An Application of the RAMS/FLUENT System on the Multi-Scale Numerical Simulation of the Urban Surface Layer—A Preliminary Study

The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System （RAMS） and the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） codes known as FLUENT are combinatorially applied in a multi-scale numerical simulation of the urban surface layer （USL）. RAMS and FLUENT are combined as a multi-scale numerical modeling system, in which the RAMS simulated data are delivered to the computational model for FLUENT simulation in an offline way. Numerical simulations are performed to present and preliminarily validate the capability of the multi-scale modeling system, and the results show that the modeling system can reasonably provide information on the meteorological elements in an urban area from the urban scale to the city-block scale, especially the details of the turbulent flows within the USL.

Numerical Simulation Experiment of Land Surface Physical Processes and Local Climate Effect in Forest Underlying Surface

Based on the basic principles of atmospheric boundary layer and plant canopy micrometeorology, a forest underlying surface land surface physical process model and a two-dimensional atmospheric boundary layer numerical model are developed and numerical simulation experiments of biosphere and physiological processes of vegetation and soil volumetric water content have been done on land surface processes with local climate effect. The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with realistic observations, which can be used to obtain reasonable simulations for diurnal variations of canopy temperature, air temperature in canopy, ground surface temperature, and temporal and spatial distributions of potential temperature and vertical wind velocity as well as relative humidity and turbulence exchange coefficient over non-homogeneous underlying surfaces. It indicates that the model developed can be used to study the interaction between land surface process and atmospheric boundary layer over various underlying surfaces and can be extended to local climate studies. This work will settle a solid foundation for coupling climate models with the biosphere.

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEATING ANOMALY EFFECTS OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON CIRCULATION IN SUMMER

A 5-layer numerical model with p-σ incorporated coordinate system and primitive equations is used to simulate the effects of heating anomaly at and over the Tibetan(Qinghai-Xizang)Plateau on the circulations in East Asia in sum- mer,The model is described briefly in the text and the results are analysed in somewhat detail.Results show that the sur- face albedo,the drag coefficient,the evaporation rate and the ground temperature all have large influences on the circula- tion near the Plateau and in East Asia.When the heating at the surface increases,the Tibetan high in the upper troposphere intensifies,too.Its area enlarges and its axis tilts to northwest.The upper tropical easterly increase and shifts to north.The southwesterly in the lower troposphere,in consistence,also increases.The cross-equatorial low-lev- el currents along Somali and South India are influenced to increase their speeds while those over North Australia de- crease.The land low over the Asian Continent deepens.Meanwhile the upward motions over the land of east China and over the Indo-China Peninsula intensify and therefore the precipitation over those areas increases.However,along the coastal area of China the upward motions and therefore the precipitation decrease. Atmospheric heat source anomaly has large influence on the circulation,too.Simulated results indicate that heat source anomaly in the lower atmosphere over the Plateau influences the intensity and the position of the monsoon circu- lation while that in the upper atmosphere only affects the intensity.The heating status over the Plateau has slight influ- ence on the westerly jet,north of the Plateau,while it has strong effect on the subtropical jet at the mid and low latitudes.

Large Eddy Simulation and Study of the Urban Boundary Layer

Based on a pseudo-spectral large eddy simulation (LES) model, an LES model with an anisotropy turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) closure model and an explicit multi-stage third-order Runge-Kutta scheme is established. The modeling and analysis show that the LES model can simulate the planetary boundary layer (PBL) with a uniform underlying surface under various stratifications very well. Then, similar to the description of a forest canopy, the drag term on momentum and the production term of TKE by subgrid city buildings are introduced into the LES equations to account for the area-averaged effect of the subgrid urban canopy elements and to simulate the meteorological fields of the urban boundary layer (UBL). Numerical experiments and comparison analysis show that: (1) the result from the LES of the UBL with a proposed formula for the drag coefficient is consistent and comparable with that from wind tunnel experiments and an urban subdomain scale model; (2) due to the effect of urban buildings, the wind velocity near the canopy is decreased, turbulence is intensified, TKE, variance, and momentum flux are increased, the momentum and heat flux at the top of the PBL are increased, and the development of the PBL is quickened; (3) the height of the roughness sublayer (RS) of the actual city buildings is the maximum building height (1.5-3 times the mean building height), and a constant flux layer (CFL) exists in the lower part of the UBL.

