Learning Discriminatory Information for Object Detection on Urine Sediment Image

In clinical practice,the microscopic examination of urine sediment is considered an important in vitro examination with many broad applications.Measuring the amount of each type of urine sediment allows for screening,diagnosis and evaluation of kidney and urinary tract disease,providing insight into the specific type and severity.However,manual urine sediment examination is labor-intensive,time-consuming,and subjective.Traditional machine learning based object detection methods require hand-crafted features for localization and classification,which have poor generalization capabilities and are difficult to quickly and accurately detect the number of urine sediments.Deep learning based object detection methods have the potential to address the challenges mentioned above,but these methods require access to large urine sediment image datasets.Unfortunately,only a limited number of publicly available urine sediment datasets are currently available.To alleviate the lack of urine sediment datasets in medical image analysis,we propose a new dataset named UriSed2K,which contains 2465 high-quality images annotated with expert guidance.Two main challenges are associated with our dataset:a large number of small objects and the occlusion between these small objects.Our manuscript focuses on applying deep learning object detection methods to the urine sediment dataset and addressing the challenges presented by this dataset.Specifically,our goal is to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the detection algorithm and,in doing so,provide medical professionals with an automatic detector that saves time and effort.We propose an improved lightweight one-stage object detection algorithm called Discriminatory-YOLO.The proposed algorithm comprises a local context attention module and a global background suppression module,which aid the detector in distinguishing urine sediment features in the image.The local context attention module captures context information beyond the object region,while the global background suppression module emphasizes objects in uninformative backgrounds.We comprehensively evaluate our method on the UriSed2K dataset,which includes seven categories of urine sediments,such as erythrocytes(red blood cells),leukocytes(white blood cells),epithelial cells,crystals,mycetes,broken erythrocytes,and broken leukocytes,achieving the best average precision(AP)of 95.3%while taking only 10 ms per image.The source code and dataset are available at https://github.com/binghuiwu98/discriminatoryyolov5.

Measurement of very low-molecular weight metabolites by traveling wave ion mobility and its use in human urine samples

The collision cross-sections(CCS)measurement using ion mobility spectrometry(IMS)in combination with mass spectrometry(MS)offers a great opportunity to increase confidence in metabolite identification.However,owing to the lack of sensitivity and resolution,IMS has an analytical challenge in studying the CCS values of very low-molecular-weight metabolites(VLMs250 Da).Here,we describe an analytical method using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC)coupled to a traveling wave ion mobility-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer optimized for the measurement of VLMs in human urine samples.The experimental CCS values,along with mass spectral properties,were reported for the 174 metabolites.The experimental data included the mass-to-charge ratio(m/z),retention time(RT),tandem MS(MS/MS)spectra,and CCS values.Among the studied metabolites,263 traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry(TWIMS)-derived CCS values(TWCCSN2)were reported for the first time,and more than 70%of these were CCS values of VLMs.The TWCCSN2 values were highly repeatable,with inter-day variations of<1%relative standard deviation(RSD).The developed method revealed excellent TWCCSN2 accuracy with a CCS difference(DCCS)within±2%of the reported drift tube IMS(DTIMS)and TWIMS CCS values.The complexity of the urine matrix did not affect the precision of the method,as evidenced by DCCS within±1.92%.According to the Metabolomics Standards Initiative,55 urinary metabolites were identified with a confidence level of 1.Among these 55 metabolites,53(96%)were VLMs.The larger number of confirmed compounds found in this study was a result of the addition of TWCCSN2 values,which clearly increased metabolite identification confidence.

