Gentrification Within the Law of Transformation of Areas at Disaster Risks in Turkey Sulukule,Istanbul Example

With coming in force of The Law of Transformation of Areas at Disaster Risks numbered 16.5.2012/6306 by Ministry of Environment and Urbanization,the concept of urban transformation has entered to our life in Turkey.Gentrification as one of the forms of urban transformation brought the existence of liberated zones produced by neo-liberal mentality.Sulukule area(Neslisah Sultan settlement)which is subject to research is counted among“the areas to be renewed and to be put under preservation”by numbered 2006/10299 decision of Council of Ministers.Due to the shortage of lands in the city,it is observed especially in 1980s that the families in high-income group have preferred to live in horizontally expending villa towns far from the center.While these residential areas are deepening the distance from the center in time,the pressure of housing demand of middle-income people and rent circles who are not planning to leave the city center caused to have an eye on these areas which are residential areas of mostly low-income people and appeared in certain regions as they are established without infrastructure and healthy conditions.With this law,the transformation has started in the areas such as Fikirtepe,Dolapdere,Esenler,and Banks of Halic(Golden Horn)where structural life is completed,and floor area ratio has been raised to 4.0 from 2.07.Vertical housing is stimulated by adding the street between the parcels to the blocks,it has been tried to prevent the victimization of local people to unearned income.There are some quarters that,under the name of gentrification,Romany citizens who passed to permanent settlement from nomadic culture at the Ottoman era,and who are engaged in activities such as handicraft,adornments,shoe making,weaving beside the show business at Fatih Sulukule district are convicted to lodge in the houses built in suburban if they have title deed,and in jerry-built tents if they don’t have deed.Chamber of Architects,Chamber of City Planners Istanbul Branch and Roma Culture Development and Solidarity Association filed“nullity suit”and“stay of execution”.Despite the continuing judicial process,the demolition started in 2009,and starting the constructing the villas in 2010 breaking the resistance of Romany citizens,the area was victimized to rent.

Tanzimat Reforms and Urban Transformations in Ottoman Port-Cities

The 19th century was a milestone for urban planning history of the Eastern Mediterranean region since the typology of the Ottoman city was reformed,more or less abruptly,by strong Western European influences as a consequence of broader political,economic,and social transformations.From the very beginning of the 19th century,the Ottoman state confronted significant administrative issues that raised in the importance to institutionalise reforms over a long period of time,representing the foundation of later urban“modernisation reforms”.These challenges of the Ottoman cities at that period coincided with one crucial reform framework known as“Tanzimat”,which reflected the social willingness to inherit elements of European culture,technological innovations,and lifestyle.According to that direction,urban space was considered as a workshop of planning regulations and reforms adopting principles of contemporary,at that time,European urban planning,mostly applied in England and France.These social and urban reforms established by the Ottoman state marked the first attempt to relate Ottoman cities with European planning,urban infrastructures,building regulations,and public administration.During the period of Tanzimat(1839-1876),the economic role and impact of cities was strengthened reflecting a rising urbanisation of population.This article highlights this“Europeanisation”of Ottoman cities at the period of Tanzimat by investigating five case-study cities:Smyrna,Beirut,Alexandria,Thessaloniki,and Constantinople.All these cities were important ports-hubs of the Eastern Mediterranean whose urban development since the 1840s was a direct consequence of the modernisation reforms and,in general,an increase of European influence.These urban reforms,like in many European cities,included new transport infrastructures and communication networks,public services(water,gas,tramways,etc.),health and education,and new industrial patterns.

The Implementation of Large-Scale Urban DevelopmentProjects in Brazilian Cities Case Study:Rio deJaneiro/RJ

The planning and implementation of large-scale urban development projects(UDPs)tend to arouse expectations of increasing investments to urban and social improvements.However,these urban interventions have been less democratic and more elite-driven priorities,resulting in socio-spatial segregation in the city.In the case of the Rio de Janeiro/RJ,the urban interventions planned for the years following the 2016 Olympic Games have not yet occurred in the totality.In this sense,it is necessary to understand the impacts of this mega-event’s intervention when the legacy does not attend the expectations of improvements in the city.Thus,the analyses took into account official documents and the perception of residents close to the areas that received interventions for the Olympic Games,regarding the changes that occurred in these places.It is evident the importance of discussing the subject to later outline guidelines or strategies that aim to minimise significant impacts generated by this insertion in the urban environment.

