Self-similarity of spanwise rotational motions’population trends in decelerating open-channel flow

Decelerating open-channel flow is a type of flow that gradually moves forward with decreasing velocity and increasing water depth.Although all flow parameters change along the streamwise direction,previous studies have revealed that these parameters’vertical distributions at different sections can be universally described with a single profile when being nondimensionalised by appropriate scales.This study focuses on the population trends of spanwise rotational motions at various sections along the main flow direction by particle imaging velocimetry(PIV)measurement.The wall-normal population distributions of density,radius,swirling strength,and convection velocity of the prograde and retrograde motions show similar trends in uniform open-channel flows.The dimensionless representation is invariant along the main flow direction.This study’s results indicate the self-similar characteristic of population trends of spanwise rotational motions prevails in decelerating open-channel flow.

Population Genetic Structure in Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Cultivars Revealed by Fluorescent-AFLP Markers in Southern Xinjiang,China

Population-wide genetic structure was studied using fluorescent-AFLP markers on 85 apricot （Prunus armeniaca L.） cultivars collected from Kuche, Kashi, Hetian in the Tarim Basin, southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic structure and genotypic diversity among the different eco-geographical populations. Based on the results from this study, 8 pairs of fluorescent-AFLP primers showed clear electrophoregram and high polymorphism amongst the 64 pairs of EcoR Ⅰ/Mse Ⅰ （Mse Ⅰ - a FAM fluorescent marked primer） primers screened. There was a significant polymorphic difference for the same primer pair in different populations and for the same population with different primer pairs. The percentage of polymorphic loci （P） at species level was higher than Kuche, Hetian, Kashi population levels, respectively. The Nei＇s gene diversity index （H） and Shannon＇s information index （I） at species level were higher than those of Kuche, Hetian, and Kashi at population level, respectively. H and I of Kuche population were the highest amongst the three populations. Apricot population genetic diversity was found mainly within the population, Genetic differentiation coefficient between populations （GST） was 0.0882. Gene flow Nm between the populations was 5.1689. Population genetic identity was between 0.9772-0.9811 and genetic distance was between 0.0191-0.0232. These results further indicated that the similarity between populations was higher and the genetic distance between populations was smaller. The UPGMA cluster analysis indicates that the geographical populations at Kuche, Kashi, Hetian were relatively independent Mendelian populations. Concurrently, there was also partial gene exchange between the populations. All the evidences indicated that the genetic diversity in Kuche population was the highest, suggesting that it could be a transition population from wild apricot to cultivated apricot. There were abundant genetic diversities in apricot cultivar populations in southern Xinjiang, China, which provide promising germplasm for further breeding and theoretical basis for biodiversity conservation and utilization for apricot population in this area.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Marsh Grassbird (Locustella pryeri sinensis) in China

We used sequences of mitochondrial control region （807bp） in 75 samples from three breeding colonies and one wintering population to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Marsh Grassbird （Locustella pryeri sinensis） in different regions of China. Marsh Grassbird retained a moderate amount of haplotype （0.759 ± 0.056） and nucleotide diversity （0.002）. The results of FST among 3 phy-logeographic units and ФST between breeding and wintering sites revealed little evidence of genetic distinction between different colonies. Neither UPGMA tree structure analysis nor Network picture analysis showed obvious divergence between populations at different locations. Analysis of molecular variance also showed a lack of regional subdivision within Locustella pryeri sinesis, 98.5% of source of variation within populations and only 1.5% among populations. The neutrality test showed negative Fu’s FS value, which, in combination with detection of the mismatch distribution, suggested that population expansion occurred in the evolu-tionary history of this species. This hypothesis was further supported by Tajima’s D test and Fu’s test （D = -1.80, p = 0.02; Fs = -22.11, p = 0.001）, this expansion was estimated to occur about 28,700 years ago.

