Mapping and measuring urban-rural inequalities in accessibility to social infrastructures

Equal access to social infrastructures is a fundamental prerequisite for sustainable development,but has long been a great challenge worldwide.Previous studies have primarily focused on the accessibility to social infras-tructures in urban areas across various scales,with less attention to rural areas,where inequality can be more severe.Particularly,few have investigated the disparities of accessibility to social infrastructures between urban and rural areas.Here,using the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration,China,as an example,we investigated the inequality of accessibility in both urban and rural areas,and further compared the urban-rural difference.Accessibility was measured by travel time of residents to infrastructures.We selected four types of social infrastructures including supermarkets,bus stops,primary schools,and health care,which were funda-mentally important to both urban and rural residents.We found large disparities in accessibility between urban and rural areas,ranging from 20 min to 2 h.Rural residents had to spend one to two more hours to bus stops than urban residents,and 20 min more to the other three types of infrastructures.Furthermore,accessibility to multiple infrastructures showed greater urban-rural differences.Rural residents in more than half of the towns had no access to any infrastructure within 15 min,while more than 60%of the urban residents could access to all infrastructures within 15 min.Our results revealed quantitative accessibility gap between urban and rural areas and underscored the necessity of social infrastructures planning to address such disparities.

The Approaches to Narrowing Urban-Rural Income Gap——From the Perspective of Rural Social Security

From the situations about the incomes and life quality of the urban and rural residents,the thesis briefly introduces the status quo of the urban-rural income gap and explores the impact of the income gap on social economy:firstly,it hampers economic development;secondly,it is detrimental to the social development.Then the thesis analyzes the role of a sound social security in narrowing urban-rural income gap:at first,it broadens the institutional environment of improving the agricultural efficiency;secondly,it eliminates the uncertainties influencing the farmers' income;thirdly,it improves the farmers' capacity to increase income;at last,it enhances the farmers' consciousness of wealth.Next the thesis inquires into the problems existing in the system of rural social security:the first problem is more obviously fragmented system;the second is inadequate security projects and narrower coverage;the third is an obvious lack of equality in urban and rural security;the fourth is even less sound management system;the last is the lagging of legislation.Afterwards the thesis proposes the countermeasures and suggestions to improve the system of rural social security and narrow urban-rural income gap:firstly,to integrate the social security system in rural areas;secondly,to perfect security projects and enhance the security system;thirdly,to integrate the administrative management of social security;at last,to enforce the legal system.

Comparative Research on Prediction Model of China's Urban-rural Residents' Income Gap

By using the data concerning China's urban-rural residents' income gap from 1978 to 2010,this paper mainly researches the application of several kinds of models in predicting China's urban-rural residents' income gap.By conducting empirical analysis,we establish ARIMA prediction model,grey prediction model and quadratic-polynomial prediction model and conduct accuracy comparison.The results show that quadratic-polynomial prediction model has excellent fitting effect.By using quadratic-polynomial prediction model,this paper conducts prediction on trend of China's urban-rural residents' income gap from 2011 to 2013,and the prediction value of income gap of urban-rural residents in China from 2011 to 2013 is 14 173.20,15 212.92 and 16 289.67 yuan respectively.Finally,on the basis of analysis,corresponding countermeasures are put forward,in order to provide scientific basis for energy planning and policy formulation:first,strengthen government's function of public service,coordinate resources,and strive to provide an equal opportunity of development for social members,so as to promote people's welfare and promote social equality;second,breach industrial monopoly and bridge income gap between employees in monopoly industry and general industry;last but not the least,support,encourage and call for government to establish social relief fund,adjust residents' income distribution from the non-governmental perspective,and endeavor to promote the income level of low-income class.