Process and cause of urban-rural development transformation in the Bohai Rim Region, China

China＇s reform and opening-up policy has brought the country a great development opportunity. The high-speed growth of the economy not only led China to a period of industrialization, urbanization, informatization and agricultural modernization, but also exacerbated the situation of the urban–rural dual structure. Based on the review of current studies, we first used the analytic hierarchy process（AHP） method to evaluate the urban–rural development and transformation level by population transformation index, land transformation index, industrial transformation index and social transformation index between 1996 and 2012 around the Bohai Rim Region. Then, based on the results of each index, we used the exploratory spatial data analysis（ESDA） method to investigate the spatial autocorrelation of the change in the urban–rural development transformation index during the 16-year period using Global Moran＇s I index and Local Moran＇s I index. Finally, we investigated the mechanism of change of the urban–rural development transformation index at county level, summarizing five main factors：（1） the radiation from the surrounding big cities,（2） the acceleration of the urbanization process,（3） the upgrading of the industrial structure,（4） the publishing and implementation of a macro development strategy and regional policy, and（5） natural factors such as topology.

资源型城市转型绩效评价——以陕甘宁能源富集区为例

Resource-based cities are important bases for resources and energy in China.However,the world and the country’s sustainable development goals require them to undergo transformation.The complexity of this transformation poses challenges for these cities.This study aims to evaluate the transformation performance of resource-based cities in Shaanxi,Gansu,and Ningxia.The findings will help understand their capabilities and achievements in transformation and provide guidance for future transformation planning.To evaluate the transformation performance,this study employs the entropy weight Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution method.An index system is constructed,including the industrial diversification and specialization indices.These indices serve as benchmarks for assessing the transformation performance.The period 2010–2019 is considered,and the transformation performance of resource-based cities is evaluated based on different development stages and regions.The results reveal the following insights:(1)Most resource-based cities demonstrate favorable transformation performance.Although variations exist between cities,the gaps are gradually narrowing.(2)Over an extended period,the transformation performance of each city undergoes continuous changes,with high-performing areas shifting.(3)The transformation performance of resource-based cities varies significantly across different development stages.(4)An imbalance exists among the regions where resource-based cities are located,and a diffusion effect can be observed.Accordingly,the following enlightenment and policy suggestions are obtained:(1)exploring targeted management policies for resource-based cities;(2)fostering a dynamic and open transformation environment;(3)promoting the concept of regional cooperation in transformation;(4)improving the business environment;(5)promoting enterprise innovation;(6)establishing and improving a long-term mechanism for sustainable development and a compensation mechanism for resource development;and(7)optimizing the talent training system.

国家行政区划调整下的城市多中心发展——城市空间转型的政策启示

Polycentric urban development has profound impacts on urban development worldwide.Most studies have identified its complex drivers of social economy and natural condition while ignoring the state-led policy factors.In recent years,China has undergone dramatic administrative division adjustment(ADA)during the process of unique state-led urbanization.However,as a crucial government strategy,the impacts of ADA on urban polycentricity remain unclear.This research investigates the relationship between ADA and urban polycentricity through spatial difference-in-differences models.The results reveal that ADA has contributed to the polycentric urban development in China.Specifically,boundary restructuring has more substantial impacts than hierarchy reorganization.In addition,ADA has significantly promoted urban polycentricity in local cities in central China and neighbouring cities in eastern China,while it has no significant effects in western China.Furthermore,ADA reshapes urban polycentricity mainly by the influencing mechanism of construction land and industrial structure.Policymakers should consider the various ADA’s impacts on urban polycentricity with socio-economic conditions.This research provides a deeper insight into urban spatial transformation with state-led drivers.

Using agent-based modelling and landscape metrics to assess landscape fragmentation in Iskandar Malaysia

Introduction:Special economic zones(SEZs)emerge as new forces driving Asian economic transformation and triggering rapid landscape fragmentation.It is imperative to map out the present and future spatial patterns of SEZs in order to understand how they undermine sustainability.Drawing from the experience of Iskandar Malaysia,one of the most successful SEZs in Southeast Asia,this study measures how biophysical and cultural landscapes are being affected by the most recent accelerated land development in the area.Methods:With aid of a hybrid model,namely the special economic zone landscape fragmentation measurement(SeLaFragment),which combines Geographic Information System(GIS),FRAGSTATS and NetLogo,the current and future fragmentation dynamics were analysed using land use data of the study area from the beginning of intensive landscape transformation in 2007 until 2010.Iskandar Malaysia’s cultural and biophysical landscapes were extensively fragmented.Results:The analysis showed that urban built-up areas increased from 13%in 2006 to 24%in 2010.Mangrove swamps were the worst affected ecosystem as they lost 20%of their areal coverage between 2006 and 2010.The simulation of the future scenarios suggested that,in the future,fragmentation and landscape homogenisation will intensify and pose more risks to landscape quality,functions and socio-ecological services.Conclusions:It is obvious that rapid landscape fragmentation compromises sustainability of a wide range of ecosystems and their functions and services in and around urban areas.It is difficult to see how existing environmental strategies have been effective in addressing the emerging sustainability challenges of rapid landscape change.The best way to respond to this kind of situation in the SEZs is by focusing on holistic approach to landscape sustainability.