Landscape of urine biomarkers for bladder cancer:molecular function,cell-of-origin,and bibliometric trend

Background:The effective management of bladder cancer(BCa)depends on the early diagnosis and surveillance.Previous studies have explored numerous urinary molecules as potential biomarkers of BCa.However,the molecular functions and cell-of-origin profiles of these biomarkers are yet to be elucidated.In this study,we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the landscape of urinary biomarker genes for BCa.Methods:We conducted an exhaustive literature search in PubMed,through which 555 biomarker genes were identified.We then analyzed the BCa single-cell atlas to infer the cellular origin of these BCa urine biomarker genes and performed functional enrichment analysis to gain insights into the functional molecular implications of these biomarkers.Results:These genes are involved in tumor proliferation,angiogenesis,cellmigration,and cell death and are predominantly expressed in epithelial and stromal cells.Interestingly,our analysis ofmultiomics tumor data revealed a discordance between tissue and urine in terms of differential methylation and RNA expression,suggesting that biomarker discovery for liquid biopsies should ideally begin with the analysis of bodily fluids rather than relying interest and that test strategies incorporating multiple molecular markers represent an ongoing trend.Conclusions:Collectively,our study has built a landscape of BCa urine biomarker genes,uncovered molecular insights into these biomarkers,and revealed the bibliometric trends in this field,which will contribute to the discovery of novel biomarkers in the future.

低盐水体Na^(+)/K^(+)对凡纳滨对虾生长、体成分与肝胰腺、鳃组织结构的影响

缺钾在内陆低盐度盐碱水中经常发生,为探究低盐水体中不同钾缺乏程度对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活、体成分以及鳃和肝胰腺组织结构的影响,实验参照海水离子组成配置盐度为2的低盐度水体,在Na^(+)/K^(+)(mg/mg)比值为27、47、67、87、107 (分别记为A、B、C、D、E组)的条件下,对体重为(1.04±0.23) g的凡纳滨对虾幼虾开展了为期60 d的养殖实验。结果显示,E组对虾的存活率为44.64%±20.95%,显著低于A、B、D三组;E组体重为(4.86±0.66) g,显著低于其他4组;A~D组之间的湿重、增重率、特定生长率差异不显著,但均大于E组且差异显著;在饲料系数上,E组最高并与A、D组差异显著。在体成分上,各组全虾钾含量、灰分含量差异不显著,E组的水分含量高于其他组,并与A、B组差异显著;E组粗蛋白含量最低,且与B组差异显著。E组对虾鳃组织角质层明显受损,红细胞数量减少,空泡增多,肝胰腺B细胞及其内部转运泡体积增大,肝小管结构受损。研究表明,低盐条件下严重缺钾引起了对虾鳃和肝胰腺损伤,降低了对虾的存活率和生长率;水体缺钾在前期即可对对虾的生长产生明显影响,而对存活的影响随养殖时间的增加而增大。实验结果有助于为内陆低盐度盐碱水养殖凡纳滨对虾提供理论依据。

枯草芽孢杆菌YvdSR蛋白转运Na^(+)关键残基的研究

对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis strain 168)双组分基因YvdSR表达的双组分蛋白YvdSR进行功能鉴定,得出YvdSR具有转运Na^(+)/Li^(+)功能,为探究YvdSR离子转运机制,分别对两种组分作同源序列比对,从每种组分中筛选出完全保守的酸性氨基酸残基并进行氨基酸残基定点突变。结果表明,YvdS和YvdR共有的E13在同源物中完全保守且突变为丙氨酸后均失去Na^(+)(Li^(+))/H^(+)逆向转运活性,说明两种组分的E13均是蛋白质行使功能不可或缺的,YvdS的E13A经回复突变后可恢复高水平Na^(+)(Li^(+))/H^(+)逆向转运活性,YvdR的E13A经回复突变后仍失去Na^(+)(Li^(+))/H^(+)逆向转运活性,表明YvdS和YvdR在Na^(+)(Li^(+))/H^(+)逆向转运中行使不同功能。

Effects of Inhabiting and Life Patterns on the UV Spectral Properties of Small Mammalian Herbivores’ Urine