Quadrature-based moment methods for the population balance equation: An algorithm review

The dispersed phase in multiphase flows can be modeled by the population balance model(PBM). A typical population balance equation(PBE) contains terms for spatial transport, loss/growth and breakage/coalescence source terms. The equation is therefore quite complex and difficult to solve analytically or numerically. The quadrature-based moment methods(QBMMs) are a class of methods that solve the PBE by converting the transport equation of the number density function(NDF) into moment transport equations. The unknown source terms are closed by numerical quadrature. Over the years, many QBMMs have been developed for different problems, such as the quadrature method of moments(QMOM), direct quadrature method of moments(DQMOM),extended quadrature method of moments(EQMOM), conditional quadrature method of moments(CQMOM),extended conditional quadrature method of moments(ECQMOM) and hyperbolic quadrature method of moments(Hy QMOM). In this paper, we present a comprehensive algorithm review of these QBMMs. The mathematical equations for spatially homogeneous systems with first-order point processes and second-order point processes are derived in detail. The algorithms are further extended to the inhomogeneous system for multiphase flows, in which the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) can be coupled with the PBE. The physical limitations and the challenging numerical problems of these QBMMs are discussed. Possible solutions are also summarized.

Genetic Variation and Differentiation in Wide Ranging Populations of Razor Clam(Sinonovacula constricta) Inferred from AFLP Markers

The genetic variation and differentiation of the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta distributed along the coast of China were studied through amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) analysis.Six primer combinations generated 193 fragments.The He values varied from 0.322 to 0.463 and the percentage of polymorphic loci ranged from 74.1% to 98.4%,which indicates a high level of genetic diversity.Cluster analysis by Nei's pairwise distance grouped all specimens by geographical origins.AMOVA consistently showed that genetic variation among populations was 8.71%,and most of the variation came from the genetic variation within populations(91.29%).Genetic differentiation among the six populations was moderate;pairwise FST ranged from 0.0282 to 0.1480,which indicated that S.constricta populations along the coast of China are genetically connected.Among all the six populations,the Beihai population is the mostly differentiated from the others,suggesting that Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula act as barriers to gene flow.All populations abide isolation by distance model as indicated by Mantel test,except for ZS(Zhoushan) and YQ(Yueqing) populations.Information obtained in this study will provide guidelines for conservation and fishery management of this species in the future.

Genetic Differentiation Analyses Based on mtDNA COⅡ Gene Sequences Among Different Geographic Populations of Aphis glycines(Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Northeast China

Aphis glycines （Hemiptera： Aphididae） is considered as a cosmopolitan pest of cultivated soybean, major difficulties in its control measures may be due to its higher genetic diversity; however, the knowledge about population genetic diversity of this species is limited. This study aimed to represent the genetic differentiation among different geographic populations of soybean aphid in Northeast China. In order to investigate and assess the genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, molecular variance, population structure, ecological importance and evolutionary history of A. glycines, we sequenced a fragment of one protein-coding gene, the cytochrome c oxidase I/of mitochondrial DNA gene. The results showed that four haplotypes were defined among CO 11 gene of 180 sequences of soybean aphid in Northeast China including H1 shared by all the populations. Lower haplotype diversity （Hd=0.3590± 0.0420） and nucleotide diversity （Pi=0.0012±0.0002） were observed and high gene flow was detected in every two populations, while most of the variation （80.81%） arose from variability within A. glycines from individuals. Low genetic differentiation and high gene flow （Nm=2.106） indicated a high migration rate between the populations, which might reveal that gene flow in different geographic populations did not affect by geographical distance. The phylogenetic tree and the haplotype network ofA. glycines were obtained based on sequences of CO Ⅱ gene, there were no significant genealogical branches or clusters recognized in NJ tree, and no clear distribution, delineation of haplotypes were demonstrated in the haplotype network according to geographical location. This study rejected the vicariance hypothesis： geographic isolation could be a barrier and it restricted A. glycines gene flow among 10 populations.