Strategies to integrate the Mughal settlements in Old Dhaka

The Mughal settlements are an integral part of Old Dhaka. Uncontrolled urbanization, changes in land use patterns, the growing density of new settlements, and modern transportation have brought about rapid transformation to the historic fabric of the Mughal settlements. As a result, Mughal structures are gradually turning into isolated elements in the transforming fabric. This study aims to promote the historic quality of the old city through clear and sustainable integration of the Mughal settlements in the existing fabric. This study attempts to analyze the Mughal settlements in old Dhaka and correspondingly outline strategic approaches to protect Mughal artifacts from decay and ensure proper access and visual exposure in the present urban tissue.

在过去的十年和未来前景在中国关于城市农村的转变和农村开发的研究进行

Urban-rural transformation and rural development are issues at the forefront of research on the topic of the urban-rural relationship in the field of geography, as well as important practical problems facing China＇s new urbanization and overall planning of urban and rural development. The Center for Regional Agricultural and Rural Development, part of the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, was established in 2005. The Center has laid solid foundations for integrating research in the areas of agricultural geography and rural development in China over the past decade. The paper aims to review the major achievements in rural geographical research in China during the past decade, analyze innovative developments in relevant theories and methods, and suggest prospects and countermeasures for promoting comprehensive studies of urban-rural transformation and rural geography. The research shows that innovative achievements have been made in rural geography studies of China in the past decade as major national policy development, outputs of result and decision making support; new breakthroughs have been achieved in such major research projects as geographical integrated theory, land remediation projects and technology demonstration projects, new urbanization and urban-rural integration; significant progress has been made in actively expanding the frontiers of rural geography and pushing forward theoretical innovations in land and resource projects; and, with China＇s development goals of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieving modernization in mind, future innovative developments in agricultural and rural geography should aim to make research more strategic, systematic, scientific and security-oriented, with attention given to promoting systematic scientific research on international cooperation and global rural geography.

Events as a means to foster knowledge-driven urban development:Experience from the new district development in Nanjing

Events can bring important impetus to urban development.In addition to hardware investments,such as infrastructure,events also have important potential in the development of knowledge cities.Nanjing is a typical city where China’s knowledge industry is rapidly growing.Since the end of the last century,Nanjing has been promoting new district development on the city’s periphery and has hosted a series of events,including the 10th National Games in 2005 and the 2nd Youth Olympic Games in 2014.In this process,the city government also hopes to explore the potential of the knowledge economy and is committed to providing a new direction for urban development.This work reviews the history of Nanjing’s knowledge city development from two different dimensions(land development and knowledge development)and summarises the related achievements and lessons in different periods.The authors aim to identify the diverse effects of events in urban social and economic development based on the analysis of the differences in governance structure between land development and knowledge development.This work contributes to the literature on events and provides insights into the potential uses of events as a mechanism for knowledge-driven urban development.

Remapping Chinese Cities： From Empire＇s Political Centers to Battlefields of ＂Commercial Warfare＂

This article examines the late Qing urban transformation as a conscious effort by reformist officials, like Zhang Zhidong, to confront imperialist expansion and the challenges of the treaty port system during the dynasty＇s last decades. It shows how ＂commercial warfare （shangzharo＂ thought among the urban, reformist elite provided impetus for the radical transformation of traditional cities from military and administrative centers to battlefields of commercial warfare （shangzhan） against the West. No place better illustrates the urban structural changes in the late Qing dynasty than the tri-cities of Wuchang, Hanyang, and Hankou, the base of Zhang Zhidong＇s late Qing reform in Hubei. Zhang＇s daring urban modernizing efforts replaced the hierarchical structure of the three cities with relatively equal and symbiotic relationships. More importantly, Zhang Zhidong resurrected the concept of shangzhan （commercial warfare）--the idea that China could fight foreign expansion through commercial competition, which Zeng Guofan first used to address Western commercial advancement in the 1860s. This thought enabled Zhang to use the increasing global pressure and Chinese nationalistic sentiments to advance his reform agenda and break from the restrictions of the traditional urban ideal. Analyzing the intellectual foundations of late Qing urban reform is also crucial to understanding cities＇ central position in Qing＇s defensive global engagement.