It is well known that avian predators can use prey excretions such as urine and feces to track their prey, and the urine and feces of small mammalian herbivores can reflect ultraviolet (UV) light and emit fluorescent light. There are still some debates as to whether UV visibility of small mammalian herbivores’ urine is used as a hunting cue by avian raptors. Some studies in Europe have demonstrated that diurnal raptors are capable of utilizing these cues to target key prey species. However, researchers in Australia have argued that raptors do not use the UV visibility of urine while hunting. To our knowledge, there are no reports from Asia concerning the ultraviolet spectral characteristics of small mammal herbivores’ urine. This study examined the UV spectral properties of urine from 6 small mammal herbivores species by comparing the UV reflectance and fluorescence spectra of urine from small mammalian herbivores living in plateau meadows, plateau shrubs, open marshland, farmland, and semi-desert grassland in China. In addition, we compared the UV spectral properties of urine from ground-dwelling species of rodents and subterranean species to determine whether ultraviolet visibility of small mammal herbivores’ urine could be used as a visual signal by Asian vole-eating raptors. The results showed that: 1) the SC370 values of urine from four small mammal herbivores species were ordered as plateau pika (plateau meadow) > root voles (plateau bush) > reed voles (swampland) > Brandt’s vole (desert grassland);and 2) UV fluorescence peak intensity and the wavelengths of urine from ground-dwelling species (such as the root vole, plateau pika, or Brandt’s vole) were significantly higher than those of subterranean-dwelling species (mandarin vole and plateau zokor). These results indicate that UV visibility of small mammal herbivores’ urine may act as a visual cue for raptors.

Can the Urine Dipstick Test Be an Alternative in the Screening of Urinary Tract Infections for Inpatients in the Context of a Low-Income Country?

Background: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), a prevalent bacterial infection in adults, heavily relies on cytobacteriological examination of urine (CBEU) for diagnosis. However, in resource-limited countries, accessibility to CBEU remains hindered by cost and availability. This study aims to assess the utility of the Urinary Dipstick Test (UDT) in diagnosing UTIs among hospitalized patients in the context of limited resources. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to May 2019, encompassing hospitalized patients who underwent CBEU at the bacteriology unit of Sour? Sanou University Hospital. UDT and CBEU were concurrently performed, and UDT’s analytical and diagnostic performance was evaluated against CBEU, considered the gold standard. Results: A total of 274 CBEU requests were registered, involving 274 patients (159 males) with a mean age of 45.8 ± 21.3 years (ranging from 1 to 90 years). UTI was confirmed in 90 patients, yielding a frequency of 32.85%. The UTI bacteriological profile was dominated by Enterobacteriaceae (75.23%), primarily Escherichia coli (60.55%). Nitrite and Leukocytes were positive in 54 (19.8%) and 157 (53.6%) of the samples tested. Among patients with confirmed UTI, Nitrite, and Leukocytes were positive in 30 (33%) and 71 (79%) patients respectively. UDT demonstrated variable performance based on nitrite and leukocyte combination: Sensitivity (57%-82%), Specificity (7%-98%), Positive Predictive Value (PPV) (43%-57%), Negative Predictive Value (NPV) (43%-67%). UDT performed slightly better in women (NPV = 88%) and inpatients without urinary catheters (NPV = 75% and PPV = 80%). Conclusion: This study underscores UDT’s potential utility in excluding UTIs among women, younger patients, and inpatients without urinary catheters, albeit with limited confidence. The UDT emerges as a complementary tool for UTI screening, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase:ion pump,signal transducer,or cytoprotective protein,and novel biological functions

Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase is a transmembrane protein that has important roles in the maintenance of electrochemical gradients across cell membranes by transporting three Na^(+)out of and two K^(+)into cells.Additionally,Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase participates in Ca^(2+)-signaling transduction and neurotransmitter release by coordinating the ion concentration gradient across the cell membrane.Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase works synergistically with multiple ion channels in the cell membrane to form a dynamic network of ion homeostatic regulation and affects cellular communication by regulating chemical signals and the ion balance among different types of cells.Therefo re,it is not surprising that Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase dysfunction has emerged as a risk factor for a variety of neurological diseases.However,published studies have so far only elucidated the important roles of Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase dysfunction in disease development,and we are lacking detailed mechanisms to clarify how Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase affects cell function.Our recent studies revealed that membrane loss of Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase is a key mechanism in many neurological disorders,particularly stroke and Parkinson's disease.Stabilization of plasma membrane Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase with an antibody is a novel strategy to treat these diseases.For this reason,Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase acts not only as a simple ion pump but also as a sensor/regulator or cytoprotective protein,participating in signal transduction such as neuronal autophagy and apoptosis,and glial cell migration.Thus,the present review attempts to summarize the novel biological functions of Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase and Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase-related pathogenesis.The potential for novel strategies to treat Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase-related brain diseases will also be discussed.

新型Na^(+)/H^(+)逆向转运蛋白UPF0118的Na^(+)结合鉴定

UPF0118蛋白是一种新型Na^(+)(Li^(+))/H^(+)逆向转运蛋白,属于AI-2E超家族,目前已被划分至Na^(+)/H^(+)逆向转运蛋白亚家族,但无直接证据表明该蛋白可与Na+产生相互作用。为鉴定UPF0118蛋白是否具有Na^(+)结合功能,利用PCR技术扩增upf0118基因编码序列,通过Eco RⅠ和PstⅠ酶切位点构建至原核表达载体p ETDuet-1,转化至E. coli BL21*(DE3),对诱导后大量表达的蛋白进行Ni^(2+)亲和层析和凝胶过滤层析,利用等温滴定量热技术对纯化蛋白进行滴定。结果表明,在pH 5.5条件下,Na^(+)滴入导致蛋白溶液产生明显放热现象。在pH 5.5条件下该蛋白具有Na^(+)结合功能,证明该蛋白Na+结合功能为其功能单元与分子机制的研究奠定基础。

Diagnosis of an intermediate case of maple syrup urine disease:A case report

BACKGROUND Maple syrup urine disease(MSUD)is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by defects in the catabolism of the branched-chain amino acids(BCAAs).However,the clinical and metabolic screening is limited in identifying all MSUD patients,especially those patients with mild phenotypes or are asymptomatic.This study aims to share the diagnostic experience of an intermediate MSUD case who was missed by metabolic profiling but identified by genetic analysis.CASE SUMMARY This study reports the diagnostic process of a boy with intermediate MSUD.The proband presented with psychomotor retardation and cerebral lesions on magnetic resonance imaging scans at 8 mo of age.Preliminary clinical and metabolic profiling did not support a specific disease.However,whole exome sequencing and subsequent Sanger sequencing at 1 year and 7 mo of age identified bi-allelic pathogenic variants of the BCKDHB gene,confirming the proband as having MSUD with non-classic mild phenotypes.His clinical and laboratory data were retrospectively analyzed.According to his disease course,he was classified into an intermediate form of MSUD.His management was then changed to BCAAs restriction and metabolic monitoring conforming to MSUD.In addition,genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis were provided to his parents.CONCLUSION Our work provides diagnostic experience of an intermediate MSUD case,suggesting that a genetic analysis is important for ambiguous cases,and alerts clinicians to avoid missing patients with non-classic mild phenotypes of MSUD.

