should be established in Xining,its range should be defined and further classified into a double-layer spatial structure:core zone of urban development and peripheral town development zone.Spatial development laws of Xining City were studied,its urban development conditions analyzed,then development strategies of its major urban district proposed,specifically,building a central urban development corridor first,enhancing the cohesive force of Xining City,forming a plate spatial development mode,strengthening the axial combined effects of service functions,improving the energy level of urban development;then building waterfront spaces of "three rivers and six banks".

Coordinated development of land multi-function space: An analytical framework for matching the supply of resources and environment with the use of land space for ecological protection, agricultural production and urban construction

Based on the carrying capacity of the resources and the environment,this article defines the connotation of the land multifunctional space(LMFS)from three aspects,ecological protection,agricultural production and urban construction,in the new era of land space planning system.Moreover,a framework is constructed for the coordinated development of the multi-functional oriented space to match the use of land space(ULS)with the supply of resources and environment(SRE).Based on this,the technology and methods of comprehensive evaluation,dominance recognition,and matching relationship division functions of the use of land space(FULS)and functions of the supply of resources and environment(FSRE)are discussed.The advantageous functions of the use of land space(AFULS)and advantageous functions of the supply of resources and environment(AFSRE)are also identified in the study area.A LMFS coordinated development system integrating“function position-comprehensive partition-regulation strategy”is proposed.Through the empirical study of Shandong province,we found that,first,the FULS of ecological protection space in the province is mainly found in high value areas,and the FSRE is mainly in low value areas,which has certain complementarity in the space.The FULS of agricultural production space is mainly observed in high value areas,the FSRE is mainly in middle value areas,and the spatial distribution is balanced and staggered.The FULS of the urban construction space and the FSRE are mainly in middle values areas,and the spatial distribution is basically similar.Second,the FULS in the study area is dominated by the single advantage of agricultural production and urban construction,while the FSRE has a relatively balanced distribution of the advantages of ecological protection,single agricultural production and compound advantages of agricultural production and urban construction,and urban construction and ecological protection.The matching between the two is mainly at high and middle levels.Specifically,70%of the province’s land space still has a certain development and utilization potential,and 30%of ULS intensity is close to or exceeds the resource and environment carrying capacity.Third,considering the comprehensive impact of resource endowment,social and economic development and policy and institutional environment on different matching relationships,this paper constructs the land spatial development strategic pattern of“two screens-seven regions-multicore”positioning and“four regions-eight categories”hierarchical area of Shandong at the macro level,and puts forward a differentiated land space development strategy.

A Study on the Factors Influencing the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas Based on State-space Model

The increasingly widening income gap between urban and rural areas is affected by many factors. Using the stepwise regression analysis,we find that urbanization level,socio-economic development,education level,financial development scale and financial development efficiency have the greatest impact on the income gap between urban and rural areas. By cointegration test,it is found that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between these five variables and the income gap between urban and rural areas. We build the state-space model to research the dynamic impact of these factors on the income gap between urban and rural areas. The results show that by improving the level of urbanization,we can effectively narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas,while socio-economic development,the improvement of education level,expansion of financial development scale and financial development efficiency all significantly expand the income gap between urban and rural areas.

Protection and Development of Children's Creativity Based on the Creation of Child-friendly Cities

The present society values the protection and development of children’s creativity,and adopted measures in many aspects,but there are still many children’s ideas that are guided by mechanization,so that their creativity is bound,eventually making less likely to children’s development.Therefore,in the construction of children’s friendly cities,it is necessary to pay special attention to the protection and development of children’s creativity.In this paper,through a large number of cases,the protection and development of children’s creativity under the establishment of child-friendly cities were studied and discussed,and the construction principles and methods for this problem,as well as specific measures were put forward.

国内外城市地下空间标准现状与发展

近年来,随着我国城市化快速发展,城市地面空间资源难以负荷,国家大力支持开发利用城市地下空间。本文概述我国城市地下空间开发和利用的发展历程和城市地下空间开发利用保护工作的相关政策,梳理我国现行城市地下空间标准以及国际国外现行城市地下空间标准,并分析存在的问题。针对存在的问题,参考当前国际上现有标准,提出城市地下空间标准发展建议,逐步建立和完善我国城市地下空间标准体系,促进我国城市地下空间可持续发展。

城乡空间高质量融合发展路径研究——以关中平原城市群为例

深入实施区域协调发展和新型城镇化战略是基于城乡社会发展实际,推动我国全面高质量发展的重要抓手。关中平原城市群作为我国西部地区经济社会发展的重要空间载体,其城镇空间、乡村空间和区域经济发展具有一定的地域特征和代表性。基于新时代背景,构建城乡空间高质量融合发展内涵和发展模式的理论框架。通过对关中平原城市群城乡发展核心问题研判,提出以“中心城镇拉动”“乡村崛起推动”等为代表的城乡融合发展动力机制,从优化城乡空间格局、构建城乡产业体系、推进城乡基础设施互通、统筹城乡公共服务共享、健全城乡要素流动保障等方面探索关中城市群适宜性发展路径,助推关中平原城市群城乡空间高质量融合发展。

城市更新的参与式治理:从物质空间到社会空间

从全生命周期关注城市更新已引起政策和实践的重视,但现有研究多关注城市更新的空间建设和实现阶段,对于城市更新空间的后续维护和使用阶段却相对较少关注。通过对上海社区层面的微更新、街区层面的生活圈建设、城市层面的滨江滨河空间贯通等三个层次案例的分析发现,城市更新是否带来期待的社会效果不仅取决于物质空间建设,还取决于是否通过参与式治理形成了有序的社会空间。物质空间的建设可在短时间内完成,但有序社会空间的形成需要较长时间的磨合和探索。从城市更新到美好生活需要重视物质空间供给后引发的社会空间问题,以参与式治理推动城市更新的可持续发展。