Granger Causality Test of Urban-rural Income Gap and Employment of Rural Labor Forces——A Case Study of Shouguang City

Taking Shouguang City in Shandong Province as an example, this article researches the mutual relationship between urban-rural income and employment of rural labor forces, and conducting cointegration test and Granger causality test on the variable sequences using statistical data. The results show that the average annual income of rural labor forces influences the income per capita of rural residents, and there is a Granger causality relationship between the income per capita of rural residents and urban employees' average wage. Engaging in production concerning agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery makes the total income per capita in rural areas of Shouguang City higher than the average wage of urban residents in Shouguang City, even in Weifang City. The comparative advantage in terms of income causes the city to loose attraction to rural residents in Shouguang City. The comparative advantage drives more rural labor forces in Shouguang City to engage in primary industry, thereby greatly reducing the pressure of employment and transfer of rural labor forces. Finally important following measures are put forward to promote employment and on-the-spot transfer of rural labor forces: vigorously propel agricultural industrialization; increase rural residents' income; improve the living conditions for rural residents.

Research on the Impact of Rural Labour Forces Transfer on the Urban-rural Income Based on Economics of Discrimination

On the basis of the analytical frame of discrimination, the thesis establishes a model of transfer of rural labour forces into city, and researches the impact of rural labour forces transfer on urban-rural income. The results show that the transfer of rural labour forces into city can increase urban-rural income and bridge the income gap between city and village to a certain extent. However, the capital stock of city in China is greatly more than that of the village, so the rural labour forces transfer cannot eliminate the urban-rural income gap completely. In order to elevate the rural income level in China and narrow urban-rural income gap, the government should paint a picture with two brushes at the same time: on one hand, the government should promote the transfer of rural labour forces into city, and change the status quo of dual urban-rural labour forces market structure; on the other hand, the government should increase the input in rural areas and promote the increase of rural capital stock so as to further increase rural residents' income in the process of labour forces transfer.

Research and Analysis on Difference in Per Capita Net Income of Chinese Rural Residents

The study aims to understand the variation of difference in per capita net income of rural residents during China's economic development in recent years. The writer studies and analyzes rural residents' income gap between 1997 and 2008 with relevant theories of income difference and the calculation of absolute difference index as well as relative difference index and obtains the conclusion that absolute difference of Chinese rural residents' income experienced an upward trend while relative difference generally remained constant with slight fluctuation and growth, which reflects that rural residents' income gap is increasing gradually. The writer also puts forward some related proposals and countermeasures.

Empirical analysis of influence on economic growth of China by income distribution difference

Based on a theoretic hypothesis that income inequality has both positive and negative effect on economic growth, this paper analyzes the influence of income distribution differences on economic growth of China by establishing a multivariate linear regression model. The influence of income distribution difference on the economic growth of China changes with the change of time. During a short period immediately after China implemented reform and opening up policy, income inequality has a positive influence on the economic growth of China. However, along with the passing of time, such positive influence has become weaker and weaker and even convertes into negative effective. This paper proposes several advices with policy to restrain the difference of income distribution from expanding and weaken its negative effect on economic growth of China.

Influence of RMB exchange rate fluctuation on urban-rural income from the perspective of transmission asymmetry

Based on time series data of RMB exchange rate and urban-rural income, this paper makes an empirical study for the influence of RMB exchange rate fluctuation on urban-rural income by utilizing rolling regression model through direct and indirect transmission mechanisms. According to the results, the transmission effect of RMB exchange rate fluctuation on urban-rural income has features of incompleteness and asymmetry. Moreover, RMB appreciation will help to reduce the urban-rural income gap. Therefore, this paper suggests that the Chinese economy should accelerate the course of transforming mode, adjusting structure and promoting development under the new normal. Meanwhile, reform of RMB exchange rate mechanism should be promoted, living standard of residents must be improved, and the urban-rural income gap should be reduced.

The Impact of the Upgrading of Industrial Structure in the Yangtze River Delta on the Urban-Rural Income Gap

Firstly,this paper conducts theoretical analysis and current situation analysis,and then proposes research hypotheses.Secondly,using spatial Dubin model and partial differential method,it empirically studies the impact of industrial structure advancement and rationalization on the urban-rural income gap.The results show that:(1)Both industrial structure and urban-rural income gap have significant spatial dependence;(2)The increase in the industrial structure rationalization will narrow the urban-rural income gap in local region,while its spillover effect on neighboring areas is not obvious.(3)The impact of the industrial structure advancement on the urban-rural income gap is not linear.It is first expanded and then narrowed.The industrial structure advancement in the Yangtze River Delta will generally narrow the urban-rural income gap at this stage.Finally,this paper put forward relevant suggestions.