Diagnostic value of matrix metalloproteinases 2, 7 and 9 in urine for early detection of colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND A noninvasive biomarker with high diagnostic performance is urgently needed for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer(CRC).AIM To evaluate the diagnostic value of matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs)2,7 and 9 in urine for CRC.METHODS Of 59 healthy controls,47 patients with colon polyps and 82 patients with CRC were included in this study.Carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)in serum and MMP2,MMP7,and MMP9 in urine were detected.The combined diagnostic model of the indicators was established by binary logistic regression.The receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC)of the subjects was used to evaluate the independent and combined diagnostic value of the indicators.RESULTS The MMP2,MMP7,MMP9,and CEA levels in the CRC group differed significantly from levels in the healthy controls(P<0.05).The levels of MMP7,MMP9,and CEA also differed significantly between the CRC group and the colon polyps group(P<0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)distinguishing between the healthy control and the CRC patients using the joint model with CEA,MMP2,MMP7 and MMP9 was 0.977,and the sensitivity and specificity were 95.10%and 91.50%,respectively.For early-stage CRC,the AUC was 0.975,and the sensitivity and specificity were 94.30%and 98.30%,respectively.For advanced stage CRC,the AUC was 0.979,and the sensitivity and specificity were 95.70%and 91.50%,respectively.Using CEA,MMP7 and MMP9 to jointly established a model distinguishing the colorectal polyp group from the CRC group,the AUC was 0.849,and the sensitivity and specificity were 84.10%and 70.20%,respectively.For early-stage CRC,the AUC was 0.818,and the sensitivity and specificity were 76.30%and 72.30%,respectively.For advanced stage CRC,the AUC was 0.875,and the sensitivity and specificity were 81.80%and 72.30%,respectively.CONCLUSION MMP2,MMP7 and MMP 9 may exhibit diagnostic value for the early detection of CRC and may serve as auxiliary diagnostic markers for CRC.

Multivariate Analysis of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence and Establishment of a Prediction Model

Stress urinary incontinence(SUI)is a symptom of uncontrolled urine outflow that affects millions of women worldwide[1].SUI is a significant healthcare issue that affects the quality of life of women across numerous domains,including social activities,physical health,mental well-being,employment,and sexual life.

Metabolic dynamics in chronic gastritis:Examining urinary profiles post Helicobacter pylori eradication

Chronic gastritis is the persistent and insidious inflammation of the gastric lining.Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)has been identified as the most common cause of chronic gastritis and consequently elimination of H.pylori can lead to its cure.This editorial explores the use of urinary metabolic profiles before and after eradication to identify biomarkers that can aid in prognosis and treatment.Despite providing promising insights,there are limitations such as a small sample size(17 patients),a narrow treatment period of 2 wk,and treatment heterogeneity,which raise concerns.Nevertheless,these findings have opened a gateway to enhancing the treatment and prognosis of chronic gastritis through urinary metabolomics.

Enhancing Na^(+) diffusion dynamics and structural stability of O3-NaMn_(0.5)Ni_(0.5)O_(2)cathode by Sc and Zn dual-substitution

Sc and Zn were introduced into O3-NaMn_(0.5)Ni_(0.5)O_(2)(NaMN)using the combination of solution combustion and solid-state method.The effect of Sc and Zn dual-substitution on Na^(+) diffusion dynamics and structural stability of NaMN was investigated.The physicochemical characterizations suggest that the introduction of Sc and Zn broaden Na^(+) diffusion channels and weaken the Na—O bonds,thereby facilitating the diffusion of sodium ions.Simulations indicate that the Sc and Zn dual-substitution decreases the diffusion barrier of Na-ions and improves the conductivity of the material.The dual-substituted NaMn_(0.5)Ni_(0.4)Sc_(0.04)Zn_(0.04)O_(2)(Na MNSZ44)cathode delivers impressive cycle stability with capacity retention of 71.2%after 200 cycles at 1C and 54.8%after 400 cycles at 5C.Additionally,the full cell paired with hard carbon anode exhibits a remarkable long-term cycling stability,showing capacity retention of 64.1%after 250 cycles at 1C.These results demonstrate that Sc and Zn dual-substitution is an effective strategy to improve the Na^(+) diffusion dynamics and structural stability of NaMN.