Population structure of the blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis revealed by SSCP data using the mitochondrial Cyt b and the nuclear ITS1 markers

The population genetic structure of the blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis was analyzed using 853 individual ticks collected from 12 sites along the eastern seaboard of the United States. PCR-based DNA single strand conformation polymorphism(SSCP) was used for analysis of one haploid locus, the mitochondrial cytochrome b(Cyt b), and one diploid locus, the internal transcribed spacer 1(ITS1) of nuclear ribosomal RNA. Seven haplotypes in the Cyt b locus and 13 genotypes in the ITS1 locus were identified. Population differentiation and isolation by distance were found. Distribution of haplotype and genotype frequencies across geographic regions suggests that two distinct populations exist along the Eastern Coast of the US. However, genetic variation among individuals within regions was large. This degree of variation suggests frequent gene flow between regions. Moreover, overall genetic diversity among individuals was much higher in ticks from the southern population.

Exploring detailed urban-rural development under intersecting population growth and food production scenarios: Trajectories for China’s most populous agricultural province to 2030

Henan,China,is likely the most populous agricultural province worldwide.It is China’s major grain-producing area,with a continuously increasing population(96 million),which is greater than 93%of countries worldwide.However,this province has been experiencing unprecedented urbanization recently due to national policies and measures,such as a plan to build the capital city of Henan into a national center,resulting in severe conflicts in land use that endanger food security regionally and globally.To facilitate decision-making on this problem,we explored the detailed urban-rural development of Henan by modeling these land-use conflicts.Conventional modeling of a region’s urban-rural development is to navigate trade-offs(a)solely between different land-use types(b)by assuming that each type provides a single service(e.g.,croplands produce all the food),and(c)under a polynomial regression-based projection of population.In contrast,we considered both land-use type and intensity,resulting in a detailed land system for Henan.By introducing the concept of land system services(e.g.,food production),we established a many-to-many relationship between land system classes and services.These allowed us to carry out the most comprehensive modeling of Henan’s urban-rural development under eighteen combined scenarios of population growth and land-use policies on food production.The modeling results of these scenarios provide a solid basis for making decisions regarding Henan’s urban-rural development.We also revealed the influence mechanism of population growth,land-use policies,and their combinations,highlighting the benefits of securing food production by agricultural intensification rather than merely expanding the area of cropland.

Population structure of the Atlantic sand fiddler crab Uca pugilator along the eastern coast of US revealed by molecular data

The Atlantic sand fiddler crab Uca pugilator is an extremely abundant crab found along the eastern coast of the United States. Fiddler crabs have a life cycle with an obligatory planktonic larval phase of 30-90 days,which might be expected to lead to widespread larval dispersal and consequent genetic homogeneity over considerable distances. However,a large amount of morphological and behavioral variation is found between northern and southern populations along the eastern coast. This study was undertaken to determine the population genetic structure of U.pugilator and to determine whether these differences may have a genetic basis. The population structure of the fiddler crab was analyzed using 472 individuals collected from 12 sites along the eastern coast. PCR-based single stand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) was used to investigate between-site variation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene of these individuals. Analysis of genetic variation indicated frequent gene flow between nearby localities,but much reduced levels between populations separated by larger geographic distances. Thus,despite the potential for high dispersal by planktonic larvae,population differentiation and isolation by distance is evident between northern and southern populations of U.pugilator. A high amount of genetic differentiation (F ST =0.3468) was found between northern and southern regions suggesting that the morphological and behavioral differences between these two regions have a genetic basis and may represent subspecies.

Analysis of Rural Population Planning in Liaoning Based on Push and Pull Theory

Data from the seventh national census show that the mobility of rural population in Liaoning is relatively active.Rural revitalization,as a major deployment for development in the new era,will undoubtedly face a variety of problems in the implementation process.Through the study of the relationship between rural revitalization and population,it is found that the loss of rural population is one of the important reasons that hinder rural economic development and lead to the imbalance of urban and rural economic development.According to the "push and pull theory" by the demographer Bagne,the paper analyzes the causes of rural population loss in Liaoning Province.The rural population backflow and two-way flow of urban and rural population in Liaoning Province is achieved through industrial interaction between urban and rural areas,innovative development of agriculture,steady follow-up of service industry and other measures,thus revitalizing the rural economy.