Physical simulation of urban rainfall infiltration

To meet the demand of urban rainwater integrated management,we designed and complemented a physical simulation experimental system of urban rainfall infiltration regulation parameters.We discuss the feasibility of quantitative regulations of urban underlying surface rainfall infiltration conditions and a practical application of a simulated experimental system.In a com- prehensive analysis of the composition of an effective rainwater harvesting system and selection of water storage material,we simulated the major parameters of an experimental area rainfall,soil moisture and water storage capacity by providing an effective regulation of the experimental area runoff coefficient,obtained from basic data.

Modeling the Warming Impact of Urban Land Expansion on Hot Weather Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model: A Case Study of Beijing, China

The impacts of three periods of urban land expansion during 1990–2010 on near-surface air temperature in summer in Beijing were simulated in this study, and then the interrelation between heat waves and urban warming was assessed. We ran the sensitivity tests using the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with a single urban canopy model,as well as high-resolution land cover data. The warming area expanded approximately at the same scale as the urban land expansion. The average regional warming induced by urban expansion increased but the warming speed declined slightly during 2000–2010. The smallest warming occurred at noon and then increased gradually in the afternoon before peaking at around 2000 LST—the time of sunset. In the daytime, urban warming was primarily caused by the decrease in latent heat flux at the urban surface. Urbanization led to more ground heat flux during the day and then more release at night, which resulted in nocturnal warming. Urban warming at night was higher than that in the day, although the nighttime increment in sensible heat flux was smaller. This was because the shallower planetary boundary layer at night reduced the release efficiency of near-surface heat. The simulated results also suggested that heat waves or high temperature weather enhanced urban warming intensity at night. Heat waves caused more heat to be stored in the surface during the day, greater heat released at night, and thus higher nighttime warming. Our results demonstrate a positive feedback effect between urban warming and heat waves in urban areas.

Comparisons of urban-related warming for Shenzhen and Guangzhou

Urban-related warming in two first-tier cities(Guangzhou and Shenzhen)in southern China with similar large-scale climatic backgrounds was compared using the nested weather research and forecasting regional climate model.The default urban data in the model were replaced by reconstructed annual urban data retrieved from satellite-based images for both coarse-(including all of China)and fine-resolution domains(eastern China and three city clusters in China:Beijing– Tianjin–Hebei(BTH),the Yangtze River Delta(YRD),and the Pearl River Delta(PRD)),which reproduced urban surface expansion during the past few decades.The results showed that the 37-year(1980–2016)area-averaged annual urban-related warming was similar(0.69°C/0.64°C)between the urban areas of Guangzhou/Shenzhen;however,the values across the entire area of the two cities varied(0.21°C/0.45°C).Seasonal characteristics could be detected for mean surface air temperatures(SAT)at 2 m,SAT maximum and minimum,and diurnal temperature range(DTR).Both the SAT maximum and minimum generally increased,especially over urban areas;however,changes in the SAT minimum were larger,which induced a decrease in DTR.The DTR in summer decreased by-0.25°C/-0.86°C across the entire area of the two cities and decreased by-0.93°C/-1.15°C over urban areas.The contributions of urban surface expansion to regional warming across the entire area of the two cities were approximately 17%/35%of the overall warming and much greater over Shenzhen.However,the values over urban areas were much closer to the values from total warming(35%/44%).