High-performance magnesium/sodium hybrid ion battery based on sodium vanadate oxide for reversible storage of Na^(+)and Mg^(2+)

Magnesium ion batteries(MIBs)are a potential field for the energy storage of the future but are restricted by insufficient rate capability and rapid capacity degradation.Magnesium-sodium hybrid ion batteries(MSHBs)are an effective way to address these problems.Here,we report a new type of MSHBs that use layered sodium vanadate((Na,Mn)V_(8)O_(20)·5H_(2)O,Mn-NVO)cathodes coupled with an organic 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide(PTCDI)anode in Mg^(2+)/Na^(+)hybrid electrolytes.During electrochemical cycling,Mg^(2+)and Na^(+)co-participate in the cathode reactions,and the introduction of Na^(+)promotes the structural stability of the Mn-NVO cathode,as cleared by several ex-situ characterizations.Consequently,the Mn-NVO cathode presents great specific capacity(249.9 mA h g^(−1)at 300 mA g^(−1))and cycling(1500 cycles at 1500 mA g^(−1))in the Mg^(2+)/Na^(+)hybrid electrolytes.Besides,full battery displays long lifespan with 10,000 cycles at 1000 mA g^(−1).The rate performance and cycling stability of MSHBs have been improved by an economical and scalable method,and the mechanism for these improvements is discussed.

Na^(+)通道在锰神经细胞毒性中的作用

目的初步探讨Na^(+)通道在锰神经细胞毒性中对γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的作用。方法SH-SY5Y细胞建立锰暴露模型,并分为空白对照组、0.25 mmol/L MnCl_(2)、0.50 mmol/L MnCl_(2)、1.00 mmol/L MnCl_(2)。河豚毒素(tetrodotoxin,TTX)0.10μmol/L、0.20μmol/L进行干预,MTT法测其细胞存活率、光学显微镜进行形态学观察、蛋白质印迹法检测Na^(+)通道中Nav1.1通道蛋白和GABA的标记酶谷氨酸脱羧酶65(GAD65)蛋白的表达水平。结果MnCl_(2)可抑制细胞增殖,0.25 mmol/L MnCl_(2)、0.50 mmol/L MnCl_(2)、1.00 mmol/L MnCl_(2)均可显著降低细胞存活率,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);TTX可改善锰暴露所致的神经元损伤,提高细胞存活率,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);锰暴露可上调神经元GAD65蛋白表达水平,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),但锰暴露未改变神经元细胞Nav1.1蛋白的表达水平,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论锰暴露所致神经元损伤及GABA能损伤可能与其Nav1.1蛋白表达无关。

盐霉素通过Na^(+),K^(+)-ATP酶诱导脂肪干细胞和肝癌干细胞胀亡的作用机制研究

目的观察脂肪干细胞(ASCs)和肝癌干细胞(HCCSCs)对盐霉素处理的反应,探讨Na^(+),K^(+)-ATP酶在盐霉素选择性杀伤ASCs和HCCSCs中的作用。方法采用CCK-8、Transwell实验分析盐霉素对ASCs及HCCSCs的细胞毒性反应,显微镜下观察细胞形态变化,采用Na^(+),K^(+)-ATP酶检测试剂盒测定细胞内Na^(+)和K^(+)离子浓度,通过ATP检测试剂盒测定细胞内ATP浓度。采用Western blot法分析Na^(+),K^(+)-ATP酶各亚基及细胞上皮间质转化(EMT)相关蛋白的表达水平。通过上述方法验证盐霉素通过调控Na^(+),K^(+)-ATP酶诱导ASCs和HCCSCs胀亡(细胞肿胀、坏死)的作用机制。结果盐霉素选择性诱导ASCs和HCCSCs胀亡。在胀亡的ASCs和HCCSCs中,细胞内ATP浓度显著下降,伴随Na^(+),K^(+)-ATP酶活性丧失和细胞内Na^(+)滞留。所有类型的Na^(+),K^(+)-ATP酶亚基在ASCs中均有表达,而在盐霉素诱导分化的ASCs中仅表达α1和β1亚基。β1亚基的丧失是阿霉素诱导肝癌Huh-7细胞EMT的关键事件,相反β1亚基的过表达可以抑制阿霉素诱导的Huh-7细胞EMT。结论Na^(+),K^(+)-ATP酶的活性差异是盐霉素对干细胞产生选择性细胞毒性的原因,且β1亚基是肝癌EMT过程中一个重要因素。Na^(+),K^(+)-ATP酶亚基对ASCs和HCCSCs的干性及癌症干细胞样的EMT过程起关键作用。