Urban Rural Disparity in Westernization Related Cancers and the Increasing Incidence in Parallel with Socioeconomic Development and Urbanization from 2000-2015 among a Rural Chinese Population: An Observational Study

Abstract China used to have great urban rural disparity in socioeconomic development. Since the late 1980s, rapid socioeconomic development and urbanization have been taking place in rural settings. It is epidemiologically established that cancer scale and profile will transit as economy prospers and urbanization develops. However, there are few published studies reporting what changes are undergoing in cancer pattern in Chinese rural settings. Population-based tumor registration data collected by us in urban Shijiazhuang city (available for 2,374,827 people in 2012) and in rural Shexian County (available for 408,995 people since 2000) were used for urban rural comparison of age standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of westernization-related cancers in 2012, and the trend of biennial ASIR of these cancers for 2000-2015 in Shexian County was examined following a decade of rapid socioeconomic development and urbanization. From 1988-2015, the Gross Domestic Product per Capita (GDP) in rural Shexian County increased from 860 to 3000 US$, and urbanization rate from 22.4% to 54.8%. The biennial ASIRs of lung, colorectal, gallbladder cancer and leukemia in both sexes, and that of breast, ovary, thyroid, and kidney cancer in women increased significantly from 2000 - 2015. The increase from 2000-2001 to 2014-2015 in man and women for lung cancer was from 15.9 to 34.7 per 105 (P = 0.05) and 9.6 to 16.7 (P = 0.00), for colorectal cancer from 6.6 to 15.9 (P = 0.00) and 4.0 to 11.7 (P = 0.00), for gallbladder cancer from 0.1 to 2.4 (P = 0.00) and 0.3 to 2.7 (P = 0.00), for leukemia from 2.8 to 7.7 (P = 0.00) and 2.3 to 6.2 (P = 0.00);and in women for cancer of breast from 2.8 to 17.3 (P = 0.00), kidney from 0.2 to 2.4 (P = 0.00), ovary from 0.2 to 4.3 (P = 0.00), and thyroid from 0.2 to 4.2 (P = 0.00). Notwithstanding these increases, their ASIRs in 2012 in Shexian County were still significantly lower than that in Shijiazhuang city. Westernization-related cancer is increasing rapidly in rural China. Comprehensive measures are needed to strengthen prevention to ensure sustainable development.

西北地区草地贪夜蛾种群遗传多样性分析及治理策略

旨在明确甘肃省草地贪夜蛾的入侵来源,并制定科学有效的防控对策。基于mtCOI基因分子标记分析中国草地贪夜蛾不同生态区8个省12个地理种群276个样品的遗传多样性指数、遗传分化系数及基因流等。结果表明,甘肃省草地贪夜蛾种群的单倍型多样性指数和平均核苷酸差异数分别为0.133~0.157与0.133~0.317,均低于中国周年繁殖区广东、广西、云南种群的0.157~0.819与1.033~7.705;所有种群的Tajima’s D中性检验和Fu’s F检验结果均为负值,表明草地贪夜蛾入侵中国后经历了明显的种群扩张事件。四川种群与其他种群遗传分化显著,62个种群间存在中等程度以上的基因交流。陕西略阳、陕西宁强、甘肃徽县、甘肃成县种群的有效迁入个体数和有效迁出个体数之和分别为11 860.66、11 708.65、10 878.66和10 379.32,在中国草地贪夜蛾的基因交流过程中具有中继站的作用,表明陕南汉水谷地为中国草地贪夜蛾西线北迁入侵西北的主要通道。

中国省际流动人口年龄模式及其特征——基于省级尺度的类型分析

基于全国第七次人口普查微观数据,以流量流动人口为研究对象,在描述中国各省区省际流出与流入人口年龄别流动率的基础上,结合聚类分析方法,类型化分析了中国31个省区的年龄别流出率和年龄别流入率,并进一步结合各省总省际流入率与流出率综合性地提炼出五种类型。分析结果表明,各省的省际流动人口年龄别流动率存在较大差异;四类流出模式和五类流入模式可以概括省际流动人口的年龄别流动率模式;结合各省总的流出率与流入率则可以将各省的年龄模式综合为五种类型。这些结果可以作为未来区域性人口预测的相关参数。最后还提出了有关人口迁移流动的定义问题、年龄模式的地域差异性反映了我国人口迁移转变的地区阶梯性,以及中国流动人口问题(甚至中国人口问题)的地域差异性。