Social Capital,Financial Literacy and Lending Behaviour of Farmers with Different Incomes--Evidence Based on CHFS 2015 Data

Using microdata from the China Household Financial Survey Project(CHFS 2015),a negative binomial model is used to study the impact of social capital and financial literacy on the lending behavior of farmers with different incomes.The study found that the positive impact of social capital on the formal borrowing behavior of low-and middle-income farmers was significant,while the impact on informal borrowing behavior and both types of borrowing behavior of highincome farmers were not significant.Financial literacy has a significant positive effect on formal lending behavior only for high-income farmers.Financial literacy has a significant positive effect on formal lending behavior only for high-income farmers.

How China's Grain-for-Green Project Contributes to Farmers' Income Growth

Initially intended to prevent water and soil erosion, China's Grain-for-Green Project(GGP) also has had economic impacts on farmers' income and employment. Based on the poverty monitoring survey data between 2006-2010 from National Bureau of Statistics(NBS), this paper evaluates the GGP's policy effects with respect to farmers' income, non-agricultural employment and poverty alleviation. Our findings suggest that contributing to the GGP, farmers' income including GGP subsidies increased significantly compared with the pre-GGP level; however, if GGP subsidies are not taken into account, the increase in farmers' non-agricultural income after the GGP could only compensate for the income losses from farmland reduction, showing an insignificant effect. Second, there exist significant differences on employment tendency among GGP households. High-income households tend to engage in operation business in forestry, livestock and fishery activities, while medium-income families are more inclined to seek employment outside, and the differences attribute to the inter-group intrinsic characteristics. Lastly, the GGP's poverty alleviation effect varies with the difference in poverty standard. Overall, the GGP's poverty alleviation effect is significant.

The relationship between rural surplus labor transfer,urbanization and income gap

Based on the time series data of Shandong province from 2001 to 2018,a VAR model consisting of three variables,namely,rural surplus labor transfer,urbanization and urban-rural income gap,was constructed,and the interaction among the three variables and their characteristics were empirically analyzed.The results show that urbanization and rural surplus labor transfer are Granger causation to each other,and there is a positive correlation between urban-rural income gap and rural surplus labor force in long-term equilibrium,while there is a negative correlation between urban-rural income gap and rural surplus labor force transfer.Therefore,it is necessary to fully recognize the relationship between the transfer of rural surplus labor,urbanization and urban-rural income gap,accelerate the urbanization construction,promote the rural surplus labor to gather in cities,and gradually narrow the urban-rural income gap.

What Your Poo Says About Your Income?

A laboratory in the University of Queensland is storing some unusual specimens:the human waste of more than one-fifth of the Australian population.Thesamples,collectedfrom wastewater treatment plants across the country,frozen and mailed to researchers,have been described as a treasure trove of insight into the dietary and drug habits of different communities.

新个人所得税改革对中低收入群体劳动供给的影响——基于中国家庭追踪调查的研究

如何通过科学的财税政策应对劳动年龄人口减少、推进共同富裕是学术界和政策界面临的共同命题,其中,收入所得税对激发劳动力市场活力、促进中低收入群体劳动参与的作用尤其引人注目。基于中国家庭追踪调查2016—2020年的三期面板数据,采取双重差分法分析2018年个人所得税改革对劳动供给的影响。实证结果表明:提高个税免征额促进了中低收入群体的劳动参与,但未显著增加劳动时间。经过更换回归模型、安慰剂检验等一系列稳健性检验后,研究结论依然成立。异质性分析显示,个税免征额提高对劳动供给的影响在不同性别和婚姻状况的群体中存在差异,对女性群体、已婚群体的劳动参与影响更大。机制上,新税改显著降低了个体由于照料家庭而退出劳动力市场的情况。因此,未来个税政策的改革方向应包括:持续关注重点人群的收入情况,有效发挥个税调节收入分配的功能;充分考虑个税改革对于女性和已婚群体劳动供给更强的激励作用,积极推行鼓励已婚女性就业的税收优惠政策;进一步细化专项附加扣除项目或标准,增强劳动者获得感,激励低收入群体就业,助力共同富裕。