水库下采煤安全性评价分析

为了分析水库下采煤对水库及地表的影响,以某煤矿32采区为例,采用理论计算、数值模拟相结合的研究方法,分析了煤层开采后上覆岩层破坏形成的导水裂缝带高度,采用概率积分法和数值模拟得到了某煤矿地表水库地表最大下沉值和水平变形值。结果表明:导水裂缝带最大标高距底部的高差均大于250 m,导水裂缝带不会影响到水库安全,地表水平变形最大值远小于规定允许变形值,在地表水库下进行煤炭开采是安全的。通过32采区工作面的安全开采,验证了分析方法与结果的合理性。

A 2-D Non-local Closure Model for Atmospheric Boundary Layer Simulations

In this paper a new approach for PBL simulation, the non-local closure scheme based on the transient turbulence theory has been used. It was set up as an alternative to local closure schemes which physical concept is reasonable and distinct. A 2-D non-local closure model was developed in order to study the PBL structure and simulatesome interesting atmospheric processes over non-ulliform underlying surface, especially under the convective and unique weather conditions, such as sea-land circulation and the TIBL structure. The modelled results show good agreement with field measurement.

黄土地层地铁隧道水环境变化对地表沉降影响研究

黄土地层中城市地铁隧道水环境变化主要体现在地下水位升降和盾构衬砌管片渗水,地层中水位的变化及管片渗漏会进一步影响地表沉降。以某地铁区间隧道为背景,采用修正摩尔库仑模型(MM-C模型)和DP模型来描述复杂加卸载条件下的地层隆沉问题,并深入研究水环境变化下地表沉降规律。结果表明:盾构管片渗漏比从0.1增大到10期间,地表沉降增加了24%;管片渗漏块数从1增大到6块时,地表最大沉降增大了77%;地下水位下降5 m期间,地表最大沉降增大了1.2倍,水位降深每增加1 m,地表下沉量增加约7 mm;初始水位高度抬升5 m期间,地表最大沉降减小了37%。为了控制地表不发生过量隆沉,渗漏块数不宜超过3块,并应避免拱底管片发生破坏或渗漏,地下水位的回灌抬升高度及降水深度宜分别控制在3.0 m和2.0 m以内。

南京城市下垫面对夏季暴雨云团特征的影响

为了理解城市下垫面对降雨的影响机制,选取南京地区2次不同天气背景的降雨过程,利用中尺度气象模式和暴雨云团追踪算法开展数值试验,揭示城市下垫面对暴雨云团形态、结构和演进特征的影响机制。结果表明:当天气强迫较弱时,城市热岛效应增强大气边界层对流活动,暴雨云团进入城市后快速坍塌,云团数量减少,空间覆盖增大,降雨在城区增加;当天气强迫较强时,城市冠层影响暴雨云团特征,城市地区出现大量面积小、移动缓慢且空间结构“尖瘦”的暴雨云团,降雨在城区和城市下风向增加。城市下垫面对暴雨云团特征的影响与降雨前期天气强迫有关,更新了城市对降雨影响机制的传统认识,为城市地区暴雨临近预报和设计暴雨方法提供了科学支撑。

水库下采煤安全性评价分析研究

水体下采煤存在发生透水性灾害和严重地表塌陷等问题,为了分析水库下采煤对水库及地表的影响,以郑州矿区芦沟煤矿32采区为例,采用理论计算、数值模拟相结合的研究方法,确定煤层开采后上覆岩层破坏形成的导水裂缝带高度;采用概率积分法和数值模拟确定芦沟煤矿地表水库地表最大下沉值和水平变形值。结果表明,导水裂缝带最大标高距水库底部的高差均大于300 m,导水裂缝带不会影响到水库安全;地表水平变形最大值远小于规定允许变形值,在地表水库下进行煤炭开采是安全的。通过32采区工作面的安全开采,验证了分析方法与结果的合理性。