盐度驯化对虹鳟和金鳟Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATP酶活力、皮质醇含量及其组织结构的影响

为探究不同盐度驯化对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)和金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)的鳃的影响,以盐度0为对照,研究了15‰和30‰两种盐度驯化虹鳟和金鳟后,鱼体鳃、血清中Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATP酶活力、血清中皮质醇含量和鳃、肾脏的组织学变化。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,低盐度下随驯化盐度提高,虹鳟、金鳟鳃部Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATP酶活力均呈增加趋势,但高盐度驯化时二者鳃部Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATP酶活力受抑制,血清中Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATP酶活力较低,且活力随盐度变化不大。血清皮质醇浓度随着驯化盐度增加而升高,盐度30‰条件下虹鳟和金鳟血清中皮质醇的含量达到最高值。虹鳟和金鳟的组织切片结果显示,驯化盐度过高时对二者肾脏和鳃组织均造成破坏,肾脏组织表现为肾小囊及肾小球遭到破坏并完全消失,鳃组织出现明显的氯细胞数量激增和鳃丝上皮脱落且鳃丝变细变长。

影响Urine-H-11干化学法检测尿液分析的因素

Urine—H—11尿液试纸是干化学法检测尿液分析的一种方法，利用干化学法进行尿液分析，能够简便，快速为临床诊断、治疗、预防和监测疾病提供可靠的实验依据，但是，Urine—H—11干化学法也受许多因素的影响，而导致结果的准确性，为了使大家更多的了解影响Urine-H—11干化学法检测尿液的各项因素，准确的为临床提供诊断依据，现将有关Urine—H—11干化学法检测尿液的影响因素总结如下：

利拉鲁肽通过调控自噬和Na^(+),K^(+)-ATPase活性抑制高糖诱导的心肌细胞肥大

目的探讨利拉鲁肽(liraglutide,LRG)抑制高糖(HG)诱导的心肌细胞肥大的可能机制。方法体外培养H9c2细胞,分为对照(CON)组、HG组、低、中、高剂量LRG(LRG-L、LRG-M、LRG-H)组、LRG-H+自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)组。鬼笔环肽染色观察细胞表面积;试剂盒测定细胞膜Na^(+),K^(+)-ATPase(NKA)活性;Real time-PCR和Western blot测定NKAα1、NKAα2 mRNA和蛋白表达;单丹磺胺戊二胺(MDC)荧光染色观察自噬囊泡数量;Western blot测定肥大标志基因(ANP、β-MHC)、自噬标志基因(Beclin-1、LC3、p62)蛋白表达。随后将H9c2细胞分为CON组、HG组、LRG-H组、LRG-H+Sirt1抑制剂EX 527组、LRG-H+AMPK抑制剂Compound C(CC)组,再次检测上述指标;Western blot测定Sirt1/AMPK/mTOR通路相关蛋白表达。结果LRG可抑制心肌细胞肥大,下调ANP、β-MHC蛋白表达;LRG可促进NKA活性恢复,上调NKAα2 mRNA和蛋白表达;LRG可增加自噬囊泡数量,上调Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白表达,下调p62蛋白表达;LRG可上调Sirt1、p-AMPK/AMPK蛋白表达,下调p-mTOR/mTOR蛋白表达;使用自噬抑制剂3-MA、Sirt1抑制剂EX 527、AMPK抑制剂CC则部分逆转了LRG的作用。结论LRG可抑制高糖所致心肌细胞肥大,其机制与调控Sirt1/AMPK/mTOR通路激活自噬及促进NKA活性恢复有关。