基于新混合乌鸦搜索算法的置换流水车间调度

为了更加有效地求解以最大完工时间最小化为目标的置换流水车间调度问题,提出一种新混合乌鸦搜索算法(NHCSA)。首先,对一种基于NEH的启发式算法进行了改进,在此基础上提出新的方法以改善初始种群的质量和多样性;其次,采用SPV(Smallest-Position-Value)规则进行编码,使算法能够处理离散的调度问题;最后,针对迭代贪婪算法,提出了自动调整重插入工件范围的方法、引入了TB机制,并采用改进的迭代贪婪算法对最佳工件排序进行局部搜索,以提升算法收敛的精度。基于典型测试集进行了仿真测试,结果验证了所提算法的寻优能力和稳定性。尤其是在针对Rec19和Rec25算例的比较中,仅NHCSA取得了当前最优解,进一步证明了其优越性。

基于九个微卫星标记的核桃举肢蛾地理种群的遗传多样性分析

【目的】核桃举肢蛾Atrijuglans hetaohei是核桃Juglans regia上的一种重要蛀果性害虫,在我国北京、山东、山西、陕西、四川等核桃种植产业区普遍发生,严重影响核桃的产量和商品价值,造成严重的经济损失。本研究旨在明确核桃举肢蛾地理种群遗传分化和地理分布特点,阐明其不同地理种群间的遗传结构,了解其种群扩散规律,为核桃举肢蛾的防控提供理论指导。【方法】基于核桃举肢蛾转录组测序结果,使用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和毛细管电泳分型方法,利用筛选的多态性微卫星位点对我国8个省/市(北京、河北、河南、山东、山西、陕西、甘肃和四川)的16个地理种群共319头核桃举肢蛾样本进行种群遗传多样性分析,使用STRUCTURE和BAPS软件分析其种群遗传结构,并对影响其地理分布的因素进行探讨。【结果】核桃举肢蛾9个SSR位点具有较高的多态性,且多数位点未偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡。核桃举肢蛾各地理种群遗传多样性中等偏低(有效等位基因数Ne为1.334~1.824,期望杂合度He为0.203~0.342),种群间遗传分化较小(遗传分化系数F_(ST)<0.142),种群间基因流差异较大(Nm为1.518~23.800)。核桃举肢蛾地理种群间遗传分化程度与地理距离间有显著相关性(R^(2)=0.226)。16个核桃举肢蛾地理种群可分为两支,即东部和西部种群。AMOVA分析表明,核桃举肢蛾种群间遗传变异较小,且种群变异主要来源于种群内;种群内的遗传分化系数FCT值在0.03941~0.06449之间,表明地理阻隔和气候差异不是影响核桃举肢种群遗传结构和地理分布格局的主要因素。【结论】核桃举肢蛾地理种群遗传多样性中等偏低,不同地理种群间存在较低水平的遗传分化和差异较大的基因流。鉴于核桃举肢蛾特殊的生活史和独特的生物学特性,结合种群遗传结构分析结果,我们推测河流对核桃举肢蛾地理种群基因流的阻碍作用强于山川,而作为主要经济果树害虫,人类活动可能是干扰核桃举肢蛾种群地理分布的最主要因素。

人口纵向流动与城市高质量发展互动机制及政策研究

人口流动与产业发展密切配合,带来了改革开放以来的巨大人口红利等经济利益.随着我国城镇化率的不断提高,人口纵向流动将会成为城市经济高质量发展的重要推动力量,也成为城市高质量发展的重要体现和人口特征.在中国社会现代化进程中,人口纵向流动和城市高质量发展的互动机制显著增强,城镇高质量发展首先要推进人口的纵向流动,畅通社会向上流动通道、提高市民劳动者的平均受教育年限、推进城市整体职业化教育、促进人力资本与产业的匹配,不断调整优化人口纵向流动所需的制度支持.通过城市人口纵向流动促进中等收入群体的大范围扩展和经济社会地位的显著提升,实现人人向上的人口纵向流动下的城市高质量发展的共同富裕.