广东区域通风廊道识别初探

以广东省为例,通过绘制空气动力学粗糙长度,从动力学角度初步识别出通风潜力;利用数值模拟输出的冬夏季平均水平风场,结合近地面温度和粗糙长度加权后得到通风指数,发现城际尺度风道分布受季节热力差异影响,冬季通风能力显著优于夏季。将通风评价结果划分为4个等级,从广东全域尺度分冬、夏两季识别了潜在风道。

红树梁煤矿沟下开采地表沉陷规律研究

以准格尔煤田红树梁煤矿6105工作面为研究对象,通过设立地表GNSS智能观测站,综合现场实测数据和概率积分法对工作面采后地表沉陷规律进行研究。结果显示,工作面最大下沉值为7 797 mm,充分采动后边界角为66°,移动角为70°,裂缝角为72°,基于概率积分法预测模型与地表实测数据基本吻合,精确性良好;建立了不同沟谷参数的数值计算模型研究沟谷对地表沉陷的影响规律,分析结果显示开采边界位于沟谷边坡中部下方时,对地表沉陷影响最大,沟谷的深度和坡度与地表沉陷基本呈正相关。

城市化对珠江三角洲强雷暴天气的可能影响

通过对2004年8月11日午后发生在珠江三角洲地区的一次强雷暴天气的高分辨数值模拟,研究了城市化发展可能对雷暴活动的影响问题,主要考察了与城市土地利用类型改变相关的“城市热岛”的形成和演变特征,城区粗糙度增大可能引起的低层辐合的增强过程,及其与雷暴发展强度变化的关系。结果表明模拟的雷暴发展和演变过程与这一地区城市化的发展有密切的联系。引进了更加真实的关于珠江三角洲地区的土地利用类型资料之后,耦合了陆面模式NoahLSM的MM5模式可以更加成功地模拟出强雷暴天气的发展和演变过程。雷暴系统移经主要城市区后在珠江口西岸的增强过程与这一地区“城市热岛”的效应有关。中午时热岛开始形成于广州城区的上空,之后向南移动,范围扩大。另外,城区粗糙度增大引起的低层辐合增强可能在雷暴发展和演变过程中也起到了作用。模拟的与城市影响有关的低层辐合主要位于500m以下的近地面层,开始时形成于城市的上风方向,并在下风方向增强,由此引起的强烈上升运动有利于新的对流的启动和发展,促使雷暴强度增强。

南京地区城市下垫面特征对雷暴过程影响的数值模拟

本文选取2011年7月23日发生在南京的一次雷暴个例,利用中尺度数值模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model),耦合Noah/UCM,并采用NCEP FNL 1°×1°每日4次的全球分析场资料作为初始场及南京自动站观测数据等,对南京地区城市下垫面特征对雷暴过程的影响进行了数值模拟。结果表明:模拟的雷暴发生发展过程与该地区城市下垫面有着密切的联系。首先,雷暴发生前期,南京地区热岛效应明显。其次,城市上空的感热通量较高,结合城郊下垫面热力差异造成的城市热岛环流,加强了城区的辐合上升,为雷暴的形成提供了重要的抬升作用。城市下垫面扩张,使其上空边界层高度相应提升,垂直混合高度增加,有助于对流云的发展。此外,城市下垫面加强了大气低层的扰动位温,为雷暴提供了不稳定的层结条件。最后,城市地表较大的粗糙度使雷暴降水在城区低层的迎风面一侧明显增强。

水汽含量对飑线组织结构和强度影响的数值试验

利用2009年6月3～4日一次产生大风、冰雹强对流天气的飑线个例进行数值试验,研究整层水汽含量及其垂直分布对中尺度对流系统的发生发展过程、组织类型和强度等的影响.本文的试验表明环境场中不同的水汽含量和垂直分布,会影响下沉气流和冷池的强度,从而影响对流的组织形态、维持时间和强度.整层水汽试验表明,增加（减少）水汽,对流增强（减弱）,冷池和雷暴高压增强（减弱）导致大风增强（减弱）.增加水汽越多发展阶段冷池强度越强,最大风速越强,但成熟阶段后期冷池减弱的越快,层状云区的后部入流减弱,不利于雷暴大风的出现和维持.不同层次水汽试验表明,在保持整层水汽含量不变的情况下,线状对流和雷暴大风易发生在中层干、下层湿的环境中,这种层结条件对雷暴高压的增强有重要作用,但不利于整个对流系统的长时间维持.