我国中等收入群体的成长机制及其区域差异

二十大报告指出:“中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化。”扩大中等收入群体是实现全体人民共同富裕的重要途径。本文首先在理论上从需求侧和供给侧两端建构了推动中等收入群体成长的机制框架,接着使用CGSS2010—2021年调查数据,对不同地区中等收入群体的成长过程与成长机制进行了系统分析。研究发现,在不同地区,中等收入群体的整体成长以及中等收入群体内部结构变化都不一样;经济发展未必一定推动中等收入群体的成长,收入再分配政策与经济结构升级也发挥着重要作用。本文强调,要想有效扩大中等收入群体,必须加强有关具体政策效果的实证分析。

薪酬税收激励与劳动收入份额

我国推动企业高质量发展的税收优惠政策多数偏向资本要素,而激励使用劳动要素的较少。前者通常不利于提升劳动收入份额,后者的影响又如何呢?对此,本文基于2008年薪酬抵税改革运用双重差分实证分析。研究发现:薪酬税收激励能提升劳动收入份额,在样本均值处约上升4.62%。该政策促进企业提高薪酬待遇,且普通员工受益大于管理层,并且对企业效率和效益均有正向影响。综合来看,此类税收优惠政策能更好兼顾高质量发展和共同富裕,践行“在高质量发展中促进共同富裕”宜更多运用。

市场型环境规制与劳动收入份额——基于绿色信贷政策视角

本文以2012年颁布的《绿色信贷指引》作为研究对象,在理论层面分析了其影响劳动收入份额的作用机制,并基于微观企业数据,运用双重差分法评估该政策对企业劳动收入份额的具体影响。研究发现:(1)绿色信贷政策显著降低了污染企业劳动收入份额,作用渠道主要是加剧企业的资本深化过程,而不是缩减产出规模,同时外部融资约束也会对劳动收入份额产生影响;(2)该政策显著提升企业劳动生产率,并且资本深化过程对劳动生产率也会产生影响;(3)绿色信贷在市场集中度更高以及技术偏向较低的企业中对劳动收入份额的负向影响更大,同时企业更强的偿债能力对劳动收入份额具有正向作用。本文为进一步推进环境规制与劳动收入分配的协同发展提供了重要经验证据。

性别视角下教育代际流动对代际收入流动影响的差异

教育代际流动可以映射社会长期流动模式和开放程度,合理的教育代际流动能够有效促进代际收入流动,推进社会公平。本文基于2021年对全国出生于1976-2000年已完成学业并进入劳动力市场的1682份抽样调查样本数据,分析教育代际流动对代际收入流动影响的性别差异。研究发现,我国教育代际流动性明显增强,两性差异日渐消弭;低教育水平家庭的女性实现教育高阶向上流动的比例增加,男性教育代际的顶部传递优势依然显著;父代收入仍对代际收入流动起关键作用,女性的代际收入关联度高于男性;教育代际向上流动能有效阻断父代的代内收入差距向个体传递,教育代际向下流动则会加剧代际收入传递固化,且这一影响更多作用于女性。

中国中等收入群体规模测度与变动趋势分析

中等收入群体规模的壮大,是共同富裕的重要标志。在梳理相关研究,尝试将官方数据按还原法进行处理后,以多种方法按绝对标准和相对标准测算和比较了中国整体、城乡之间及地区之间中等收入群体的规模差异和变化,发现在考察期内伴随经济增长按绝对标准的中等收入群体规模大幅提升,而按相对标准的中等收入群体规模总体呈现先下降后上升的趋势,与基尼系数变动方向相反并呈现规律性;对城乡分别考察发现中等收入群体绝大部分集中于城镇,近些年城乡差距较为稳定,甚至有缩小态势;通过比较分析各省区数据发现省际差异明显,中等收入群体规模与各省区生产总值呈明显正相关;三大地区比较也差别明显,但相互间分配格局有改善趋势;据此所做趋势预测表明,通过艰苦努力至2035年全国中等收入群体比重有望大幅提升。