京津冀区域日常人口流动网络及其结构特征

结合地理空间分析和社会网络分析方法,基于2018年腾讯出行大数据,对京津冀区域内城市间及对区外人口流动的热度和网络特征进行分析。结果显示:京津冀区域主要城市的对外迁移热度呈现显著的层级分布特征;城市规模和交通影响力与对京联系强度的关联性较强,距离邻近性对第二层级城市对外联系的影响较大;汽车方式的对外人口流动网络受距离律影响显著,与周边城市联系热度较高;飞机、火车等对外联系方式则更符合经济律特征,区域内城市通过飞机和火车方式与全国性经济中心、交通枢纽联系紧密;区内人口流动网络形成以北京为中心的北部大凝聚子群以及东部、南部的3个小凝聚子群,群内联系紧密;区域人口迁移网络以北京—廊坊—天津为核心,以“京津石三角形”区域为密集区。

城乡融合发展背景下人口流动对流出地居民健康水平的影响

健康是人力资本的重要组成部分,是促进人的全面发展的必然要求,是经济社会发展的基础条件,也是推进共同富裕的根本要素。基于1990、2000、2005、2010、2015、2020年中国人口普查和抽样调查数据,利用固定效应回归模型检验了人口流动对流出地居民健康水平的影响。研究发现:无论是否加入人口、经济和社会方面的控制变量,人口流动对流出地居民健康水平均具有负向影响,在稳健性检验下结论依旧成立。进一步分析作用机制可以发现,人口流动通过流出地老龄化效应、流入地健康透支效应、流出地经济发展滞缓效应影响着居民健康。基于上述结论,从构建跨空间协作的健康保障联动机制、建立健全覆盖流动人口全流动周期的健康跟踪服务体系、深化流动人口全面健康服务工作三个方面提出相关建议,为国家和地方政府更有效地推动“健康中国”建设和实现共同富裕提供参考。

城际数字信息流与经济内循环动力

国内需求增量是经济内循环的主要动力,能够为全国经济循环的良好运转提供重要支撑。数字化和智能化的发展使经济循环突破了本地化和实物化的限制,为经济循环注入新的特征。运用网络爬虫技术获取城际数字信息流数据,构建数字信息传输量、信息聚合能力和信息辐射能力3个要素刻画城际数字信息流,并结合微观个体、企业和城市3个层面的数据考察城际数字信息流对经济内循环动力的影响及传递机制。研究结果表明:一是增强城际数字信息流能够提升城市的经济内循环动力,其中,城市数字信息传输量对经济内循环动力的促进作用具有边际递增特征,而城市信息聚合能力和信息辐射能力的促进作用具有边际递减特征。二是城际数字信息流更密集、城市经济内循环动力更强和人均收入更高的城市通过城际数字信息流来促进城市经济内循环动力的作用更强,城际数字信息流的发展可能会加剧数字鸿沟现象。三是城际数字信息流通过人口移动效应增加居民消费,通过新建企业效应增加企业投资,通过技术进步效应延伸产业链和供应链,从而提升城市的经济内循环动力。

基于PBM的离心式叶轮内气泡破碎合并数值模拟

针对利用离心泵制备微气泡时叶轮内气泡尺寸较大且分布不均问题探究不同入口含气率(IGVF)和转速对离心泵叶轮内气泡直径和分布的影响,采用欧拉-欧拉非均匀双流体模型与群体平衡模型进行耦合,求解离心泵叶轮内气液两相旋转流场,并且结合涡识别方法、Luo破碎合并模型对离心泵叶轮内气泡分布规律进行分析。结果表明:①叶片前缘以及吸力面附近存在的涡旋导致气体聚集,引起流道内局部含气率增大,此处气泡合并效应占主导;②流量和转速一定时,随IGVF的增加,流道内湍流强度增加,旋涡后移导致气相聚集区域同样向后延伸,吸力面的高局部含气率区域增大面积显著高于压力面,因此吸力面气泡合并行为更为显著,气泡直径更大;③IGVF和流量一定时,小范围内提升转速可以使气泡破碎效应增强,获得更小直径的气泡。