城市规划中绿化布局对区域气象环境影响的数值试验研究

城市的植被覆盖对城市区域的气象环境有重要影响.为了探讨利用区域边界层气象模式来研究这种影响的可行性,本文以北京为例,采用北京地区目前的城市规划资料以及拟议中的绿化方案,初步模拟分析了不同绿化带布局对北京市冬夏气象环境的影响,并进行了讨论.同时对地气相互作用过程中的各种地面通量进行一些定量分析,以研究其对气象环境的影响.通过本文工作发现,所用区域边界模式能够较细致地模拟出城市规划中绿化布局对区域气象环境的影响.结果表明:绿化林和绿化草地的增加会导致地面风速减小,一般减小0 5m s;在冬天算例中,北部绿化林和绿化草地会造成白天轻微增温,夜间微弱降温,幅度约为0 5～1℃,东南面绿化带对市区内气象环境影响不大;在夏天算例中,北部绿化林使气温降低,最大幅度约为2℃,东南面绿化林降低北京市区南部的气温,有利于缓解北京夏季的高温灾害.

珠三角城市环境对对流降水影响的模拟研究

采用具有2km分辨率的中尺度气象模式WRF及其耦合的单层城市冠层模式,以及Thompson云微物理方案,针对广州市附近发生的一次对流风暴过程,模拟研究了城市环境包括城市地表性质变化、城市空气污染可能引起的云粒子浓度增大现象对对流降水发展的影响问题。结果表明城市地表引起的热岛和干岛效应,可造成城市边界层高度升高,有利于城区附近辐合流场形成和不稳定能量增大。模拟结果显示,城市地表作用可在广州市南北各形成一个对流有效位能CAPE增大的辐合区,模拟对流降水回波起始发展于这些具有高不稳定能量的辐合区,并与观测雷达回波特征相一致,反映出城市地表对对流的起始发展及其发生位置有更直接作用。对流发展起来后,敏感试验反映出高云粒子浓度(污染)情形中有更多降水形成,降水增多可达20%以上。诊断分析发现降水增多与对流云中有更多雨水及过冷却云水形成有关系。增多的云水雨水通过相应的由于潜热释放增加引起的强上升运动被传送到较高层次,引起云中冻结过程及液态水和冰相物质之间的相互作用增强,从而导致更多冰相物质形成、降落地面降水增多。

一种单层城市冠层模式的建立及数值试验研究

本文在引进先进的城市地表能量平衡方案(Town Energy Balance,简称TEB)的基础上建立了一个单层城市冠层模式,并对南京市典型居民区1km2范围内的局地尺度地表能量平衡各分量进行离线模拟,将模拟结果与同期观测值作了比对,发现:TEB方案对城市地表能量平衡各分量的模拟效果良好,而该方案的模拟性能受建筑物表面材料反照率取值的影响较大。在离线研究的基础上,本文又将TEB方案成功耦合到南京大学区域边界层模式(NJU-RBLM)中,作为该模式的地表能量平衡参数化方案之一,分别选取该边界层模式中原有的地表能量平衡参数化方案SVAT(Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfermodel)和新引入的TEB方案对冬夏两季不同个例进行模拟,以常规近地面气温观测资料和Landsat卫星观测的地表反照率资料对模拟结果进行比较,结果表明:TEB方案对原大气边界层模式的模拟效果有明显改善,对近地面热力场的改善效果尤为明显,可以很好地模拟出城市冠层中的"陷阱效应"。